WiMAX无线网络QoS测量及优化研究
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摘要
WiMAX(全球微波互联接入)无线通信技术在近几年里发展迅速,在全球建立了多个实验网络。IEEE 802.16协议标准里定义了五种不同的服务流,每种连接都有不同的业务流与之相对应。标准针对不同业务流定义了详细的QoS(Quality of Service)参数,但是对业务流的接纳控制、调度算法和拥塞控制缺乏具体说明。完善的QoS保证是WiMAX系统的一大亮点,有效的上行链路和下行链路调度算法、接入控制算法和拥塞控制算法对QoS的保证具有重大意义。基于测试获得网络的各种状态参数及其动态变化趋势,本论文研究了如何在无线通信网络中提升用户的服务质量的问题。论文主要研究工作及成果如下:
(1)研究了实时流媒体业务低包头开销的调度问题。实时流媒业务调度过程中,子包头的大小随着基站调度每帧的用户数目增多而增大,包头占据大量开销。本文提出一种有效的调度算法来最大程度减少上行链路调度过程中包头的开销。本文首先使用最早截止时间调度算法对用户进行调度;对于剩余带宽的分配,本文采用批量马尔科夫到达过程来预测实时流媒体的业务到达速率,并运用牛顿插值法预测基站响应时间;基于预测值和实际值的不同,提出的调度算法能自适应调节误差,从而准确地预测应为用户分配的带宽,并预分配带宽给用户。提出的调度算法减少了在一帧中调度用户的数量,以降低在WiMAX上行链路调度的开销。仿真结果显示,该算法与现有算法相比不仅能提供QoS保证,而且也能大幅减少包头开销。
(2)研究了上行链路调度问题。通过对现有的调度算法进行分析,本文依据不同业务的QoS需求提出了分层调度算法。在对实时流媒体上行链路调度中,本文提出紧急差额轮循调度算法。该算法考虑了对网络层和视频应用层的支持,修改和拓展了差额轮循调度算法,对差额轮循调度算法进行延迟紧急程度的加权。与传统轮循调度算法和加权轮循算法相比,紧急差额轮循调度算法能够在一定程度上降低实时突发视频业务的端对端延时和延时抖动,提升系统的吞吐量,从而进一步满足实时传输的要求。
(3)研究了WiMAX网络中的用户接入控制和拥塞控制问题。通过对业务流进行实时测量,动态估计相应的QoS参数,本文提出一种基于QoS参数测量值的动态接纳控制算法。同时,考虑到实际无线链路的差错控制对上层的影响,本文提出一种拥塞控制算法。该算法通过运用基于(M,N)统计测量方式的端到端丢包区分算法来判断网络中的拥塞程度,以进一步减缓链路拥塞。仿真结果显示,提出的接入控制算法和拥塞控制算法能够有效改善用户的服务质量和提升系统的性能。
(4)研究了下行链路调度问题。加权比例公平调度算法的性能在实时流媒体数据突发到达时存在一定的局限性。为此,本文提出一种基于测量的WFQ调度算法。测试结果表明,基于测量的加权比例公平算法具有一定的抗流媒体突发能力,其性能在实时流媒体突发下载情况下优于加权比例公平算法。
The WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microware Access System) industry has seen rapid growth in recent years, and many experimental networks have been established around the world. The IEEE 802.16 standard suite has defined five types of service flows, and each connection has the corresponding user flows. The standard has defined detailed QoS parameters for different user flows, but it does not specify the algorithms for admission control, scheduling, and congestion control. A distinguishing feature of WiMAX system is its perfect QoS guarantee, and the algorithms for scheduling, admission control, and congestion control have significant impact on QoS guarantees. Based on measurement of a variety of parameters and their dynamic trends, this dissertation studies how to improve user QoS in wireless communication networks. The main contributions of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) The research on low header-overhead scheduling for real-time media flows. In the scheduling for real-time media flows, subheader overheads grow with the number of active SS (subscribe stations), thus introducing significant amount of header overhead. To address this issue, this dissertation proposes an effective, low-overhead scheduling algorithm to reduce uplink header-overhead. Low-overhead scheduling algorithm first schedules SSs with the earlier-deadline-first (EDF) algorithm. For the remaining bandwidth, this dissertation uses a Batch Markovian Arrival Process (BMAP) to predict the arrive rate of real time media flows, and it uses Newton's interpolation polynomial function to predict the response time from BS; based on the difference between the predicted and actual values, Low-overhead scheduling algorithm adaptively adjusts errors, and it precisely predicts the bandwidth that should be allocated to uers and pre-allocate the bandwidth for users. Low-overhead scheduling algorithm reduces the number of users in a frame, thus reducing the overhead in WiMAX uplink scheduling. Simulation results have demonstated that, compared with the existing algorithms, a Low-overhead scheduling algorithm not only ensures QoS but also significantly reduces IP header overheads.
