VDT办公系统中的人机关系研究
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摘要
随着计算机办公的逐渐普及,困扰职业人员的亚健康问题则日益严重。半个世纪以来的人体工程学研究在构建办公人员劳动安全与健康的预防机制中发挥了无可替代的作用,坐姿健康理论研究取得的长足的进步。然而,基于最新人体工程学技术的健康办公座椅往往价格昂贵,超出了一般用人单位的承受范围,而且一般企业生产上存在技术壁垒；市场上的普通办公座椅又难以符合VDT办公的动态需求,并不能在实际的工作中提供良好的人体支撑。因此,理清VDT办公系统要素与健康坐姿之间的关系,对研究如何实现对办公人员而言高效、健康,对企业而言廉价、实用的办公系统具有重要的现实意义。围绕这一问题,本课题以调研和实验为手段对VDT办公人员的坐姿行为、健康展开了系统研究。
(1)本文调研共分两个阶段进行。
①第一阶段以专业调查网站为平台的亚健康调研,调查工作通过邀请熟识的VDT办公人员登录网站填写问卷调查的方式展开,共获得样本192例,其中有效样本181例。调查结果显示：根据在生理相关指标上“同时有4项指标得分≥4”的标准,受访者生理亚健康的比例高达46.4%,由于该结果仅针对生理亚健康,故其略低于其他研究科研机构的调查结果。
②第二阶段针对企业VDT办公人员的工作状况展开问卷调研,并结合实地观察对办公相关行为进行跟踪研究。问卷具体包括VDT办公人员的生理不适状况、职业健康影响因素的主观评价、办公装置的可用性评价以及办公行为特征四个模块。发放问卷200份,回收问卷154份,其中有效问卷145份,有效回收率为72.5%。
生理不适部位的调查显示：颈部、肩周、眼睛、腰部、上背部、臀部是VDT办公人员反映最为严重的生理不适部位,其次为右上肢各部位,办公人员在颈部、肩周部位的不适情况具有显著的性别差异且女性不适程度往往大于男性。
职业健康影响因素的因子分析表明：办公装置因素的累计方差贡献率达60.6%,其对职业健康所构成的威胁最大。
可用性评价显示：VDT办公人员目前所使用办公装置的可用性基本满足VDT办公要求及用户心理期望。
坐姿行为调研发现：部分办公条件下的显示器、键盘、鼠标的空间配合存在不合理的问题；不良坐姿与不良人机交互行为普遍存在,且部分行为与生理不适指标之间存在一定的关联。
(2)本文实验共由三个部分构成。
①实验I对工作中各种常见的坐姿状态展开主观与客观评价,结果表明：实验条件下,“C-正-半”、“C-前-深”、“C-正-深”坐姿对男性而言比较合理,“C-前-半”、“S-后-深”、“C-正-半”坐姿对女性而言比较合理。工作中,女性臀部与大腿部分的体压分布普遍不及男性合理。
②实验II主要考察办公装置对VDT办公健康的影响,实验结果表明：VDT装置的陈设方式直接影响VDT办公的坐姿行为与健康；当VDT办公系统中的各个尺度不能同时满足作业要求时,受试者往往优先考虑座椅高度的适宜性。VDT阅读时,显示器屏幕过小容易导致视觉疲劳,而显示器屏幕过大同样可导致视疲劳；屏幕较小时坐姿调节频繁,屏幕较大时坐姿调节较少。
③实验Ⅲ主要探讨座面倾角及躯干与大腿夹角对维持健康坐姿的影响,实验结果表明：相对其他实验水平,座面后倾5。且躯干与大腿夹角115°,座面前倾10°且躯干与大腿夹角100°时受试者主诉坐感最佳,座面体压分布最佳。
最后,本文根据调研和实验所发现的问题以及得出的相关结论,以WSR系统方法论为指导,设计了一套VDT健康办公系统。同时就VDT办公系统健康设计的方法及现代办公形态的设计伦理学问题展开了探讨,本文认为具体的VDT办公系统设计应当兼顾人体尺度、行为需求、工作效率和职业健康。
Along with the gradual popularization of computerized office working, the problem on sub-health what was always troubled clerical employees is increasingly serious. Since half century ago, ergonomics research has played an irreplaceable role in constructing clerical employees' labour safety and health prevention mechanism, and theoretical research on healthy sitting posture obtained considerable progress.However, the price of healthy office chair based on the newest ergonomics technology is often expensive, it has surpassed the general employer's withstanding scope, and most manufactures have technical barrier to product healthy chairs; In the market, ordinary work chairs are difficult to comply with the dynamic demand during VDT work,and they are even cannot provide good body support in the actual work.Therefore, it has an important practical significance for the study on how to realize a kind of office system which is effective&healthy for office staffs and cheap&practical for enterprises, that finding out the relationship between VDT office working system and healthy sitting posture. Around this problem, this subject took investigated and experiment as the main methods for the systematic study on VDT office staffs' sitting behavior and health.
