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基于虚拟制造技术的液压大板拉伸装备的研究
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摘要
基于虚拟制造技术的液压大板拉伸装备的研究
    一.引言
    为了满足经济发展和市场的需要,我国铁道部门作出了提高运力,提高速度,提高服务质量,提高安全性、舒适性,提高车辆的制造质量和技术水平等各项改革措施。为了实现车辆高速、安全、舒适、美观的要求,铁道客车制造厂家都纷纷对生产技术和制造工艺进行改革,以适应市场的要求。
    本项研究的大板拉伸工艺改变了原来的制造工艺方法,将原来的小板拼接变成了整张大板,将原来的20余条焊缝减少为一条焊缝,使侧墙板的内应力基本保持平衡,克服了表面凹凸不平的现象,使焊缝的开裂故障率大幅度下降,同时增加侧墙板的整体刚性,使铁道客车的侧墙板的制造水平上了一个台阶。
    在液压大板拉伸装备设计和制造中,传统方法周期过长,难以保证产品的设计质量,对加工过程的影响难以估计等缺点。对此我们将虚拟制造技术引入了液压大板设计和制造当中。由于虚拟制造基本上不消耗资源和能量,也不生产实际产品,而是产品的设计、开发与实现过程在计算机上的本质实现,不仅可以提高产品的设计质量,缩短产品的设计周期,而且可以达到一次设计和制造的成功。
    二.大板拉伸虚拟制造系统研究
    通过分析国内外专家、学者对虚拟制造系统方面的研究,对大板拉伸虚拟制造系统进行定位,找出合适的切入点,初步建立大板拉伸虚拟制造系统的体系结构。其总体结构如图1所示。
    
    
    
    
    本系统主要有二个模块组成,即:几何造型参数化设计系统和有限元分析
    
    
    系统。整个系统以VC++6.0为开发平台,结合ACIS的强大几何造型功能,在不依赖其他CAD软件的基础上实现了几何造型参数化设计,其有限元分析模块则采用优秀的有限元分析软件ANSYS,达到了较好的分析效果。
    三.液压大板拉伸装备总体设计
    根据实际生产的需要,课题组开发了液压大板拉伸装备,其结构见图2。
    
    
    
    
    
    
    该装备是由拉伸机构;活动端夹紧机构;工作平台;送、退料机构;固定端夹紧机构;滑台机构;液压站及系统;电器控制及操作系统等组成。其中,活动端和固定端的夹紧机构是由三粱四柱的压力装置及用于夹紧用的凹凸模组成,夹紧力由夹紧油缸产生,工作时将被拉伸的侧墙板夹紧,并保持压力防止拉伸过程中侧墙板滑出。拉伸机构由拉伸油缸拖动,将把已夹紧工件的活动端夹紧机构沿水平方向拖动600mm,实现侧墙板的拉伸。工作平台主要作用是放工件和支承工件,送、退料机构是由气动控制而实现送、退料的,其作用是将工件送入和退入夹具。滑台机构是滑动导轨,它支承活动端夹紧机构并随其沿水平方向移动,并为拉伸过程起导向作用。液压站及其系统为装备的夹紧、拉伸提供动力,并具有泄荷、保压,联动和单动功能。控制操纵台和电器控制系统实现动作和位移的控制。
    四.液压大板拉伸装备实体造型参数化设计
    对三维实体建模方法进行了讨论,结合先进的三维几何造型平台ACIS,通过一定的算法,实现了产品的数据结构及其基本造型和复杂造型,在此基础上开发完成了实体造型参数化设计系统。最后综合设计的实际需要,对液压大板拉伸装备关键部件进行了建模。
    
    该系统参数化建模主要过程如下:
    (1)基于约束的特征描述;
    (2)创建基本特征
    (3)创建其他附加特征
    (4)修改特征。
    (5)生成实体模型。
    五.液压大板拉伸装备有限元分析
    大板拉伸工艺改变了原来的制造工艺方法,卷材不需要裁减成小板,而是直接将其展成一张大板并夹紧拉平,这样将原来的小板拼接变成了整张大板。因为大板尺寸较大,其拉伸工艺参数通过设计经验确定数值偏差大,通过实验确定成本较大。针对这个问题我们提出通过建模与仿真技术模拟出大板在拉伸过程中的各种参数对产品设计的影响,以发现制造中可能出现的问题并确定拉伸工艺参数。在产品实际生产前就采取预防措施,从而达到产品一次性制造成功,来达到降低成本、缩短产品开发周期。
    图3到图6为大板拉伸过程中应力和应变的变化。
    
