我国城市出租车行业经济法规制研究
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摘要
出租车是按照消费者意愿提供客运服务并根据行驶里程和时间收费的客车,其提供的服务通常包括巡游、站候和电召服务。由于利益关系扭曲、矛盾突出,城市出租车在当今中国已成为一个备受关注的行业。2000年后,中国学术界开始关注出租车领域的规制问题。行业的规制包括市场准入、服务价格、服务质量、社会责任规制等四个方面。因涉及到复杂的经济学问题,经济学界的关注要多于法学界,多数研究仅停留在宏观的政策呼吁上,很少有人静下心来研究出租车服务交易的独有特征。总体而言,我国在这方面的研究还比较薄弱。本文在全面考察境外规制实践的基础上,在国内首次运用经济法理论对我国出租车行业中一些亟待解决的问题进行了剖析,提出了改善规制的具体建议。
城市出租车服务具有快捷直达、方便可达、相对于大中容量公交方式的低使用效率、流动性强、管理难度大等特点,从属性上看属于弱公益性的非公共物品。从定位上看,应承认其城市公共交通属性,将其界定为大中容量城市公共交通的重要补充。公共利益理论、公共选择理论、规制俘虏理论、激励性规制理论等都只能对出租车市场的局部现象做出合理解释。以捍卫社会整体利益为己任的经济法对厘清出租车市场的复杂利益关系意义重大,而从纯粹的民法或行政法角度研究则难以得出正确结论。出租车的规制在境外已经有很长的历史,我们要认真研究与借鉴。国外普遍重视运用法律手段对出租车行业进行调整,其目的是致力于社会福利最大化,这与经济法的使命完全吻合。没有一个国家完全放弃对出租车的规制,既授予规制机构必要权力又加强对权力的制约,是各国通行做法。例如议会也频频介入规制领域。我国的出租车行业经历了行业短缺、宽松规制、严格规制等三个阶段,目前已形成个体经营、挂靠经营、承包经营、公车公营等四种模式。当前存在的主要问题是,由于政府的干预措施不当致使消费者和作为劳动者的司机群体利益受损,出租车经营者获得了不合理利润却没有提供令社会满意的服务。因此,从准入、价格、质量、社会责任等四个方面进行制度设计,全面改善我国的出租车行业规制,势在必行。
城市出租车行业的市场准入规制包括准入数量限制和经营组织形式限制两个方面。数量限制的积极意义在于：抑制负外部性(缓解城市交通拥挤、减少环境污染)、提高资源配置效率、遏制过度竞争。出租车准入数量限制的消极意义在于：造成社会福利损失、带来寻租与腐败问题、黑车治理成本高昂等。本文认为,某个城市是否实行准入数量限制,应充分考虑上述因素,只有存在净收益的情况下才考虑实施规制。数量限制政策本身并不具有“善恶”属性,关键是如何规范政府的干预行为。在有良好制度保障的前提下,规制的净收益完全有可能实现。在特许经营权出让方式上,建议推行质量招标制和限价拍卖制。在经营组织形式规制方面,由于重复性博弈和非重复性博弈的巨大差别,公司制可促进经营者之间的竞争,在提高服务质量方面效果明显,而且我国的社会信用基础、行业自律水平及政府监管能力等都不尽人意,所以主张在大中城市推行公司制。小城市可充许个体制在一定范围内存在,但同时要适当提高进入门槛。
城市出租车行业的价格规制必要性在于：抑制交易的负外部性、降低交易成本、保护处于弱势地位的消费者。从境外的情况来看,有的国家实行政府定价；有的则由经营者自主定价但政府要针对可能产生的弊端进行间接地规制,例如限制价格竞争主体的个数,实施强制性的价格信息公开。我国目前存在价格构成简单化、定价方式单一化、价格听证过场化、出行引导功能虚弱化等问题。要明确价格规制的基本目标,合理配置价格规制权,建议由物价部门主导改为出租车规制机构主导模式。以增强消费者集团的博弈能力为重点,完善听证程序。要因地制宜出台价格补贴政策。以地方决策为主,实现出租车定价方式的多样化、价格构成的合理化。
城市出租车行业服务质量规制旨在保护消费者利益、维护城市公共安全、展示城市良好形象、促进行业优胜劣汰。要借鉴境外经验,适当提高司机的准入门槛,建立司机的职前培训和在岗学习制度,制定切合本地实际的质量标准。提高消费者投诉的处理效率,丰富其维权途径,建立质量纠纷的行政裁决制度。要加强出租车规制部门的质量监管权,改变目前多头管理所造成的权责分离状况。要对经营者进行严格的质量考核,真正实现行业的优胜劣汰。
出租车经营者的社会责任规制主要体现在司机的劳动权益保护、城市环境保护、提供普遍服务以及满足残疾人群体需求等方面。在推行公司制时,要对出租车司机实行倾斜性保护。建议将出租车公司定义为特殊法人,对其内部治理机构进行微调,定期进行财务审计,监控其利润水平。实行强制性的司机作息制度,推行集体劳动合同,支持组建企业内部的司机工会和城市层面的司机联合工会。要通过科学的制度设计,例如推行区域出租车、无障碍出租车,合理调控运力,以满足城市边缘地区居民、残疾人等特殊群体的消费需求。
城市出租车行业不存在是否需要规制的问题,而是如何规制的问题。相机而行的市场准入和价格规制,加上严格的质量与社会责任规制,应是我国的总体思路。建议出台法律位阶的《中华人民共和国出租车法》,以解决地方立法已经遇到的瓶颈问题,同时为今后可能进行的放松规制改革预留通道。《出租车法》从性质上讲属于经济法。在价值取向上,应追求实质正义和社会整体效率,追求经济自由和经济秩序的统一。应遵循正当规制、谨慎规制、维护合理竞争三个原则。中央的立法应该是原则性和宏观性的规定,各城市有权采取灵活措施。要成立独立的出租车规制委员会,完善规制程序,合理界定国家、规制者、经营者、消费者、司机、社会团体等各方主体的权利(权力)和义务。
Taxi is the car which provides services to passengers and charges for passengers according to the mileage and time. The services it provides usually can be subdivided into three categories:cruising segment, stand segment, telephone-booking segment. Because of the confusing interest and the obvious contradiction, taxi transportation service industry has become a focus in today's China. After2000, the Chinese academia began to focus on the regulations in the taxi field. The