单/双基ISAR高分辨成像算法研究
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摘要
逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR, Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar)是一种重要的微波探测工具，在国土防御、空间探测等领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。可以全天候、全天时、远距离的获取非合作目标的图像，具有重要的军事和民用价值。随着应用需求的不断发展，使得ISAR成像技术的研究也不断的深入。本论文针对单/双基地ISAR高分辨成像处理中的若干新技术进行了较为详细的研究。
1.介绍了本文工作的研究背景和意义，描述了ISAR成像的发展历史和研究现状。
2.介绍了ISAR成像的距离高分辨和方位高分辨的原理，给出了平动补偿和ISAR成像的基本方法，对国内外有关ISAR成像算法方面的研究成果进行了评述。
3.对低信噪比下线性调频步进信号的带宽合成处理进行了研究。首先给出了线性调频步进信号的形式及目标平动产生相位误差给频域带宽合成带来的问题，然后给出了适用于低信噪比下基于高阶累积量的回波信号带宽相参化处理方法，并给出了成像流程，最后用仿真与实测数据的处理结果进行了本章所提算法有效性的验证。
4.针对传统超分辨ISAR成像中用能量进行判断距离单元中的散射点数目可能会引起虚假点或散射点漏检的问题，提出了一种统计RELAX超分辨ISAR成像方法，该方法充分将目标所处环境的背景噪声与杂波的统计信息用于散射点的提取中，对所有的距离单元的回波信号进行高斯性能检测，按照期望的虚警概率设置检测门限，确定存在散射点的距离单元，利用统计RELAX超分辨技术进行散射点的提取，最后给出的仿真和实测数据结果验证了本方法的有效性。
5.针对低信噪比下基于压缩感知CS(Compressive Sensing)的ISAR成像方法性能下降甚至失效的问题，提出了一种改进CS的成像方法，首先分离含目标的距离单元和噪声单元，同时在方位向上用相干投影来提高观测数据的信噪比，下来利用权值迭代重置法进行1-范数的优化以增强真实散射点能量并且抑制噪声。改进CS算法适用于强噪声的环境下的ISAR成像，并可利用较少脉冲数获得高分辨的目标像。实测数据处理验证了该方法可以有效克服强噪声与杂波。同时，仅用有限个较少的回波脉冲就可得到高分辨ISAR图像，验证了该方法在非常有限脉冲条件下的稳健性。
6.针对双基地雷达中两极区由于双基地角的时变特性，传统的ISAR成像方法无法获取高分辨的目标像，提出了一种Radon变换结合TCDS (Time Chirp-ratedistribution-Search)的超分辨成像算法。首先给出了双基地ISAR的信号模型，分析了两极区双基地角的时变性及对距离包络和方位的影响，就两极区目标运动模型中目标方位高次项相位提出了Radon-TCDS-Relax超分辨成像算法，对每个距离单元进行调频率和调频率变化率搜索，并补偿其所对应的方位高次项相位误差，用Radon-TCDS-RELAX提取散射点，然后进行TCD-RID成像。最后用仿真数据与传统的RID成像方法进行了比较，验证了本文方法的有效性。
7.针对利用线性调频步进信号(LMSF)超宽带带宽合成进行了研究，首先分析了由于目标运动产生的相位误差给频域带宽合成带来的问题，下来给出了一种基于最小图像熵的超宽带线性调频步进信号脉组内子脉冲间的运动参数精确估计方法，并且分析了超宽带ISAR成像中的MTRC (migration through resolution cell)现象，并给出了解决方法，最后由实验仿真结果验证了本章方法的对于线性调频步进信号超宽带ISAR高分辨成像的有效性。
As an important tool for microwave detection, ISAR (Inverse synthetic apertureradar) plays an increasingly significant role in many fields, e.g. territory defense andspace detection. Due to the capability of obtaining images of non-cooperated targetsunder the condition of all weather, all day and far distance, it has great value for militaryand civil application. The increased development of requirements also leads to furtherstudy on ISAR imaging techniques. This dissertation makes a detailed research on thenew techniques in high-Resolution Imaging processing for Mono-and Bistatic Radar.
1. This dissertation introduces the research background and significance of thisdissertation, and describes the history and present situation of ISAR imaging.
2. This dissertation demonstrates the principle of high range and azimuthresolution in ISAR imaging, provides the basic method for translational motioncompensation and ISAR imaging, and reviews the research results about ISAR imagingmethods at home and abroad.
3. This dissertation makes a study on the frequency synthesis processing oflinearly modulated stepped frequency signals. Firstly, the form of linearly modulatedstepped frequency signals is presented, as well as the problem of frequency bandwidthsynthesis caused by the phase error of target translational motion. Then it illustrates abandwidth coherence processing method of echoed signals with low SNR based on highorder cumulants technique, and also lists the imaging flow. Simulation and the real dataexperiment both demonstrate the effectiveness of the method proposed in this chapter.
