比较优势、竞争优势与我国外贸发展
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摘要
一个经济落后的国家如何从经济上缩小与发达国家的差距、乃至赶上发达国家,是每个发展中国家必须面对的现实问题,也是现代经济学关注的重点之一。在对外贸易领域,竞争优势理论的追随者往往将比较优势与竞争优势两个范畴对立起来,甚至提出用竞争优势理论来取代比较优势理论。本文将证明,对两种理论的上述理解是错误的,与这种理解相反,本文认为,竞争优势的建立离不开比较优势的发挥,竞争优势只是比较优势发展的一种特定的高级形态。竞争优势强调的差异化产品、“钻石体系”的密切配合应在长期的市场竞争中,通过发挥比较优势逐步形成。比较优势做为一个经济发展的理论,指出了企业和国家在选择产品、产业、技术等生产活动时,在要素相对密集度方面必须遵循的基本原则,发展中国家只有充分依靠和发挥自己的比较优势才能够建立自己的竞争优势,最大限度的促进自己的经济发展。我国改革开放以来外贸的高速发展,就是在遵循比较优势原则的基础上实现了经济禀赋结构、比较优势的动态变化和良性提升。今后的外贸发展仍然应沿着这一基本方向。
围绕这一中心思想,文章从理论辨析入手,对比较优势和竞争优势理论进行深入分析,特别对比较优势原则在要素禀赋结构提升、技术变迁方式以及产业结构升级方面的积极影响进行了阐述,并利用国内外发展实例对比较优势原则作了经验验证。文章充分利用统计数据,分析我国外贸发展过程中经济禀赋结构和比较优势的动态变化,并最终提出整合先天比较优势和后创比较优势,促进比较优势内生演进的贸易结构优化战略。
How can a laggard country reduce the huge gap of economy development from developed country, or even catch up with the developed country? That is a real-life problem to every developing county as well as one of the keystone concern of mordent economics. Believers in the theory of competitive advantage (CMPTA) often set the category of comparative advantage (CMPRA) against that of CMPTA or simply deny the latter on account of existence of the former. In this thesis I will verify that the above understanding of the relationship between the theory of CMPTA and that of CMPRA erroneous in the main.
In my opinion, as a specific advanced form of CMPRA, the establishment of CMPTA is inseparable from the development of CMPRA. In order to form differential products as well as close cooperation of every aspect in diamond system, we should first utilize comparative advantage in a competitive market. The theory of comparative advantage point out the basic principle in choosing products, industry and technology. Only by relying thoroughly on and giving full play of one's own CMPRA, can a developing country spur her economic growth to the maximum. By following the principle of CMPRA, we enjoyed the improvement of our endowment structure, dynamic changes in our comparative advantage, and the fast growth of foreign trade development in our country since reform and opening up. In the future, we should still let the theory of comparative advantage be our principle.
The thesis starts form explaining the concepts of comparative advantage and competitive advantage, it introduces the summarization of related theory both form home and aboard. Then it theoretically analyses the relationship of CMPRA and CMPTA, and particularly expatiate the positive effects of CMPRA on the advancement of element structure, technology improvement as well as the upgrading of industrial structure. The development experiences form home and aboard can well validate the experiment of CMPRA.
Based on the theoretical research and statistic analysis, the thesis analyses the dynamic changes of the real comparative advantage and the endowment structure of China's foreign trade development, the conclusion is that the transformation of our foreign trade structure requires integrating natural comparative advantage and created comparative advantage as well as promoting the endogenous evolution of comparative advantage.
