电网安全性与经济性评估若干问题研究
|
摘要
电网互联的发展与电力市场的完善是现代电力系统发展的趋势。电力系统逐渐发展成为高维的非线性系统,运行方式越来越复杂,对电力系统的安全性提出了更高的要求。另一方面,电力市场的建立与完善对系统的经济性提出了更高的要求。在当前环境下,电力系统安全稳定与经济运行的冲突问题逐渐凸显,对互联电网在不同运行情况下的经济性和安全性做出合理评估,能够为运行人员采取合理的调度和控制措施提供决策支持,有利于保证电力系统的安全稳定与经济优质运行。
针对新环境下互联电网日益凸显的电压安全问题、电网快速发展过程中的电磁环网问题、跨区域水火电经济调度问题,本文从电压稳定在线评估指标,无功电源的重要性评估,电磁环网运行的风险评估,以及水火电系统调度的经济性评估等几个方面入手,分别对电网的安全性与经济性评估的若干问题进行了研究,主要工作如下:
电压稳定的在线安全评估是关系到电力系统安全稳定运行的重要问题。本文首先对电压稳定的在线判别方法进行了研究,提出了一种基于Ybus形式的在线电压稳定分析方法,该方法推导了由电压变化量发生幅值递增的自激放大所引起的电压单调失稳模式,并且在计算中考虑了系统的动态变化,具有原理简单计算量小的优点;其次,对电压稳定使用最广泛的负荷裕度指标进行了研究,提出一种基于WAMS的同步测量技术的负荷裕度在线计算新方法,由此得出的电压稳定有功和无功裕度指标,能够明确区分系统由于有功过重还是无功缺乏引起的电压失稳;考虑到无功电源出力是影响系统电压稳定性的重要因素之一,本文将风险评估方法与等效无功补偿方法相结合,提出一种基于风险理论的无功电源重要性评估新方法,能够为系统运行人员进行无功调整或电源规划提供相应的决策支持。
对于电网快速发展过程中出现的电磁环网问题,本文将风险理论应用于电磁环网的安全分析,提出一种基于效益风险函数的电磁环网风险评估与控制方法。该方法分别计算了电磁环网的静态风险、暂态风险以及系统总的风险,以及采取安全稳定控制措施对系统风险的影响,并引入效益风险函数对不同运行状态下的系统收益与风险的取舍进行分析,能够为电磁环网的控制方案制定提供决策支持,以实现降低电磁环网运行风险的目的。
针对互联电网的水火电系统经济调度问题,本文提出一种基于模糊优化和内点法的水火电系统短期经济调度方法。该方法考虑了来水量的不确定因素,采用模糊优化方法对水火电系统进行平衡,采用原对偶内点算法求解该多目标混合非线性规划问题,取得了较好的收敛性能,并在一定程度上提高了系统的经济性。
The interconnection of larger scale power networks and the consummation of power market have become an inevitable trend of modern power system.With the building of Ultra High Voltage(UHV) power system in china,the system is changing into one of the extra large synchronous AC transmission systems in the world.The interconnection of power grids has changed the power system into a high dimensions,strongly nonlinear system,and the complex operating mode brings forward more request to the security of the power grid.On the other hand,the contribution and consummation of power market has proposed more request to the economy of the power grid.
As the problems of voltage stability,electromagnetically coupled power loop during the processing of grid fast development,economic of hydro-thermal economic dispatch are more serious of the interconnected power grid.In this paper,correlated problems of the power system security and economy assessment are analyzed,main research work and contributions are summarized as follows:
Voltage stability assessment is one of the most important security to power system's secure and stable running.Firstly,the paper proposes a new method of on-line voltage stability analysis based on Ybus form and deduces monotone mode of voltage instability resulted by divergence of voltage iteration.Secondly,a new criteria of on-line voltage stability index based on load margin is proposed by use of the local measurements data of synchronous phase measure uints(PMU),thus indices of active power margin and reactive power margin can be calculated respectively,which can distinguish voltage unstability caused by overload from the lack of reactive power.The third,as the assessment of reactive power sources is a great need for system operators in an open access environment,this paper presents a novel approach to assessment importance of reactive power sources in power market based on risk theory,it accounts for both the uncertainties on the system and the consequences associated with the output of the reactive power sources.