4. This dissertation considers the problem that it may result in artifacts andscatterers omission to judge scatterers number in a range cell with energy in traditionalsuper-resolution ISAR imaging. It proposes a statistical RELAX for super-resolutionISAR imaging. To extract the scatterers, this scheme well exploits the statisticsinformation of background noise and clutter of the environment where the target locates.The echoed signals in all the range cells are detected with Gaussian test and thethreshold is set according to the expected false alarm rate. When the range cellscontaining scattererss is determined, scatterers extraction can be implemented viastatistical RELAX super-resolution techniques. The effectiveness of this method isconfirmed by the simulation and real data experiments results.
5. This dissertation puts forward a modified CS imaging method, with respect tothe problem of performance reduction or even inefficiency for ISAR imaging based onCompressive sensing (CS) with low SNR. The range cells which contain targets and noise are separated by energy threshold, and the SNR of the measured data is increasedby coherent projection in azimuth. With the iterative weighted norm-1optimization, thetrue scatterers energy can be enhanced while the noise is reduced. Since the modifiedCS algorithm utilizes a few pulses to obtain high-resolution image, it is suitable forISAR imaging in the condition of low SNR. Real data experiments indicate that thisapproach is effective to reduce noise and clutter. High-resolution ISAR images can beacquired with limited few echoed pulses, which also verifies the robustness of thismethod in the situation of quite limited pulses.
6. This dissertation for the time-variant property of bi-static angles in two poles ofbistatic radar, conventional ISAR imaging methods are incapable to achieve highresolution target images. In this chapter, a super-resolution imaging method based onRadon transform combined with TCDS (Time Chirp-rate distribution-Search) isproposed. First of all, the signal model for bistatic ISAR is presented, and it analyzes thetime-variant property of the bistatic angles in two poles areas, as well as its influence onrange envelope and azimuth. A Radon-TCDS-Relax super-resolution imaging algorithmis brought up for the effect from high-order azimuth terms of target motion model inpole areas. This method attempts to search for the frequency modulation rate and its rateof the high-order azimuth terms in each range cell and its error is compensated.Scatterers extracting and imaging are achieved by Radon-TCDS-RELAX and TCD-RIDrespectively. With the comparison between simulated data and traditional RID imagingmethod, the scheme proposed in this chapter shows great advantage and effectiveness.
7. This dissertation makes a study on bandwidth synthesis of ultra widebandfrequency modulated signals with LMSF. It firstly analyzes the problem of frequencybandwidth synthesis brought by phase error from the target motion. Then it gives anaccurate estimation method for motion parameters within one burst in ultra widebandstepped frequency synthesis based on image entropy minimization. In addition, MTRCphenomenon in ultra wideband ISAR imaging is analyzed, followed by thecorresponding solution. Simulation experiments confirm that the algorithm presented inthis chapter is effective for high-resolution ultra wideband ISAR imaging.
1.介绍了本文工作的研究背景和意义，描述了ISAR成像的发展历史和研究现状。
2.介绍了ISAR成像的距离高分辨和方位高分辨的原理，给出了平动补偿和ISAR成像的基本方法，对国内外有关ISAR成像算法方面的研究成果进行了评述。
3.对低信噪比下线性调频步进信号的带宽合成处理进行了研究。首先给出了线性调频步进信号的形式及目标平动产生相位误差给频域带宽合成带来的问题，然后给出了适用于低信噪比下基于高阶累积量的回波信号带宽相参化处理方法，并给出了成像流程，最后用仿真与实测数据的处理结果进行了本章所提算法有效性的验证。
4.针对传统超分辨ISAR成像中用能量进行判断距离单元中的散射点数目可能会引起虚假点或散射点漏检的问题，提出了一种统计RELAX超分辨ISAR成像方法，该方法充分将目标所处环境的背景噪声与杂波的统计信息用于散射点的提取中，对所有的距离单元的回波信号进行高斯性能检测，按照期望的虚警概率设置检测门限，确定存在散射点的距离单元，利用统计RELAX超分辨技术进行散射点的提取，最后给出的仿真和实测数据结果验证了本方法的有效性。
5.针对低信噪比下基于压缩感知CS(Compressive Sensing)的ISAR成像方法性能下降甚至失效的问题，提出了一种改进CS的成像方法，首先分离含目标的距离单元和噪声单元，同时在方位向上用相干投影来提高观测数据的信噪比，下来利用权值迭代重置法进行1-范数的优化以增强真实散射点能量并且抑制噪声。改进CS算法适用于强噪声的环境下的ISAR成像，并可利用较少脉冲数获得高分辨的目标像。实测数据处理验证了该方法可以有效克服强噪声与杂波。同时，仅用有限个较少的回波脉冲就可得到高分辨ISAR图像，验证了该方法在非常有限脉冲条件下的稳健性。
6.针对双基地雷达中两极区由于双基地角的时变特性，传统的ISAR成像方法无法获取高分辨的目标像，提出了一种Radon变换结合TCDS (Time Chirp-ratedistribution-Search)的超分辨成像算法。首先给出了双基地ISAR的信号模型，分析了两极区双基地角的时变性及对距离包络和方位的影响，就两极区目标运动模型中目标方位高次项相位提出了Radon-TCDS-Relax超分辨成像算法，对每个距离单元进行调频率和调频率变化率搜索，并补偿其所对应的方位高次项相位误差，用Radon-TCDS-RELAX提取散射点，然后进行TCD-RID成像。最后用仿真数据与传统的RID成像方法进行了比较，验证了本文方法的有效性。
7.针对利用线性调频步进信号(LMSF)超宽带带宽合成进行了研究，首先分析了由于目标运动产生的相位误差给频域带宽合成带来的问题，下来给出了一种基于最小图像熵的超宽带线性调频步进信号脉组内子脉冲间的运动参数精确估计方法，并且分析了超宽带ISAR成像中的MTRC (migration through resolution cell)现象，并给出了解决方法，最后由实验仿真结果验证了本章方法的对于线性调频步进信号超宽带ISAR高分辨成像的有效性。
As an important tool for microwave detection, ISAR (Inverse synthetic apertureradar) plays an increasingly significant role in many fields, e.g. territory defense andspace detection. Due to the capability of obtaining images of non-cooperated targetsunder the condition of all weather, all day and far distance, it has great value for militaryand civil application. The increased development of requirements also leads to furtherstudy on ISAR imaging techniques. This dissertation makes a detailed research on thenew techniques in high-Resolution Imaging processing for Mono-and Bistatic Radar.