regulations mainly include access regulation, price regulation, and quality regulation. Because it involves the complex problems of economics, the economics profession pays more attention than the legal circle. However, most studies only stay at the macro policy calls. Few people settle down to study the unique characteristics of taxi service trade. It can be said that our research in this area is still relatively weak. In this paper, on the basis of comprehensive study in foreign regulatory practice, the author used the theory of economic law to analyze some of the problems which need to be solved immediately in the taxi industry in China for the first time. The author made specific recommendations to improve the regulatory system.
Taxi service features include shortcut and direct, convenient, the lower efficiency than the public transportation of large and medium capacity, high mobility, difficulties on manage. From features to study, taxi is not public goods, but it belongs to the weak public welfare product. From category to study, taxi belongs to the cities'public transport system. Taxi is the supplement of medium and large-capacity cities'public transport. Public interest theory, public choice theory, regulatory capture theory, incentive regulation theory can only explain partial phenomena of taxi market. Economic law which defends the whole interests of society has the great significance to clarify the complicated interests of the taxi market. From a purely view of civil or administrative law, it is difficult to come to a satisfactory conclusion. Regulation of the taxi has had a long history in overseas countries. We should study their way seriously. Foreign countries generally attach great importance to the use of legal means to regulate the taxi industry. Its purpose is to maximize social welfare. This perfectly matches with the mission of economic law. To be sure, no country completely abandons taxi regulation. It is a common practice over the world that the state not only confers the necessary powers of regulatory agencies, but also strengthens the constraints of power. For example, the parliament also frequently involves in the regulatory field. The taxi industry in China has experienced three stages:industry shortage stage, lax regulation stage, strict regulation stage. At present we have formed four patterns:self-employed system, affiliated system, contract system; company system. The current problems are as follows:due to the government's improper intervention, interests of consumer group and driver group are harmed. Taxi operators obtain huge profits, but they do not provide society with satisfactory service. So it is very urgent that we should issue rules about access, price, quality, social responsibility and so on, comprehensively improving the taxi industry regulation of China.