The operation of electromagnetically coupled power loop brings more risk to system running.In this paper,a new risk assessment and control method for electromagnetically coupled power loop is provided.Firstly,the security of the grid is assessed.The static risk,the transient risk and the overall risk are obtained.And the change of the risk with and without the using of security and stability equipment are obtained also.Secondly,the economical of electromagnetically coupled power loop and security and stability equipment as well as the value of risk benefit function are calculated.Based on these,the various of economical of risk are analyzed during different system states.The analyzed results provide effective supports for system operators.
In order to solve the conservation on economic of a short term hydro-thermal coordinated economic dispatch model,a new short term hydro-thermal coordinated economic dispatch method is proposed.The uncertainty of water value is considered in this method,the fuzzy optimization is used to balance the two objectives,thus the hydro-system and the thermal-system are traded off,and the primal-dual interior point method(PDIPM) is used to solve this multi-objective fuzzy optimization problem for its good convergence probability.Compared with traditional methods,the proposed method improves the system economic to some extent.
针对新环境下互联电网日益凸显的电压安全问题、电网快速发展过程中的电磁环网问题、跨区域水火电经济调度问题,本文从电压稳定在线评估指标,无功电源的重要性评估,电磁环网运行的风险评估,以及水火电系统调度的经济性评估等几个方面入手,分别对电网的安全性与经济性评估的若干问题进行了研究,主要工作如下:
电压稳定的在线安全评估是关系到电力系统安全稳定运行的重要问题。本文首先对电压稳定的在线判别方法进行了研究,提出了一种基于Ybus形式的在线电压稳定分析方法,该方法推导了由电压变化量发生幅值递增的自激放大所引起的电压单调失稳模式,并且在计算中考虑了系统的动态变化,具有原理简单计算量小的优点;其次,对电压稳定使用最广泛的负荷裕度指标进行了研究,提出一种基于WAMS的同步测量技术的负荷裕度在线计算新方法,由此得出的电压稳定有功和无功裕度指标,能够明确区分系统由于有功过重还是无功缺乏引起的电压失稳;考虑到无功电源出力是影响系统电压稳定性的重要因素之一,本文将风险评估方法与等效无功补偿方法相结合,提出一种基于风险理论的无功电源重要性评估新方法,能够为系统运行人员进行无功调整或电源规划提供相应的决策支持。
对于电网快速发展过程中出现的电磁环网问题,本文将风险理论应用于电磁环网的安全分析,提出一种基于效益风险函数的电磁环网风险评估与控制方法。该方法分别计算了电磁环网的静态风险、暂态风险以及系统总的风险,以及采取安全稳定控制措施对系统风险的影响,并引入效益风险函数对不同运行状态下的系统收益与风险的取舍进行分析,能够为电磁环网的控制方案制定提供决策支持,以实现降低电磁环网运行风险的目的。
针对互联电网的水火电系统经济调度问题,本文提出一种基于模糊优化和内点法的水火电系统短期经济调度方法。该方法考虑了来水量的不确定因素,采用模糊优化方法对水火电系统进行平衡,采用原对偶内点算法求解该多目标混合非线性规划问题,取得了较好的收敛性能,并在一定程度上提高了系统的经济性。
The interconnection of larger scale power networks and the consummation of power market have become an inevitable trend of modern power system.With the building of Ultra High Voltage(UHV) power system in china,the system is changing into one of the extra large synchronous AC transmission systems in the world.The interconnection of power grids has changed the power system into a high dimensions,strongly nonlinear system,and the complex operating mode brings forward more request to the security of the power grid.On the other hand,the contribution and consummation of power market has proposed more request to the economy of the power grid.