围绕这一中心思想,文章从理论辨析入手,对比较优势和竞争优势理论进行深入分析,特别对比较优势原则在要素禀赋结构提升、技术变迁方式以及产业结构升级方面的积极影响进行了阐述,并利用国内外发展实例对比较优势原则作了经验验证。文章充分利用统计数据,分析我国外贸发展过程中经济禀赋结构和比较优势的动态变化,并最终提出整合先天比较优势和后创比较优势,促进比较优势内生演进的贸易结构优化战略。
How can a laggard country reduce the huge gap of economy development from developed country, or even catch up with the developed country? That is a real-life problem to every developing county as well as one of the keystone concern of mordent economics. Believers in the theory of competitive advantage (CMPTA) often set the category of comparative advantage (CMPRA) against that of CMPTA or simply deny the latter on account of existence of the former. In this thesis I will verify that the above understanding of the relationship between the theory of CMPTA and that of CMPRA erroneous in the main.
In my opinion, as a specific advanced form of CMPRA, the establishment of CMPTA is inseparable from the development of CMPRA. In order to form differential products as well as close cooperation of every aspect in diamond system, we should first utilize comparative advantage in a competitive market. The theory of comparative advantage point out the basic principle in choosing products, industry and technology. Only by relying thoroughly on and giving full play of one's own CMPRA, can a developing country spur her economic growth to the maximum. By following the principle of CMPRA, we enjoyed the improvement of our endowment structure, dynamic changes in our comparative advantage, and the fast growth of foreign trade development in our country since reform and opening up. In the future, we should still let the theory of comparative advantage be our principle.
The thesis starts form explaining the concepts of comparative advantage and competitive advantage, it introduces the summarization of related theory both form home and aboard. Then it theoretically analyses the relationship of CMPRA and CMPTA, and particularly expatiate the positive effects of CMPRA on the advancement of element structure, technology improvement as well as the upgrading of industrial structure. The development experiences form home and aboard can well validate the experiment of CMPRA.
Based on the theoretical research and statistic analysis, the thesis analyses the dynamic changes of the real comparative advantage and the endowment structure of China's foreign trade development, the conclusion is that the transformation of our foreign trade structure requires integrating natural comparative advantage and created comparative advantage as well as promoting the endogenous evolution of comparative advantage.