City's taxi access regulation includes restriction of access number and restriction of business organization form. Positive significances of access number restriction include:inhibition of negative externalities such as relieving urban road traffic congestion, reducing the pollution of the environment, improving the efficiency of resource allocation, curbing excessive competition. The negative significances include: part of the social welfare loss, rent-seeking and corruption, the management costs of illegal car. If a city limit the number of taxis, it should give full consideration to the above factors, should calculate whether there is a net gain. Restriction policy itself dose not have a feature of good and evil. The key is how to regulate the behavior of government's intervention. On the mode of the transferring of a franchise, the author suggests to implement quality competitive bidding system and limited auction system. In terms of business form of regulation, because of the big difference between the repeated game and non repeated game, the company system is helpful to promote competition which has obvious effects in improving service quality. Because of our country's social credit foundation, industry self-discipline level and the government's low regulatory capacity, the author suggests practicing company system, not self-employed system. The author claims for company system in large and medium-sized cities. In small city, the government should allow self-employed drivers to exist, and should raise the threshold at the same time.
The necessity of the price regulation of urban taxi industry includes:restraining the negative externalities of trades, lowering transaction costs and protecting vulnerable consumers. In some countries, the government set prices. In other countries, companies set prices, but the government should implement indirect regulation against the possible drawbacks. For example, the government limits the number of price competition bodies; implement mandatory price information to public. In China, The existing problems including simplification of price structure, pricing of the simplifying assumptions, formalization of price hearing and so on. We should have a clear goal of the price regulation which distributes price regulation power reasonable and handover main power to taxi commission from price bureau. Besides, we should focus on enhancing the game ability of the consumer groups, perfecting the hearing procedure. We should give priority to local decisions and realize the diversification of the taxi pricing modes.
The functions of the quality regulation of service in taxi industry include protecting the interests of the consumers, maintaining the urban public security, showing a good image of the city, promoting the industry's evolution. We should draw lessons from foreign experience, raise the driver's threshold to entry, formulate scientific and reasonable quality standards and establish administrative adjudication system to deal with quality disputes. We should strengthen the regulators'authority, change the management confusion. We should conduct stringent quality test to the operators in order to promote the evolution.
The social responsibilities of the taxi industry regulation include the driver's labor protection, the environmental protection, providing universal services, meeting the demand of the disabled community and so on. When pushing corporation system, we should have strict protection for taxi drivers. Taxi companies should be defined as a special company.Taxi company's internal governance mechanism should be adjusted slightly. We should implement the financial audit and monitor the enterprises'profit level, practice a mandatory system on drivers'rest, implement collective labor contract, support drivers to form enterprise drivers'union and city drivers'union. The government should promote regional taxi and barrier-free taxi to meet the needs of residents at the edge of the city and the needs of the disabled.
There is no need to argue for the issue about regulation or deregulation. The pivotal problem is how to regulate the taxi industry. In short, we should implement flexible policy of access and price regulation, stringent policy of quality and social responsibility regulation. The National People's Congress should promulgate the Taxi Law of the People's Republic of China. In so doing, we can solve the difficulties that the local governments have met, at the same time we can reserve channel for the deregulation which is likely to happen in future.The taxi law belongs to economic law from its nature. In the aspect of value target.The taxi law should pursue the essential justice and social efficiency, adhere to the unity of economic freedom and economic order. The government should comply with the three principles:legitimate regulation, prudent regulation, maintaining reasonable competition. The central legislation should be provisions of principle and macroscopic, so each city has the right to take flexible measures. We should set up the independent commission of taxi industry regulation, setting out the rights and obligations of the parties which include state, regulators, operators and consumers, the drivers, societies.