As the problems of voltage stability,electromagnetically coupled power loop during the processing of grid fast development,economic of hydro-thermal economic dispatch are more serious of the interconnected power grid.In this paper,correlated problems of the power system security and economy assessment are analyzed,main research work and contributions are summarized as follows:
Voltage stability assessment is one of the most important security to power system's secure and stable running.Firstly,the paper proposes a new method of on-line voltage stability analysis based on Ybus form and deduces monotone mode of voltage instability resulted by divergence of voltage iteration.Secondly,a new criteria of on-line voltage stability index based on load margin is proposed by use of the local measurements data of synchronous phase measure uints(PMU),thus indices of active power margin and reactive power margin can be calculated respectively,which can distinguish voltage unstability caused by overload from the lack of reactive power.The third,as the assessment of reactive power sources is a great need for system operators in an open access environment,this paper presents a novel approach to assessment importance of reactive power sources in power market based on risk theory,it accounts for both the uncertainties on the system and the consequences associated with the output of the reactive power sources.
The operation of electromagnetically coupled power loop brings more risk to system running.In this paper,a new risk assessment and control method for electromagnetically coupled power loop is provided.Firstly,the security of the grid is assessed.The static risk,the transient risk and the overall risk are obtained.And the change of the risk with and without the using of security and stability equipment are obtained also.Secondly,the economical of electromagnetically coupled power loop and security and stability equipment as well as the value of risk benefit function are calculated.Based on these,the various of economical of risk are analyzed during different system states.The analyzed results provide effective supports for system operators.
In order to solve the conservation on economic of a short term hydro-thermal coordinated economic dispatch model,a new short term hydro-thermal coordinated economic dispatch method is proposed.The uncertainty of water value is considered in this method,the fuzzy optimization is used to balance the two objectives,thus the hydro-system and the thermal-system are traded off,and the primal-dual interior point method(PDIPM) is used to solve this multi-objective fuzzy optimization problem for its good convergence probability.Compared with traditional methods,the proposed method improves the system economic to some extent.
引文
[1]刘振亚.特高压交流输电技术研究成果专刊[M].北京,中国电力出版社,2006.
[2]Lin Ai,Tong Jiang.Power system analyse and control considering UHV[C],3rd International Conference on Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies,DRPT 2008:1062-1066.
[3]郑美特.全国联网和大区形成主干网架的研究[J].电网技术,1999,23(1):63-67.
[4]Rong-Mow Jan,Nanming Chen.Application of the fast Newton-Raphson economic dispatch and reactive power/voltage dispatch by sensitivity factors to optimal power flow[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,1995,10(2):293-301
[5]辛耀中.新世纪电网调度自动化技术发展趋势[J].电网技术,2001,25(12):1-10
[6]姚建国,杨胜春,高宗和,等.电网调度自动化系统发展趋势展望[J].电力系统自动化,2007,31(13):57-62
[7]王益民.国家电力调度数据网的设计与实施[J].电网技术,2005,29(22):1-5.
[8]艾琳,华栋.电力系统智能型调度[J].电力自动化设备,2008,28(10):83-87.
[9]印永华,郭剑波,赵建军,等.美加“8.14”大停电事故初步分析以及应吸取的教训[J].电网技术,2003,27(10):10-15.
[10]刘永奇,谢开.从调度角度分析“8.14”美加大停电[J].电网技术,2004,28(8):10-15.
[11]周双喜,朱凌志,郭锡玖,等.电力系统电压稳定性及其控制[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2004.
[12]CIGRE Task Force 38.02.10,“Criteria and countermeasures for voltage collapse”,CIGRE,October 1995.
[13]周双喜,姜勇,朱凌志.电力系统电压静态稳定性指标述评[J].电网技术,2001,25(1):1-7.
[14]包黎昕,张步涵,段献忠,何仰赞.电压稳定裕度指标分析方法综述.电力系统自动化,1999,23(8):52-55.
[15]丛伟,潘贞存,丁磊,等.满足“三道防线”要求的广域保护系统及其在电力系统中的应用,2004,28(18):29-33.
[16]H.D.Chiang,R.Jean-Jumeau,“Toward practical Performance index for Predicting voltage collapse in electric power system”,IEEE Trans.On PWRS,Vol.10,No.2,May1995,P584-592
[17]A.Semlyen,B.Gao,W.Janisehewskyj,“Calculation of the extreme loading condition of Power system for the assessment of voltage stability”,IEEE Trans.on PWRS,Vol.6,No.1,February 1991,P307-315.