1. This dissertation introduces the research background and significance of thisdissertation, and describes the history and present situation of ISAR imaging.
2. This dissertation demonstrates the principle of high range and azimuthresolution in ISAR imaging, provides the basic method for translational motioncompensation and ISAR imaging, and reviews the research results about ISAR imagingmethods at home and abroad.
3. This dissertation makes a study on the frequency synthesis processing oflinearly modulated stepped frequency signals. Firstly, the form of linearly modulatedstepped frequency signals is presented, as well as the problem of frequency bandwidthsynthesis caused by the phase error of target translational motion. Then it illustrates abandwidth coherence processing method of echoed signals with low SNR based on highorder cumulants technique, and also lists the imaging flow. Simulation and the real dataexperiment both demonstrate the effectiveness of the method proposed in this chapter.
4. This dissertation considers the problem that it may result in artifacts andscatterers omission to judge scatterers number in a range cell with energy in traditionalsuper-resolution ISAR imaging. It proposes a statistical RELAX for super-resolutionISAR imaging. To extract the scatterers, this scheme well exploits the statisticsinformation of background noise and clutter of the environment where the target locates.The echoed signals in all the range cells are detected with Gaussian test and thethreshold is set according to the expected false alarm rate. When the range cellscontaining scattererss is determined, scatterers extraction can be implemented viastatistical RELAX super-resolution techniques. The effectiveness of this method isconfirmed by the simulation and real data experiments results.
5. This dissertation puts forward a modified CS imaging method, with respect tothe problem of performance reduction or even inefficiency for ISAR imaging based onCompressive sensing (CS) with low SNR. The range cells which contain targets and noise are separated by energy threshold, and the SNR of the measured data is increasedby coherent projection in azimuth. With the iterative weighted norm-1optimization, thetrue scatterers energy can be enhanced while the noise is reduced. Since the modifiedCS algorithm utilizes a few pulses to obtain high-resolution image, it is suitable forISAR imaging in the condition of low SNR. Real data experiments indicate that thisapproach is effective to reduce noise and clutter. High-resolution ISAR images can beacquired with limited few echoed pulses, which also verifies the robustness of thismethod in the situation of quite limited pulses.
6. This dissertation for the time-variant property of bi-static angles in two poles ofbistatic radar, conventional ISAR imaging methods are incapable to achieve highresolution target images. In this chapter, a super-resolution imaging method based onRadon transform combined with TCDS (Time Chirp-rate distribution-Search) isproposed. First of all, the signal model for bistatic ISAR is presented, and it analyzes thetime-variant property of the bistatic angles in two poles areas, as well as its influence onrange envelope and azimuth. A Radon-TCDS-Relax super-resolution imaging algorithmis brought up for the effect from high-order azimuth terms of target motion model inpole areas. This method attempts to search for the frequency modulation rate and its rateof the high-order azimuth terms in each range cell and its error is compensated.Scatterers extracting and imaging are achieved by Radon-TCDS-RELAX and TCD-RIDrespectively. With the comparison between simulated data and traditional RID imagingmethod, the scheme proposed in this chapter shows great advantage and effectiveness.
7. This dissertation makes a study on bandwidth synthesis of ultra widebandfrequency modulated signals with LMSF. It firstly analyzes the problem of frequencybandwidth synthesis brought by phase error from the target motion. Then it gives anaccurate estimation method for motion parameters within one burst in ultra widebandstepped frequency synthesis based on image entropy minimization. In addition, MTRCphenomenon in ultra wideband ISAR imaging is analyzed, followed by thecorresponding solution. Simulation experiments confirm that the algorithm presented inthis chapter is effective for high-resolution ultra wideband ISAR imaging.
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