(2) The research on uplink scheduling problems. By analyzing existing scheduling algorithms and based on the QoS requirements of different user flows, this dissertation proposes a hierarchical scheduling algorithm. For uplink scheduling of real-time media flows, this dissertation proposes the urgent-DRR (UDRR) scheduling algorithm; the UDRR scheduling algorithm modifies and extends the DRR scheduling algorithm by considering mechanisms that have been employed by the network and the video applications and by adding weight to delay urgencies of service flows. Compared with the traditional RR and WRR algorithms, UDRR scheduling algorithm can reduce end-to-end delay and delay jitter and improve system through for bursty video services, thus further meeting the requirements of real-time transmissions.
(3) The research on user admission control and congestion control in WiMAX networks. Based on real-time measurement of user flows and the dynamically estimated QoS parameters, this dissertation proposes a dynamic admission control algorithm based measured QoS parameters. In the mean time, this dissertation proposes a congestion control algorithm based on the impact of wireless link errors on upper-layer performance. This algorithm reduces congestion by determining the degree of network congestion through a (M, N) statistical measurement algorithm based end-to-end data loss classification. The simulation results have shown that the proposed admission and congestion control algorithms can effectively improve user QoS and system performance.
(4) The research on scheduling problems. The WFQ scheduling algorithm has limitation in the presence of bursty real-time media data. To address the limitations, this dissertation proposes a measurement-based WFQ scheduling algorithm. Evaluation results have shown that the measurement-based WFQ algorithm is robust to bursty media data and outperforms the WFQ algorithm for the download of bursty real-time media.
(1)研究了实时流媒体业务低包头开销的调度问题。实时流媒业务调度过程中,子包头的大小随着基站调度每帧的用户数目增多而增大,包头占据大量开销。本文提出一种有效的调度算法来最大程度减少上行链路调度过程中包头的开销。本文首先使用最早截止时间调度算法对用户进行调度;对于剩余带宽的分配,本文采用批量马尔科夫到达过程来预测实时流媒体的业务到达速率,并运用牛顿插值法预测基站响应时间;基于预测值和实际值的不同,提出的调度算法能自适应调节误差,从而准确地预测应为用户分配的带宽,并预分配带宽给用户。提出的调度算法减少了在一帧中调度用户的数量,以降低在WiMAX上行链路调度的开销。仿真结果显示,该算法与现有算法相比不仅能提供QoS保证,而且也能大幅减少包头开销。
(2)研究了上行链路调度问题。通过对现有的调度算法进行分析,本文依据不同业务的QoS需求提出了分层调度算法。在对实时流媒体上行链路调度中,本文提出紧急差额轮循调度算法。该算法考虑了对网络层和视频应用层的支持,修改和拓展了差额轮循调度算法,对差额轮循调度算法进行延迟紧急程度的加权。与传统轮循调度算法和加权轮循算法相比,紧急差额轮循调度算法能够在一定程度上降低实时突发视频业务的端对端延时和延时抖动,提升系统的吞吐量,从而进一步满足实时传输的要求。
(3)研究了WiMAX网络中的用户接入控制和拥塞控制问题。通过对业务流进行实时测量,动态估计相应的QoS参数,本文提出一种基于QoS参数测量值的动态接纳控制算法。同时,考虑到实际无线链路的差错控制对上层的影响,本文提出一种拥塞控制算法。该算法通过运用基于(M,N)统计测量方式的端到端丢包区分算法来判断网络中的拥塞程度,以进一步减缓链路拥塞。仿真结果显示,提出的接入控制算法和拥塞控制算法能够有效改善用户的服务质量和提升系统的性能。
(4)研究了下行链路调度问题。加权比例公平调度算法的性能在实时流媒体数据突发到达时存在一定的局限性。为此,本文提出一种基于测量的WFQ调度算法。测试结果表明,基于测量的加权比例公平算法具有一定的抗流媒体突发能力,其性能在实时流媒体突发下载情况下优于加权比例公平算法。
The WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microware Access System) industry has seen rapid growth in recent years, and many experimental networks have been established around the world. The IEEE 802.16 standard suite has defined five types of service flows, and each connection has the corresponding user flows. The standard has defined detailed QoS parameters for different user flows, but it does not specify the algorithms for admission control, scheduling, and congestion control. A distinguishing feature of WiMAX system is its perfect QoS guarantee, and the algorithms for scheduling, admission control, and congestion control have significant impact on QoS