[18]Y.Kataoka,“An approach for the regularization of power flow solution around the Maximum loading Point”,IEEE Trans on PWRS,Vol.7,No.3,August1992,P1068-1078.
[19]R.Jean-Jumeau,H.D.Chiang,“parameterizations of the load-flow equations for eliminating ill-conditioning load-flow solutions”,IEEE Trans.on PWRS,Vol.8,No.3,Angust1993,P1004-1012
[20]Vu K,Begovic M.M,Novosel D,et al.Use of local measurement to estimate voltage-stability margin.IEEE Trans on power systems,1999,14(3):1029-1034.
[21]Soliman S A,Temraz H K,El-Khodary S M.Power system voltage stability margin identification using local measurements[C].Large engineering systems conference on power system,2003,May:100-104.
[22]李兴源,王秀英.基于静态等值和奇异值分解的快速电压稳定性分析方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2003,23(4):1-4,20.
[23]刘道伟,谢小荣,穆钢,黎平.基于同步相量测量的电力系统在线电压稳定指标[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(1):13-17.
[24]Miroslav Begovic,Borka Milosevic.A Novel Method for Voltage Instability Protection Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii Inernational Conference On System Sciences-2002.
[25]贾宏杰,俞贻鑫,王成山.利用局部指标进行电压稳定在线监控的研究[J].电网技术,1999,23(1):45-49.
[26]李欣然,贺仁睦,章健,等.负荷特性对电力系统静态电压稳定性的影响和静态电压稳定性广义实用判据[J].中国电机工程学报,1999,19(4):23-30.
[27]张伶俐,周文,章健,等.面向综合的电力负荷特性建摸[J].中国电机工程学报,1999,19(9):71-75.
[28]谢小荣,肖晋宇,童陆园,等.采用广域测量信号的互联电网区间阻尼控制[J].电力系统自动化,2004,28(2):37-40.
[29]Korba P,Larsson M,Rehtanz C.Detection of oscillations in power systems using Kalman filtering techniques[C].Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Control Applications,2003,1:183-188
[30]Vu K,Begovic M.M,Novosel D,et al.Use of local measurement to estimate voltage-stability margin.IEEE Trans on power systems,1999,14(3):1029-1034.
[31]Soliman S A,Temraz H K,E1-Khodary S M.Power system voltage stability margin identification using local measurements[C].Large engineering systems conference on power system,2003,May:100-104.
[32]赖业宁,薛禹胜,王海风.电力市场稳定性及其风险管理[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(12):18-24.
[33]刘铠滢,蔡述涛,张尧.基于风险评判的电网规划方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(12):71-75.
[34]戴剑锋,周双喜,鲁宗相,等.基于风险的电力系统无功优化问题研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(12):40-45.
[35]周明,聂艳丽,李庚银,等.电力市场下长期购电方案及风险评估[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(6):118-124.
[36]王守相,张伯明,郭琦.基于时间裕度的全局电力系统暂态安全风险评估[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(15):54-58.
[37]刘健,徐精求,董海鹏.配电网静态安全分析[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(17):26-30.
[38]王英,谈定中,王小英,等.基于风险的暂态稳定性安全评估方法在电力系统中的应用[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(12):37-41.
[39]J.Zhang,J.Pu,J.D.McCalley,et al.A Bayesian approach for short-term transmission line thermal overload risk assessment.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,July 2002,17(3):770-778.
[40]J.D.McCalley,V.Vittal,N.Abi-Samra,et al.Voltage risk assessment.IEEE PES Summer Meeting,Edmonton,AB,Canada,July 18-22,1999:179-184.
[41]陈为化,江全元,曹一家.考虑继电保护隐性故障的电力系统连锁故障风险评估[J].电网技术,2006,30(13):14-20.
[42]韩祯祥,黄民翔.2002年国际大电网会议系列报道--电力系统规划和发展[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(10):8-10.