(1) The investigation in this paper contains two stages.
①The first stage was to investigate the sub-heath statement of the VDT clerical employees in the form of questionnaire based on the internet. There are 192 samples in total, and 181 of them are valid samples. The result revealed that the ratio of the sub-health of respondents up to the 46.4% according to the standard that "There are four physical indexs' evaluation scores equal or greater than four at the same time". Due to the reason that this research is specific to the sub-health on physiology indexs, the result is a little lower than that of other institutes.
②The second stage aimed at the working conditions of the VDT clerical employees. The investigation conducted by the ways of fulfilling the questionnaires and tracking studies. The questionnaire specifically included four modules, they respectively are the physical discomfort status of the VDT office stuffs, the subjective evaluation of factors which influent the occupation health, the evaluation of the office devices' usability, and the characteristics of the office behavior.200 questionnaires were sent out and 154 of them were retrieved including 145 available questionnaires, the rate of the effective recovery is 72.5%.
The research about the physical discomfort body parts showed that:the most serious physical discomfort parts are the neck, shoulder portions, eyes, waists, the back, and the hip, then are the parts of the right upper limbs. What was more, the discomfort phenomenon especially in the parts of the neck and shoulder portions varies in genders:the degree of the discomfort of the females was always greater than the males.
Factor analysis of the occupational health influencing factors indicates that, the contribution rate of accumulative total of variance of the office devices was 60.6%, which threatened the occupational health mostly.
The evaluation of the usability shows that the used office equipments, could basically satisfied the users' expectations.
The research about the sitting posture behavior indicated that some of the arrangement of the mouth, keyboards and the displays were unreasonable, the wrongful sitting posture and interaction between human and machines were ubiquitous. Moreover, some of the behaviors were related to the indices of the physical discomforts.
(2) The experiment in this paper consisted of 3 aspects.
ExperimentⅠwas to evaluate the common sitting postures subjectively and objectively. Result shows that:under the experiments, the postures of "c-middle-half"、"c-front-deep"、"c-middle-deep" are reasonable to the males while the "c-front-half"、"s-back-deep"、"c-middle-half" are reasonable to the females. The body pressure distribution between buttocks and the thigh of females generally unreasonable than males.("c","s" means body curvature;"front","middle","back" means body tilt direction; "half","deep" stands for the size of the contact area between hip and seat surface.)
ExperimentⅡmainly investigated the influence of the office equipments on the occupational health. The result shows that the arrangement of the VDT devices affects the VDT sitting posture and health directly; when the dimensions of the VDT office system cannot meet the requirements of work, respondents' first choose were always the suitability of the seat height. Meanwhile, not only when displays were too small to cause the visual fatigue easily but also when displays were too big. When the displays were too small, the respondents would adjust the sitting postures frequently, and when the displays were too big, the respondents would seldom adjust the sitting postures.
ExperimentⅢmainly researched into the effect of the seat slope and the included angle contained by trunk and thigh on maintaining a healthy sitting posture. The result shows that compared to other experiments'level, when under conditions that the seat tilted backward 5°while the angle between the trunk and the thigh was 115°, the seat tilted forward 10°while the angle between the trunk and the thigh was 100°, the total subjective evaluations of the respondents were the best while the distribution of the body pressure is also the best.