城市出租车服务具有快捷直达、方便可达、相对于大中容量公交方式的低使用效率、流动性强、管理难度大等特点,从属性上看属于弱公益性的非公共物品。从定位上看,应承认其城市公共交通属性,将其界定为大中容量城市公共交通的重要补充。公共利益理论、公共选择理论、规制俘虏理论、激励性规制理论等都只能对出租车市场的局部现象做出合理解释。以捍卫社会整体利益为己任的经济法对厘清出租车市场的复杂利益关系意义重大,而从纯粹的民法或行政法角度研究则难以得出正确结论。出租车的规制在境外已经有很长的历史,我们要认真研究与借鉴。国外普遍重视运用法律手段对出租车行业进行调整,其目的是致力于社会福利最大化,这与经济法的使命完全吻合。没有一个国家完全放弃对出租车的规制,既授予规制机构必要权力又加强对权力的制约,是各国通行做法。例如议会也频频介入规制领域。我国的出租车行业经历了行业短缺、宽松规制、严格规制等三个阶段,目前已形成个体经营、挂靠经营、承包经营、公车公营等四种模式。当前存在的主要问题是,由于政府的干预措施不当致使消费者和作为劳动者的司机群体利益受损,出租车经营者获得了不合理利润却没有提供令社会满意的服务。因此,从准入、价格、质量、社会责任等四个方面进行制度设计,全面改善我国的出租车行业规制,势在必行。
城市出租车行业的市场准入规制包括准入数量限制和经营组织形式限制两个方面。数量限制的积极意义在于：抑制负外部性(缓解城市交通拥挤、减少环境污染)、提高资源配置效率、遏制过度竞争。出租车准入数量限制的消极意义在于：造成社会福利损失、带来寻租与腐败问题、黑车治理成本高昂等。本文认为,某个城市是否实行准入数量限制,应充分考虑上述因素,只有存在净收益的情况下才考虑实施规制。数量限制政策本身并不具有“善恶”属性,关键是如何规范政府的干预行为。在有良好制度保障的前提下,规制的净收益完全有可能实现。在特许经营权出让方式上,建议推行质量招标制和限价拍卖制。在经营组织形式规制方面,由于重复性博弈和非重复性博弈的巨大差别,公司制可促进经营者之间的竞争,在提高服务质量方面效果明显,而且我国的社会信用基础、行业自律水平及政府监管能力等都不尽人意,所以主张在大中城市推行公司制。小城市可充许个体制在一定范围内存在,但同时要适当提高进入门槛。
城市出租车行业的价格规制必要性在于：抑制交易的负外部性、降低交易成本、保护处于弱势地位的消费者。从境外的情况来看,有的国家实行政府定价；有的则由经营者自主定价但政府要针对可能产生的弊端进行间接地规制,例如限制价格竞争主体的个数,实施强制性的价格信息公开。我国目前存在价格构成简单化、定价方式单一化、价格听证过场化、出行引导功能虚弱化等问题。要明确价格规制的基本目标,合理配置价格规制权,建议由物价部门主导改为出租车规制机构主导模式。以增强消费者集团的博弈能力为重点,完善听证程序。要因地制宜出台价格补贴政策。以地方决策为主,实现出租车定价方式的多样化、价格构成的合理化。
城市出租车行业服务质量规制旨在保护消费者利益、维护城市公共安全、展示城市良好形象、促进行业优胜劣汰。要借鉴境外经验,适当提高司机的准入门槛,建立司机的职前培训和在岗学习制度,制定切合本地实际的质量标准。提高消费者投诉的处理效率,丰富其维权途径,建立质量纠纷的行政裁决制度。要加强出租车规制部门的质量监管权,改变目前多头管理所造成的权责分离状况。要对经营者进行严格的质量考核,真正实现行业的优胜劣汰。
出租车经营者的社会责任规制主要体现在司机的劳动权益保护、城市环境保护、提供普遍服务以及满足残疾人群体需求等方面。在推行公司制时,要对出租车司机实行倾斜性保护。建议将出租车公司定义为特殊法人,对其内部治理机构进行微调,定期进行财务审计,监控其利润水平。实行强制性的司机作息制度,推行集体劳动合同,支持组建企业内部的司机工会和城市层面的司机联合工会。要通过科学的制度设计,例如推行区域出租车、无障碍出租车,合理调控运力,以满足城市边缘地区居民、残疾人等特殊群体的消费需求。
城市出租车行业不存在是否需要规制的问题,而是如何规制的问题。相机而行的市场准入和价格规制,加上严格的质量与社会责任规制,应是我国的总体思路。建议出台法律位阶的《中华人民共和国出租车法》,以解决地方立法已经遇到的瓶颈问题,同时为今后可能进行的放松规制改革预留通道。《出租车法》从性质上讲属于经济法。在价值取向上,应追求实质正义和社会整体效率,追求经济自由和经济秩序的统一。应遵循正当规制、谨慎规制、维护合理竞争三个原则。中央的立法应该是原则性和宏观性的规定,各城市有权采取灵活措施。要成立独立的出租车规制委员会,完善规制程序,合理界定国家、规制者、经营者、消费者、司机、社会团体等各方主体的权利(权力)和义务。
Taxi is the car which provides services to passengers and charges for passengers according to the mileage and time. The services it provides usually can be subdivided into three categories:cruising segment, stand segment, telephone-booking segment. Because of the confusing interest and the obvious contradiction, taxi transportation service industry has become a focus in today's China. After2000, the Chinese academia began to focus on the regulations in the taxi field. The regulations mainly include access regulation, price regulation, and quality regulation. Because it involves the complex problems of economics, the economics profession pays more attention than the legal circle. However, most studies only stay at the macro policy calls. Few people settle down to study the unique characteristics of taxi service trade. It can be said that our research in this area is still relatively weak. In this paper, on the basis of comprehensive study in foreign regulatory practice, the author used the theory of economic law to analyze some of the problems which need to be solved immediately in the taxi industry in China for the first time. The author made specific recommendations to improve the regulatory system.