[43]贺峰,熊信艮,吴耀武.改进免疫算法在电力系统电源规划中应用[J].电力自动化设备,2004,24(3):32-39.
[44]杨宁,文福拴.电力市场环境下的输电系统规划方法初探[J].电网技术,2004,28(17):47-52.
[45]Li Wenyuan,Korczynski J.K..Risk evaluation of transmission systems operation modes:concept,method and application.IEEE winter meeting,paper No.02WM012,New York,January 2002:27-31
[46]麻常辉,薛禹胜,鲁庭瑞,等.输电规划方法的评述[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(12):97-101.
[47]许婧,王晶,高峰,等.电力设备状态检修技术研究综述[J].电网技术,2000,24(8):48-52
[48]李耀君,于新颖.火电厂设备状态检修技术[J].中国电力,2005,38(4):9-15.
[49]Pudney,E.,Wales,R..Optimised overhead line maintenance on 25 kV electrified railways using remotely monitored distance protection.IEE Seventh International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection,2001,9-12 April 2001:495-498
[50]薛禹胜.时空协调的大停电防御框架[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(2):1-10.
[51]张小白,高宗和,钱玉妹,等.用 AGC 实现稳定断面越限的预防和校正控制[J].电网技术,2005,29(19):55-59.
[52]X.B.Yu,C.Singh.A practical approach for integrated power system vulnerability analysis with protection failures.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,Nov.2004,19(4):1811-1820.
[53]F.P.Sioshansi.The emergence of trading and risk management in liberalized electricity markets.Energy Policy,2002,30(6):449-459.
[54]康重庆,白利超,夏清,等.电力市场中发电商的风险决策[J].中国电机工程学报,2004,24(8):1-6.
[55]R.w.Ferrero,J.F.Rivera,S.M.Shahidebpour.Application of games with incomplete information of pricing electricity in deregulated power pools.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.1998,13(1):184-189.
[56]陈晓林,刘俊勇,宋永华,等.利用差价合同和金融输电权的组合规避电力市场风险[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(10):75-81.
[57]W.W.Hogan.Contract networks for electric power transmission.Journal of Regulatory Economics.1992,4(3):211-242.
[58]范明天,张祖平,杨少勇,等.具有抽水蓄能电厂的多区域电网日经济调度研究[J].电网技术,2000,24(8):57-61.
[59]王民量,张伯明,夏清.考虑机组爬坡速率和网络安全的经济调度新算法[J].电力系统自动化,2000,24(10):14-20.
[60]张文泉.用 ARMA 模型实时补偿的负荷经济调度方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2000,20(6):26-29.
[61]吴磊,翟桥柱,管晓宏.发电经济调度可行解判据及其求解方法[J].电网技术,2004,28(1):1-5.
[62]VH.Quintana,GL.Torres,J.M.palomo,“Interior point methods and their applications to power systems:a classification of publications and software codes”,IEEE Trans.On PWRS,VOI.15,No.1,February2000,P170-176.
[63]H.Wei,H.Sasaki,J.Kubokawa,R.Yokoyama.“Large scale hydrothermal optimal power flow problems based on interior point nonlinear Programming”,IEEE Trans.On PWRS,Vol.15,No.1,February2000,P396-403.
[64]郭瑞鹏,“电力系统电压稳定性研究”,浙江大学博士学位论文,1999.
[65]GD.Irisarri,X.Wang,J.Tong,S.Mokhtari,“Maximum load ability of power systems Using interior Point nonlinear optimization method”,IEEE Trans.on PWRS,Vol.12,No.1,February1997,P162-172.
[66]X.Wang,G.C.Ejebe,J.Tong,J.G.waight,“Preventive/corrective control for voltage stability using direct interior Point method”,IEEE Trans.On PWRS,Vol.13,No.3,August 1998,P878-883.
[67]骆济寿,张川.电力系统优化运行.武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1993.
[68]艾琳,罗龙,陈为化.基于风险的电力市场无功电源评估[J].华东电力,2008,36(5):44-47.
[69]杨以涵,艾琳,姜彤等.基于效益风险函数的电磁环网风险评估与控制[J].电网技术,2009,33(7):61-65.