Finally, based on the problems and conclusions from the investigation and experiment, this paper designed a set of healthy VDT office system on the guide of WSR system methodology. At the same time, this paper discussed healthy design method of VDT office system and design ethics problems of modern office form, and advanced that we should give more consideration to the human body measure, behavior demand, work efficiency and occupation health.
(1)本文调研共分两个阶段进行。
①第一阶段以专业调查网站为平台的亚健康调研,调查工作通过邀请熟识的VDT办公人员登录网站填写问卷调查的方式展开,共获得样本192例,其中有效样本181例。调查结果显示：根据在生理相关指标上“同时有4项指标得分≥4”的标准,受访者生理亚健康的比例高达46.4%,由于该结果仅针对生理亚健康,故其略低于其他研究科研机构的调查结果。
②第二阶段针对企业VDT办公人员的工作状况展开问卷调研,并结合实地观察对办公相关行为进行跟踪研究。问卷具体包括VDT办公人员的生理不适状况、职业健康影响因素的主观评价、办公装置的可用性评价以及办公行为特征四个模块。发放问卷200份,回收问卷154份,其中有效问卷145份,有效回收率为72.5%。
生理不适部位的调查显示：颈部、肩周、眼睛、腰部、上背部、臀部是VDT办公人员反映最为严重的生理不适部位,其次为右上肢各部位,办公人员在颈部、肩周部位的不适情况具有显著的性别差异且女性不适程度往往大于男性。
职业健康影响因素的因子分析表明：办公装置因素的累计方差贡献率达60.6%,其对职业健康所构成的威胁最大。
可用性评价显示：VDT办公人员目前所使用办公装置的可用性基本满足VDT办公要求及用户心理期望。
坐姿行为调研发现：部分办公条件下的显示器、键盘、鼠标的空间配合存在不合理的问题；不良坐姿与不良人机交互行为普遍存在,且部分行为与生理不适指标之间存在一定的关联。
(2)本文实验共由三个部分构成。
①实验I对工作中各种常见的坐姿状态展开主观与客观评价,结果表明：实验条件下,“C-正-半”、“C-前-深”、“C-正-深”坐姿对男性而言比较合理,“C-前-半”、“S-后-深”、“C-正-半”坐姿对女性而言比较合理。工作中,女性臀部与大腿部分的体压分布普遍不及男性合理。
②实验II主要考察办公装置对VDT办公健康的影响,实验结果表明：VDT装置的陈设方式直接影响VDT办公的坐姿行为与健康；当VDT办公系统中的各个尺度不能同时满足作业要求时,受试者往往优先考虑座椅高度的适宜性。VDT阅读时,显示器屏幕过小容易导致视觉疲劳,而显示器屏幕过大同样可导致视疲劳；屏幕较小时坐姿调节频繁,屏幕较大时坐姿调节较少。
③实验Ⅲ主要探讨座面倾角及躯干与大腿夹角对维持健康坐姿的影响,实验结果表明：相对其他实验水平,座面后倾5。且躯干与大腿夹角115°,座面前倾10°且躯干与大腿夹角100°时受试者主诉坐感最佳,座面体压分布最佳。
最后,本文根据调研和实验所发现的问题以及得出的相关结论,以WSR系统方法论为指导,设计了一套VDT健康办公系统。同时就VDT办公系统健康设计的方法及现代办公形态的设计伦理学问题展开了探讨,本文认为具体的VDT办公系统设计应当兼顾人体尺度、行为需求、工作效率和职业健康。
Along with the gradual popularization of computerized office working, the problem on sub-health what was always troubled clerical employees is increasingly serious. Since half century ago, ergonomics research has played an irreplaceable role in constructing clerical employees' labour safety and health prevention mechanism, and theoretical research on healthy sitting posture obtained considerable progress.However, the price of healthy office chair based on the newest ergonomics technology is often expensive, it has surpassed the general employer's withstanding scope, and most manufactures have technical barrier to product healthy chairs; In the market, ordinary work chairs are difficult to comply with the dynamic demand during VDT work,and they are even cannot provide good body support in the actual work.Therefore, it has an important practical significance for the study on how to realize a kind of office system which is effective&healthy for office staffs and cheap&practical for enterprises, that finding out the relationship between VDT office working system and healthy sitting posture. Around this problem, this subject took investigated and experiment as the main methods for the systematic study on VDT office staffs' sitting behavior and health.