Taxi service features include shortcut and direct, convenient, the lower efficiency than the public transportation of large and medium capacity, high mobility, difficulties on manage. From features to study, taxi is not public goods, but it belongs to the weak public welfare product. From category to study, taxi belongs to the cities'public transport system. Taxi is the supplement of medium and large-capacity cities'public transport. Public interest theory, public choice theory, regulatory capture theory, incentive regulation theory can only explain partial phenomena of taxi market. Economic law which defends the whole interests of society has the great significance to clarify the complicated interests of the taxi market. From a purely view of civil or administrative law, it is difficult to come to a satisfactory conclusion. Regulation of the taxi has had a long history in overseas countries. We should study their way seriously. Foreign countries generally attach great importance to the use of legal means to regulate the taxi industry. Its purpose is to maximize social welfare. This perfectly matches with the mission of economic law. To be sure, no country completely abandons taxi regulation. It is a common practice over the world that the state not only confers the necessary powers of regulatory agencies, but also strengthens the constraints of power. For example, the parliament also frequently involves in the regulatory field. The taxi industry in China has experienced three stages:industry shortage stage, lax regulation stage, strict regulation stage. At present we have formed four patterns:self-employed system, affiliated system, contract system; company system. The current problems are as follows:due to the government's improper intervention, interests of consumer group and driver group are harmed. Taxi operators obtain huge profits, but they do not provide society with satisfactory service. So it is very urgent that we should issue rules about access, price, quality, social responsibility and so on, comprehensively improving the taxi industry regulation of China.
City's taxi access regulation includes restriction of access number and restriction of business organization form. Positive significances of access number restriction include:inhibition of negative externalities such as relieving urban road traffic congestion, reducing the pollution of the environment, improving the efficiency of resource allocation, curbing excessive competition. The negative significances include: part of the social welfare loss, rent-seeking and corruption, the management costs of illegal car. If a city limit the number of taxis, it should give full consideration to the above factors, should calculate whether there is a net gain. Restriction policy itself dose not have a feature of good and evil. The key is how to regulate the behavior of government's intervention. On the mode of the transferring of a franchise, the author suggests to implement quality competitive bidding system and limited auction system. In terms of business form of regulation, because of the big difference between the repeated game and non repeated game, the company system is helpful to promote competition which has obvious effects in improving service quality. Because of our country's social credit foundation, industry self-discipline level and the government's low regulatory capacity, the author suggests practicing company system, not self-employed system. The author claims for company system in large and medium-sized cities. In small city, the government should allow self-employed drivers to exist, and should raise the threshold at the same time.
The necessity of the price regulation of urban taxi industry includes:restraining the negative externalities of trades, lowering transaction costs and protecting vulnerable consumers. In some countries, the government set prices. In other countries, companies set prices, but the government should implement indirect regulation against the possible drawbacks. For example, the government limits the number of price competition bodies; implement mandatory price information to public. In China, The existing problems including simplification of price structure, pricing of the simplifying assumptions, formalization of price hearing and so on. We should have a clear goal of the price regulation which distributes price regulation power reasonable and handover main power to taxi commission from price bureau. Besides, we should focus on enhancing the game ability of the consumer groups, perfecting the hearing procedure. We should give priority to local decisions and realize the diversification of the taxi pricing modes.
The functions of the quality regulation of service in taxi industry include protecting the interests of the consumers, maintaining the urban public security, showing a good image of the city, promoting the industry's evolution. We should draw lessons from foreign experience, raise the driver's threshold to entry, formulate scientific and reasonable quality standards and establish administrative adjudication system to deal with quality disputes. We should strengthen the regulators'authority, change the management confusion. We should conduct stringent quality test to the operators in order to promote the evolution.