[70]艾琳,华栋.基于模糊优化和内点法的水火电系统短期经济调度[J].电力自动化设备,2008,28(8):46-50.
[71]王梅义,吴竞昌,蒙定中.“大电网系统技术(第三版)”,中国电力出版社,1995.
[72]Taylor C W.Power System Voltage Stability[M].New York:McGraw-Hill Inc,1994.
[73]刘鹏,吴刚.世界范围内两起典型电压崩溃事故分析[J].电网技术,2003,7(5):35-37.
[74]卢志刚,郝玉山,康庆平,等电力系统实时相角监测系统研究[J].电网技术,1998,22(5),18-20.
[75]闵勇,丁仁杰,任勇,等.电力系统全网同步监测系统[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),1997,37(7),86-88.
[76]韩英铎,王仲鸿,林孔兴,等.电力系统中的三项前沿课题—柔性输电技术,智能控制,基于的动态安全分析与监测系统[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),1997,37(7),1-6
[77]Greene S,Dobson I,Alvarado F L.Contingency ranking for voltage collapse via sensitivities from a single nose curve[J].IEEE Trans.On Power Systems,1999,14(1):232-240.
[78]A.O.Ekwue,H.B.Wan,D.TYCheng,YH.Song,“Singular value decomposition method for voltage stability analysis on the national grid system(NGC)”,Electrical Power and Energy System,Vol.21,1999,P425-432.
[79]冯志鸿,周双喜.大规模电力系统失稳区的确定方法[J].中国电机工程学报,1997,17(3):152-156.
[80]Y.Tamura,H.Mori,S.Iwamoto.Relationship between voltage instability and multiple load folw solutions in electric power systems.IEEE Trans on Power Systems,1983,102(5):1115-1125.
[81]GD.Irisarri,X.Wang,J.Tong,S.Mokstari.“Maximum load ability of power systems using interior Point nonlinear optimization method”,IEEE Trans.On PWRS,Vol.12,No.1,February1997,P162-172
[82]Gubina F,Strmenik B.A Simple Approach to Voltage Stability Assessment in Radial Networks.IEEE Trans on Power Systems,1997,12(3):39-41.
[83]张伯明,陈寿孙.高等电力网络分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1996.
[84]Chow J.Power system toolbox version 2.0[M].Canada:Cherry Three Scientific Software,2000.
[85]王锡凡,方万良,杜正春.现代电力系统分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[86]闫常友,刘建飞,杨奇逊.基于当地量的电压稳定指标[J].电力系统自动化,2007,30(5):29-32.
[87]段献忠,何仰赞,陈德树.计及负荷特性的电压稳定安全指标快速计算[J].中国电机工程学报,1995,15(3):166-171.
[88]傅旭,王锡凡.电力系统静态电压稳定性在线监控(一)—一种可在线应用的计及负荷静态特性的电压稳定指标[J].电力自动化设备,2005,25(8):23-26,31.
[89]R.Seydel,“From equilibrium to chaos:Practical bifurcation and stability analysis”,Elsevier Science Publish Co.Inc.1988
[90]刘永强,严正,倪以信,等.基于辅助变量的潮流方程二次转折分岔点的直接算法[J].中国电机工程学报,2003,23(5):9-13.
[91]T.V Cutsem,“A method to compute reactive power margins with respect to voltage collapse”,IEEETrans.On PWRS,Vol.6,No.1,February1991,P145-156.
[92]李欣然,贺仁睦,章健,等.负荷特性对电力系统静态电压稳定性的影响和静态电压稳定性广义实用判据[J].中国电机工程学报,1999,19(4):23-30.
[93]邱晓燕,李兴源,王建,等.电力系统实时等值及电压稳定性分析[J].电网技术,2004,28(7):7-9.
[94]何仰赞,温增银.电力系统分析[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2002.
[95]Chen S,Cowan C F N,Grant P M.Orthogonal least squares leaming algorithms for radial basis function networks[J].IEEE Trans Neural Networks,1991,2(2):302-309.
[96]Sherstinsky A,Picard R W.On the efficiency of the orthogonal least squares training method for radial basis function networks[J].IEEE Trans Neural Networks,1996,7(1):95-200.