guarantees. Based on measurement of a variety of parameters and their dynamic trends, this dissertation studies how to improve user QoS in wireless communication networks. The main contributions of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) The research on low header-overhead scheduling for real-time media flows. In the scheduling for real-time media flows, subheader overheads grow with the number of active SS (subscribe stations), thus introducing significant amount of header overhead. To address this issue, this dissertation proposes an effective, low-overhead scheduling algorithm to reduce uplink header-overhead. Low-overhead scheduling algorithm first schedules SSs with the earlier-deadline-first (EDF) algorithm. For the remaining bandwidth, this dissertation uses a Batch Markovian Arrival Process (BMAP) to predict the arrive rate of real time media flows, and it uses Newton's interpolation polynomial function to predict the response time from BS; based on the difference between the predicted and actual values, Low-overhead scheduling algorithm adaptively adjusts errors, and it precisely predicts the bandwidth that should be allocated to uers and pre-allocate the bandwidth for users. Low-overhead scheduling algorithm reduces the number of users in a frame, thus reducing the overhead in WiMAX uplink scheduling. Simulation results have demonstated that, compared with the existing algorithms, a Low-overhead scheduling algorithm not only ensures QoS but also significantly reduces IP header overheads.
(2) The research on uplink scheduling problems. By analyzing existing scheduling algorithms and based on the QoS requirements of different user flows, this dissertation proposes a hierarchical scheduling algorithm. For uplink scheduling of real-time media flows, this dissertation proposes the urgent-DRR (UDRR) scheduling algorithm; the UDRR scheduling algorithm modifies and extends the DRR scheduling algorithm by considering mechanisms that have been employed by the network and the video applications and by adding weight to delay urgencies of service flows. Compared with the traditional RR and WRR algorithms, UDRR scheduling algorithm can reduce end-to-end delay and delay jitter and improve system through for bursty video services, thus further meeting the requirements of real-time transmissions.
(3) The research on user admission control and congestion control in WiMAX networks. Based on real-time measurement of user flows and the dynamically estimated QoS parameters, this dissertation proposes a dynamic admission control algorithm based measured QoS parameters. In the mean time, this dissertation proposes a congestion control algorithm based on the impact of wireless link errors on upper-layer performance. This algorithm reduces congestion by determining the degree of network congestion through a (M, N) statistical measurement algorithm based end-to-end data loss classification. The simulation results have shown that the proposed admission and congestion control algorithms can effectively improve user QoS and system performance.
(4) The research on scheduling problems. The WFQ scheduling algorithm has limitation in the presence of bursty real-time media data. To address the limitations, this dissertation proposes a measurement-based WFQ scheduling algorithm. Evaluation results have shown that the measurement-based WFQ algorithm is robust to bursty media data and outperforms the WFQ algorithm for the download of bursty real-time media.
引文
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