The social responsibilities of the taxi industry regulation include the driver's labor protection, the environmental protection, providing universal services, meeting the demand of the disabled community and so on. When pushing corporation system, we should have strict protection for taxi drivers. Taxi companies should be defined as a special company.Taxi company's internal governance mechanism should be adjusted slightly. We should implement the financial audit and monitor the enterprises'profit level, practice a mandatory system on drivers'rest, implement collective labor contract, support drivers to form enterprise drivers'union and city drivers'union. The government should promote regional taxi and barrier-free taxi to meet the needs of residents at the edge of the city and the needs of the disabled.
There is no need to argue for the issue about regulation or deregulation. The pivotal problem is how to regulate the taxi industry. In short, we should implement flexible policy of access and price regulation, stringent policy of quality and social responsibility regulation. The National People's Congress should promulgate the Taxi Law of the People's Republic of China. In so doing, we can solve the difficulties that the local governments have met, at the same time we can reserve channel for the deregulation which is likely to happen in future.The taxi law belongs to economic law from its nature. In the aspect of value target.The taxi law should pursue the essential justice and social efficiency, adhere to the unity of economic freedom and economic order. The government should comply with the three principles:legitimate regulation, prudent regulation, maintaining reasonable competition. The central legislation should be provisions of principle and macroscopic, so each city has the right to take flexible measures. We should set up the independent commission of taxi industry regulation, setting out the rights and obligations of the parties which include state, regulators, operators and consumers, the drivers, societies.
引文
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⑥ 注：出租车在香港被称为的士。
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① 胡勇谋.武汉的士扩容听证会20名代表全票赞成[N].楚天都市报,2010-05-01.
② 祝兆林.襄阳城市变大近两倍出租车13年未增遇打的难[N].楚天时报,2013-04-17.
③ 李亚楠.郑州：城区扩大3倍多,20年问出租车仅增加1辆[N].新华每日电讯,2013-04-22.
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① 严华.武汉新增1217台“凯旋”出租车陆续投运[N].楚天金报,2012-04-06.
① 陈煜儒.专家称管好出租车有关部门不能头痛只医头[N].法制日报,2008-11-24.
② 梅夏英.特许物权的性质及其立法模式选择[EB/OL]. http://www.civillaw.com.cn/,2012-03-11.
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① 滕效宏.兰州市区机动车一氧化碳日排放量近千吨[N].兰州晚报,2009-12-16.
② 汽车尾气最主要的危害是形成光化学烟雾。容易引起红眼病。刺激鼻、咽喉、气管和肺部,引起慢性呼吸系统疾病。光化学烟雾能使树木枯死,农作物大量减产。能降低大气的能见度,妨碍交通。汽车尾气中一氧化碳的含量最高,它可经呼吸道进入肺泡,被血液吸收,与血红蛋白相结合,形成碳氧血红蛋白,降低血液的载氧能力,削弱血液对人体组织的供氧量,导致组织缺氧,从而引起头痛等症状。汽车尾气中的氮氧化合物含量较少,但毒性很大,其毒性是含硫氧化物的3倍。汽车尾气中的铅化合物可随呼吸进入血液,它们干扰血红素的合成、侵袭红细胞,引起贫血。损害神经系统,严重时损害脑细胞,引起脑损伤。会影响儿童的生长和智力发育,甚至出现痴呆症状。铅还能透过母体进入胎盘,危及胎儿。资料来源：南方都市报.年排尾气255万吨灰霾天气增加[N].南方都市报,2010-04-15.
① 注：里程利用率是指在全天内,出租车载客的里程数与总行驶里程数的比率。
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① 笔者发现,这种简单的对比在媒体上常常出现,在社会上造成了较大影响,让民众接受了“管制就等于邪恶”的观点。这是很遗憾的。如《中国青年报》上的一段话：其实,出租车行业完全没有必要人为由政府设计成“法定垄断”行业。作为竞争性领域,它应该与餐饮业一样,完全自由进入、自由发展、自由定价,也就是没有必要进行数量管制与价格管制。设想,如果用行政来控制全市饭馆的总量及其企业规模的话,我们还能享用丰富多彩、物美价廉的饭菜和微笑服务吗?至于出租车的多少,则交给市场去调节。出租车太多,挣不着钱,他就自己退出去,有利可图,就接着干。交通警察管违章,税务部门管收税,其他都是司机自个儿的事,政府岂不清闲了许多?资料来源：陈艳.现有出租车运营模式能否改变[N].中国青年报,2008-11-06.