[97]http://www.ee.washington.edu/research/pstca/
[98]黄志刚,李林川,杨理,等.电力市场环境下的无功优化模型及其求解方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2003,23(12):81-85.
[99]于尔铿,周京阳,吴玉生.发电报价曲线研究[J].电力系统自动化,2001,25(2):23-26.
[100]于辉,赵冬梅.单边开放电力市场下的无功电价研究[J].电网技术,2004,28(14):62-67.
[101]舒立平,陈允平.一种新的无功电力定价算法[J].电网技术,2004,28(5):59-64.
[102]J.Y.Choi,S.H.Rim,J.K.Park.Optimal real time pricing of real and reactive powers[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1998,13(4):1226-1231.
[103]孔飘红,刘俊勇,潘蕾蕾,等.基于统一优化补偿的无功电力市场[J].电网技术, 2004,28(15):16-20.
[104]戴彦,倪以信,文福拴,等.电力市场下的无功电价研究[J].电力系统自动化,2000,24(5):9-15.
[105]Xu W.,Zhang Y.,Da Silva,et al.Valuation of dynamic reactive power support services for transmission access[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Systems,2001,16(4):719-728.
[106]M.Ni,J.D.Mccalley,V.,Vittal,et al.Software implementation of online risk-based security assessment.IEEE Transaction on Power systems,August 2003,18(3):1165-1172
[107]陆波,唐国庆.基于风险的安全评估方法在电力系统中的应用.电力系统自动化,2002,26(22):61-64
[108]孙元章,何剑,程林.电力系统运行评估方法评述[C].大型互联电网运行可靠性基础研究(Ⅱ),2008:70-80.
[109]Hua Wan,James D.Mccalley,Vijay Vittal et al.Risk based voltage security assessment[J].IEEE Transaction on Power System,2000,15(4):1247-1254.
[110]Staniulis R.Reactive power valuation.Lund:Department of Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation,Lund University,2001.
[111]Current operational problems working group.Operating problems with parallel flows[J].IEEE Trans on Power Systems,1991,6(3):1024-1034
[112]叶华,刘玉田,牛新生.500kV-220kV 电磁环网开环方案模糊综合评价[J].电力自动化设备,2006,26(07):1-5
[113]张保会,姚峰,周德才,等.输电断面安全性保护及其关键技术研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(21):1-7
[114]孔涛,王洪涛,刘玉田,等.500kV-220kV 电磁环网开环研究[J].电力自动化设备,2003,23(12):13-16
[115]“WSCC disturbance report for the power system outages that occurred on the Western interconnection on July 2,1996 and July 3,1996”.Western Systems Coordinating Council.
[116]侯春青,郑惠萍.2005年山西中南部500kV 及220kV 电网的电磁环网运行方式研究[J].电网技术,2005,29(10):83-87
[117]王万军,王维超,张其明,等.陕西电网中期运行方式研究[J].电网技术,2004,28(2):14-16
[118]葛睿,董昱,吕跃春.欧洲“11.4”大停电事故分析及其对我国电网运行工作的启示[J].电网技术,2007,31(2):1-6
[119]李晨光,李柏青,汤涌.电磁环网线路无故障跳线和单永故障稳定性分析[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(1):53-56
[120]潘炜,刘文颖,杨以涵,等.电磁环网条件下西北750kV 电网运行方式的研究[J].电网技术,2007,3l(15):33-38
[121]James D McCalley,Bai L Agrawal,Vijay Vittal et al.A risk-based security index for determining operating limits in stability-limited electric power system[J].IEEE Transaction on Power System,1997,12(3):1210-1219.
[122]王克球,张保会,王立永,等.安全稳定控制系统的经济效益评价[J].电网技术,2007,31(6):35-41
[123]Ming Ni,McCalley J D,Vittal Vet al.Online risk-based security assessment[J].IEEE Trans on Power Systems,2003,18(1):258-265.
[124]艾琳,华栋.电力系统节能调度研究[J].华东电力,2008,36(9):85-89.