    
    
    
    六.结论
    一.通过分析国内外专家、学者对虚拟制造系统方面的研究,对大板拉伸虚拟制造系统进行定位,找出合适的切入点,初步建立大板拉伸虚拟制造系统的体系结构。整个系统由两个模块组成:实体造型模块是运用Visual C++6.0开发工具并集成ACIS三维几何造型引擎来实现的,具有较好的模块化和可移植性,并实现了与有限元分析模块的交互性;有限元分析模块则使用有限元分析软件ANSYS实现的,能够取得较好的分析结果。
    二.对大板拉伸工艺及其特点进行了分析,根据设计要求设计、制造了液压大板拉伸装备,并对其关键部件进行了优化设计。经过使用证明该装备结构合理、生产工艺方法先进,具有高效、节能、污染小、工序简单、生产效率高、成本低的特点。
    三.对三维实体建模方法进行了讨论,结合先进的三维几何造型平台ACIS,通过一定的算法,实现了产品的数据结构及其基本造型和复杂造型,在此基础上开发完成了实体造型参数化设计系统。最后综合设计的实际需要,对液压大板拉伸装备关键部件进行了建模。
    四.实现了模型文件与有限元文件的数据交换,研究了有限元的基本算法,并利用ANSYS软件对关键部件
Research of VM-Based Hydraulic Large-plate Stretching Equipment Technology
    1.introduction
    For the sake of economy development and market needs, China railway department devised every innovation measures for increasing transportation capability, service quality, security and comfort, manufacture quality of vehicle, engineering level. For the sake of achieving high speed, safety, comfort, aesthetic feelings, every railway carriage manufactories innovate manufacture technique one after another.
    Large-plate stretching technique of this research alters former manufacture technique and turns small plate jointing to large plate, decreases former more than twenty welding lines to one line, keeps balance of side-wall-plate internal stress on the whole, gets over surface sags and crests phenomena, reduces cracking failure of welding lines to a great extent, increases whole stiffness of side-wall-plate, raises manufacture level of railway carriage side-wall-plate.
    In the process of design and manufacture for the hydraulic large-plate stretching equipment, tradition method has disadvantages such as too long periodic time, impracticable to ensuring design quality of manufacture, difficult to evaluating processing influence. So we introduce VM (virtual manufacture) to the process of design and manufacture for the hydraulic large-plate stretching equipment. VM neither consumes resource and energy nor produce practice products. It is essential realization of design, exploitation, realization for production in the computer. It not only improve the design quality, shorten periodic time, but also measure up to success of design and manufacture at a time.
    2.research of large-plate stretching virtual manufacture system
    By means of analyzing researches of domestic and international experts, we localize virtual manufacture system, find out accordant entrance, found elementary structure of large-plate stretching visual manufacture system. Its general structure is shown in figure1.
    
    
    
    
    This system makes up of two modules in the main. That is geometric modeling parametric design system and finite element analysis system. Entire system makes use of VC++6.0 as develop platform, integrates powerful geometric modeling function of ACIS, realizes geometric modeling parametric design independent of fundament of other CAD software. Its finite element analysis module adopts ANSYS that is excellent finite element analysis software and achieves preferable analytical effects.
    3.overall design of hydraulic large-plate stretching equipment
    According to needs of practical production, study group develop large-plate stretching equipment. Its structure is shown in figure 2.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    This equipment is composed of stretching component, movable side clamping component, working platform, feed and return of material component, immovable side clamping component, skid platform component, hydraulic station, control console.
    Wherein movable and immovable side of clamping component are made of
    
    
    pressure apparatus which composes three beams and four columns, feature die for compaction. The clamping force which is generated from hydraulic cylinder clamp side-wall plate which is stretched at work, keep-up pressure for preventing side-wall plate sliding in course of stretching. Stretching component is dragged by hydraulic cylinder for stretching and drags movable side clamping component to 600mm along horizontal direction, which realizes the stretching for side-wall plate. The function of working platform is to lay and holder up workpiece. The movement of feed and return of material component is realized by pneumatic control. Its function is to feed and return workpiece. Skid platform component which is a sliding skid carries and moves the movable side clamping component along horizontal direction and acts as orientation function in the process of stretching. Hydraulic station and its system provide the equipment power for stamping and stretching and has the function of unloading, pressure maintaining, inter and single lock. C
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