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② 据报道,取消的20项包括：公路客运附加费、道路运输年检费、道路运输经营许可证工本费、营运驾驶员从业资格考试费、经营许可证工本费、车辆营运证工本费、驾驶员服务资格证工本费、驾驶员职业培训费、春运年检费、铁路无人看守道口安全监护费、治安联防费、治安登记证费、交通违章公告费、登报费、拖车费、安全教育培训费、学习资料费、个体工商户管理费、植树费、人防工程维护建设费。其中前17项是国家发改委和财政部批准的,后3项是江西省自设的。保留的15个收费项目由4个部门负责征收,公安交警部门征收：机动车辆号牌工本费、机动车辆临时号牌工本费、机动车行驶证、机动车临时行驶证、机动车登记证书工本费、驾驶证工本费、单独补发号牌专用固封装置、号牌架、机动车辆安全检测费、电子监控技术处理违章摄像材料费、驾驶许可考试费。交通部门征收：养路费、车辆通行费。质量监督部门征收：计程器检测费。市政部门征收：出租车经营权有偿使用费。资料来源：李姝.江西取消20项出租车事业性收费N].信息日报,2006-10-20.
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③ 新文化报.长春成立武装警队40名警察将佩枪打击黑车[N].新文化报,2006-06-26.
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② 据报道,厦门市出租车司机因租金高、营运收益低等问题未与公司达成协议,于2011年10月6日开始罢运。罢工司机抡拳、抬脚打砸继续运营的出租车,其后升级到抄起冰冻的矿泉水瓶、街边花盆等打砸,一些嘴硬、不肯参与罢运的司机被同行打伤。马路上哭喊声不断,打砸的人多,围观者也多,多个路段交通瘫痪。市政府出动了大批武警与民警赶赴现场。“实在是活不下去了才罢工的。”司机许闽豫等人说。资料来源：于松.厦门出租车罢运司机称生活成本高运费10年没涨[N].东方早报,2011-10-11.
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② 于松.厦门出租车罢运司机称生活成本高运费10年没涨[N].东方早报,2011-10-11.
③ 张守文.经济法总论[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2009：9.
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① 李琳.工作时穿牛仔裤澳出租车司机遭罚[N].山西晚报,2011-12-15.
② 李欣欣.中国行政事业单位每年公务用车消费支出超千亿元[J].瞭望新闻周刊,2010-1-4.
① 王才亮.控制三公消费的关键在完善社会监督制度[N].南方都市报,2012-2-27.
② 一些地方的立法也对出租车做出了明确界定。如《陕西省出租汽车客运条例》第二条规定：“本条例所称出租汽车,是指按照乘客要求提供客运服务,以行驶里程或者以行驶里程和时间计费的五座以下小型汽车”。
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② 张守文.经济法总论[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2009：245～246.
③王晓晔.反垄断法[M].北京：法律出版社,2011：249.
① 江必新.论行政规制基本理论[J].法学,2012(12).
② 杜晓,赵丽.出租车立法能否让“的哥”过得更好些[N].法制日报,2009-02-26.
③ 陈煜儒.专家称管好出租车有关部门不能头痛只医头N].法制日报,2008-11-24.
① 杨猛.王军：对出租车少一点管制,多一点自由[J].南都周刊,2008(271)
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③ 王克勤.揭开北京出租车业垄断黑幕[N].中国经济时报,2002-11-07.
① 注：相关资料载于北京传知行经济研究所网站,网址http://www.zhuanxing.cn,2012-03-01.
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⑤ 许兰超,徐靓丽.江夏将推区域的士[N].长江商报,2012-10-23.