(1) The investigation in this paper contains two stages.
①The first stage was to investigate the sub-heath statement of the VDT clerical employees in the form of questionnaire based on the internet. There are 192 samples in total, and 181 of them are valid samples. The result revealed that the ratio of the sub-health of respondents up to the 46.4% according to the standard that "There are four physical indexs' evaluation scores equal or greater than four at the same time". Due to the reason that this research is specific to the sub-health on physiology indexs, the result is a little lower than that of other institutes.
②The second stage aimed at the working conditions of the VDT clerical employees. The investigation conducted by the ways of fulfilling the questionnaires and tracking studies. The questionnaire specifically included four modules, they respectively are the physical discomfort status of the VDT office stuffs, the subjective evaluation of factors which influent the occupation health, the evaluation of the office devices' usability, and the characteristics of the office behavior.200 questionnaires were sent out and 154 of them were retrieved including 145 available questionnaires, the rate of the effective recovery is 72.5%.
The research about the physical discomfort body parts showed that:the most serious physical discomfort parts are the neck, shoulder portions, eyes, waists, the back, and the hip, then are the parts of the right upper limbs. What was more, the discomfort phenomenon especially in the parts of the neck and shoulder portions varies in genders:the degree of the discomfort of the females was always greater than the males.
Factor analysis of the occupational health influencing factors indicates that, the contribution rate of accumulative total of variance of the office devices was 60.6%, which threatened the occupational health mostly.
The evaluation of the usability shows that the used office equipments, could basically satisfied the users' expectations.
The research about the sitting posture behavior indicated that some of the arrangement of the mouth, keyboards and the displays were unreasonable, the wrongful sitting posture and interaction between human and machines were ubiquitous. Moreover, some of the behaviors were related to the indices of the physical discomforts.
(2) The experiment in this paper consisted of 3 aspects.
ExperimentⅠwas to evaluate the common sitting postures subjectively and objectively. Result shows that:under the experiments, the postures of "c-middle-half"、"c-front-deep"、"c-middle-deep" are reasonable to the males while the "c-front-half"、"s-back-deep"、"c-middle-half" are reasonable to the females. The body pressure distribution between buttocks and the thigh of females generally unreasonable than males.("c","s" means body curvature;"front","middle","back" means body tilt direction; "half","deep" stands for the size of the contact area between hip and seat surface.)
ExperimentⅡmainly investigated the influence of the office equipments on the occupational health. The result shows that the arrangement of the VDT devices affects the VDT sitting posture and health directly; when the dimensions of the VDT office system cannot meet the requirements of work, respondents' first choose were always the suitability of the seat height. Meanwhile, not only when displays were too small to cause the visual fatigue easily but also when displays were too big. When the displays were too small, the respondents would adjust the sitting postures frequently, and when the displays were too big, the respondents would seldom adjust the sitting postures.
ExperimentⅢmainly researched into the effect of the seat slope and the included angle contained by trunk and thigh on maintaining a healthy sitting posture. The result shows that compared to other experiments'level, when under conditions that the seat tilted backward 5°while the angle between the trunk and the thigh was 115°, the seat tilted forward 10°while the angle between the trunk and the thigh was 100°, the total subjective evaluations of the respondents were the best while the distribution of the body pressure is also the best.
Finally, based on the problems and conclusions from the investigation and experiment, this paper designed a set of healthy VDT office system on the guide of WSR system methodology. At the same time, this paper discussed healthy design method of VDT office system and design ethics problems of modern office form, and advanced that we should give more consideration to the human body measure, behavior demand, work efficiency and occupation health.
引文
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