引文
[1]迈克尔·波特,《国家竞争优势》[M],华夏出版社2002年版
[2]董震,《竞争优势生成与优化机制》[M],中国社会出版社2003年版
[3]林毅夫、李永军,《比较优势、竞争优势与发展中国家的经济发展》[J],《管理世界》,2003年第7期
[4]高鸿业,《比较成本学说不应成为我国外贸发展战略的理论基础》[J],《经济研究参考资料》,1982年第44期
[5]田春华,《产业政策与比较利益》[J],《世界经济》,1988年第9期
[6]洪银兴,《从比较优势到竞争优势--论国际贸易的比较利益理论的缺陷》[J],《经济研究》,1997年第6期
[7]张碧琼,《国际资本流动与对外贸易竞争优势》[M],中国发展出版社1999年版
[8]刘力,《内撑外开:发展中大国的贸易战略》[M],东北财经大学出版社,1999年版
[9]刘力,《比较优势原则的若否定之否定》[J],《国际经贸探索》1998年第1期
[10]张占斌,《比较优势:中国汽车产业的政策、模式、战略》[M],清华大学出版社,2004
[11]刘重力、胡昭玲,《21世纪的中国外贸发展战略:比较优势竞争优势理论与实证研究》[M],财政经济出版社,2005年版
[12]张亚斌,《内生比较优势理论与中国贸易结构转换》[M],中国经济出版社,2006年版
[13]贺力平、沈侠,《比较优势与产业结构对策:国际经济结构变动的中长期趋势及我国的选择》[M],中国社会科学出版社,1992年,7-26页
[14]林毅夫、孙希芳,《经济发展得比较优势战略理论--兼评<对外开放新时期的对外贸易战略与贸易政策评论>》[J],北京大学中国经济研究中心讨论稿
[15]Maddison,Angus,Monitoring the World Economy[M],1820-1992,Paris:OECD,1995
[16]林毅夫,《发展战略、自生能力和经济收敛》[J],《经济学季刊》第1卷,第2期,2002年1月,269-300页
[17]林毅夫、蔡昉和李周,《中国的奇迹:发展战略与经济改革》(增订版)[M],上海三联书店和上海人民出版社,1999年版
[18]洪银兴,《从比较优势到竞争优势--兼论国际贸易的比较利益理论的缺陷》[J],《经济研究》,1997年06期
[19]王子先,《以竞争优势为导向--我国比较优势变化与外贸长期发展的思考》[J],《国际贸易》,2000年01期
[20]刘明兴,《禀赋结构、发展战略与经济增长》[J],北京大学中国经济研究中心林毅夫发展论坛,2002年8月
[21]张国义,《我国引进外商直接投资的效应分析》[J],《商场现代化》,2006年第01期
[22]王元龙,《外商直接投资的负效应分析》[J],《高校理论战线》,1995年8月
[23]江小娟,《中国的外资经济对增长、结构升级和竞争力的贡献》[J],《中国社会科学》,2002年6月
[24]姚树洁、冯根福、韦开蕾,《外商直接投资和经济增长的关系研究》[J],《经济研究》,2006年12月
[2]董震,《竞争优势生成与优化机制》[M],中国社会出版社2003年版
[3]林毅夫、李永军,《比较优势、竞争优势与发展中国家的经济发展》[J],《管理世界》,2003年第7期
[4]高鸿业,《比较成本学说不应成为我国外贸发展战略的理论基础》[J],《经济研究参考资料》,1982年第44期
[5]田春华,《产业政策与比较利益》[J],《世界经济》,1988年第9期
[6]洪银兴,《从比较优势到竞争优势--论国际贸易的比较利益理论的缺陷》[J],《经济研究》,1997年第6期
[7]张碧琼,《国际资本流动与对外贸易竞争优势》[M],中国发展出版社1999年版
[8]刘力,《内撑外开:发展中大国的贸易战略》[M],东北财经大学出版社,1999年版
[9]刘力,《比较优势原则的若否定之否定》[J],《国际经贸探索》1998年第1期
[10]张占斌,《比较优势:中国汽车产业的政策、模式、战略》[M],清华大学出版社,2004
[11]刘重力、胡昭玲,《21世纪的中国外贸发展战略:比较优势竞争优势理论与实证研究》[M],财政经济出版社,2005年版
[12]张亚斌,《内生比较优势理论与中国贸易结构转换》[M],中国经济出版社,2006年版
[13]贺力平、沈侠,《比较优势与产业结构对策:国际经济结构变动的中长期趋势及我国的选择》[M],中国社会科学出版社,1992年,7-26页
[14]林毅夫、孙希芳,《经济发展得比较优势战略理论--兼评<对外开放新时期的对外贸易战略与贸易政策评论>》[J],北京大学中国经济研究中心讨论稿
[15]Maddison,Angus,Monitoring the World Economy[M],1820-1992,Paris:OECD,1995
[16]林毅夫,《发展战略、自生能力和经济收敛》[J],《经济学季刊》第1卷,第2期,2002年1月,269-300页
[17]林毅夫、蔡昉和李周,《中国的奇迹:发展战略与经济改革》(增订版)[M],上海三联书店和上海人民出版社,1999年版
[18]洪银兴,《从比较优势到竞争优势--兼论国际贸易的比较利益理论的缺陷》[J],《经济研究》,1997年06期
[19]王子先,《以竞争优势为导向--我国比较优势变化与外贸长期发展的思考》[J],《国际贸易》,2000年01期
[20]刘明兴,《禀赋结构、发展战略与经济增长》[J],北京大学中国经济研究中心林毅夫发展论坛,2002年8月
[21]张国义,《我国引进外商直接投资的效应分析》[J],《商场现代化》,2006年第01期
[22]王元龙,《外商直接投资的负效应分析》[J],《高校理论战线》,1995年8月
[23]江小娟,《中国的外资经济对增长、结构升级和竞争力的贡献》[J],《中国社会科学》,2002年6月
[24]姚树洁、冯根福、韦开蕾,《外商直接投资和经济增长的关系研究》[J],《经济研究》,2006年12月