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⑤ 常健,饶常林.城市客运出租汽车行业的政府管制及其改革—兼论十一五规划指导下的管制创新[J].法学评论,2007(3)
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① 注：也有译为解除管制、放宽管制、放松管制、撤销管制。
② 以美国运输业为例,美国1887年通过的《州际商务法》建立了州际商务委员会(ICC),该法和1920年通过的《运输法》使ICC获得了对铁路业的管制权力。1935年和1938年的《运输法》使运输管制扩大到卡车运输和航空运输,并成立了专门的民航管制机构(CAB),1940年,ICC的权力又进一步扩大到国内水运业。运输管制的内容主要包括运营线路(或市场进入与退出)的管制、对运价的管制和对运输服务质量的管制。20世纪70年代起,出现十分明显的放松管制运动。20世纪80年代中期,CAB被撤销,监管职责移交运输部。1995年,ICC被地面运输委员会(STB)取代,后者的权力大大缩水。资料来源：荣朝和.西方运输经济学[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2008：273.
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④ 青木.在德国打出租车：的哥话多热衷于政冶[N].环球时报,2011-01-10.
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① 注：出租车在台湾被称为计程车。
② 刘强,张维东.台湾小黄真好打—岛内计程车行业发展调查[N].福建日报,2011-11-19.
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⑥ 注：出租车在香港被称为的士。
① 黄海.香港出租车牌照是拍卖的而且不让垄断[N].新华每日电讯,2006-05-14.
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① 滕效宏.兰州市区机动车一氧化碳日排放量近千吨[N].兰州晚报,2009-12-16.
② 汽车尾气最主要的危害是形成光化学烟雾。容易引起红眼病。刺激鼻、咽喉、气管和肺部,引起慢性呼吸系统疾病。光化学烟雾能使树木枯死,农作物大量减产。能降低大气的能见度,妨碍交通。汽车尾气中一氧化碳的含量最高,它可经呼吸道进入肺泡,被血液吸收,与血红蛋白相结合,形成碳氧血红蛋白,降低血液的载氧能力,削弱血液对人体组织的供氧量,导致组织缺氧,从而引起头痛等症状。汽车尾气中的氮氧化合物含量较少,但毒性很大,其毒性是含硫氧化物的3倍。汽车尾气中的铅化合物可随呼吸进入血液,它们干扰血红素的合成、侵袭红细胞,引起贫血。损害神经系统,严重时损害脑细胞,引起脑损伤。会影响儿童的生长和智力发育,甚至出现痴呆症状。铅还能透过母体进入胎盘,危及胎儿。资料来源：南方都市报.年排尾气255万吨灰霾天气增加[N].南方都市报,2010-04-15.
① 注：里程利用率是指在全天内,出租车载客的里程数与总行驶里程数的比率。
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① 笔者发现,这种简单的对比在媒体上常常出现,在社会上造成了较大影响,让民众接受了“管制就等于邪恶”的观点。这是很遗憾的。如《中国青年报》上的一段话：其实,出租车行业完全没有必要人为由政府设计成“法定垄断”行业。作为竞争性领域,它应该与餐饮业一样,完全自由进入、自由发展、自由定价,也就是没有必要进行数量管制与价格管制。设想,如果用行政来控制全市饭馆的总量及其企业规模的话,我们还能享用丰富多彩、物美价廉的饭菜和微笑服务吗?至于出租车的多少,则交给市场去调节。出租车太多,挣不着钱,他就自己退出去,有利可图,就接着干。交通警察管违章,税务部门管收税,其他都是司机自个儿的事,政府岂不清闲了许多?资料来源：陈艳.现有出租车运营模式能否改变[N].中国青年报,2008-11-06.
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② 据报道,取消的20项包括：公路客运附加费、道路运输年检费、道路运输经营许可证工本费、营运驾驶员从业资格考试费、经营许可证工本费、车辆营运证工本费、驾驶员服务资格证工本费、驾驶员职业培训费、春运年检费、铁路无人看守道口安全监护费、治安联防费、治安登记证费、交通违章公告费、登报费、拖车费、安全教育培训费、学习资料费、个体工商户管理费、植树费、人防工程维护建设费。其中前17项是国家发改委和财政部批准的,后3项是江西省自设的。保留的15个收费项目由4个部门负责征收,公安交警部门征收：机动车辆号牌工本费、机动车辆临时号牌工本费、机动车行驶证、机动车临时行驶证、机动车登记证书工本费、驾驶证工本费、单独补发号牌专用固封装置、号牌架、机动车辆安全检测费、电子监控技术处理违章摄像材料费、驾驶许可考试费。交通部门征收：养路费、车辆通行费。质量监督部门征收：计程器检测费。市政部门征收：出租车经营权有偿使用费。资料来源：李姝.江西取消20项出租车事业性收费N].信息日报,2006-10-20.
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