[125]张勇传.水电站经济运行原理(第二版)[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1 998:150-227.
[126]翟桥柱.管晓宏.赖菲.具有相同机组水火电调度问题的新算法[J].中国电机工程学报,2002,22(3):38-42.
[127]Renaud A.Daily generation management at electricite defiance:from planning towards real time[J].IEEE Trans on Automatic Control,1999,38(7):1080-1093.
[128].Guan X,Luh P B,Yan H,et al.An optimization-based method for unit commitment[J].International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems,1992,14(1):9-17.
[129]朱敏,王定一.电力系统中梯级水电站实时优化运行控制新算法[J].电力系统自动化,1997,2l(4):30-33.
[130]Yan H,Luh P B.A fuzzy optimization-based method for integrated power system scheduling and inter-utility power transaction with uncertainties[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1997,12(2):756-763.
[131]邹进.张勇传.模糊动态规划在三峡梯级电站短期优化调度中的应用[J].水利水电技术,2004,35(8):89-94.
[132]J.C.Antonio,J.M.Arroyo,J.Contreras,et al.Self-scheduling of a hydro producer in a pool-based electricity market[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Systems,2002,17(4):1265-1271.
[133]朱文东.郝玉国.刘广一.等.应用线性规划方法的安全约束调度[J].中国电机工程学报,1994,14(4):57-64.
[134].Ahmed,M.M.;Ghani,M.R.A.;Hassan,I.;Optimizing hydrothermal coordination scheduling for large scale power[C].Power System Technology,2002.Proceedings.PowerCon 2002.International Conference on Volume 1,Yunnan China,IEEE 13-17 Oct.2002 vol(1):195-200.
[135]刘明波,李健,吴捷求解无功优化的非线性同伦内点法[J].中国电机工程学报,2002,22(1):1-7.
[136]方印,丁晓莺,王锡凡.基于市场报价的阻塞管理模型及内点法实现[J].电力系统自动化,2001,25(13):6-10.
[137]李乃湖.丁恰.王晓东.基于原一对偶内点法的电压无功实时优化控制算法[J].电力系统自动化,2000,24(5):20-25.
[138]马瑞,穆大庆,李欣然,等.电力市场中日有功负荷多目标分配模糊决策的研究[J].电网技术,2001,25(2):25-30.
[139]宋军英.刘涤尘.陈允平.电力系统模糊无功优化的建模及算法[J].电网技术,2001,25(3):22-25.
[140]陈爱东.龚乐年.模糊动态规划法在变电站电压无功控制中的应用[J].电网技术,2001,25(6):29-32.
[141]国务院办公厅.国务院办公厅关于转发发展改革委等部门节能发电调度办法(试行)的通知[J].重庆市人民政府公报,2007,27(16):3-4
[142]张增科.模糊数学在自动化技术中的应用.北京:清华大学出版社,1997.
[143]陈守煜,郭瑜.电力负荷预测的可变模糊集合方法.水电能源科学,2005,23(5):29-31.
[144]刘涤尘,夏昌浩,胡翔勇,等.基于模糊集的电力系统神经网络负荷预报研究.武汉大学学报(工学版),2002,35(4):68-71.
[145]孙增忻.智能控制理论与技术.清华大学出版社,1997:125-128.
[146]谢永胜,孙洪波,徐国禹.基于模糊来水量、模糊负荷的短期水火电调度[J].中国电机工程学报,1996,16(6):430-433.
[147]张勇传,丙肠凤山,熊斯毅模糊集理论与水库优化问题[J].水电能源科学,1998,9(3):258-264.
[148]P.E.Gill,W.Murray,M.A.Saunders,et al.On the projected Newton barrier methods for linear programming and an equivalence to Karmarkar's projective method.Math.Programming,vol.36,1986:183-209.
[149]Kai Xie,Yonghua Song,John Stonham,et al.Decomposition model and interior point methods for optimal spot pricing of electricity in deregulation environments.IEEE trans on power systems,Feb.2000,vol.15,No.1:39-50.
[150]高厚磊,历吉文,文锋.GPS 在电力系统中的应用[J].电力系统自动化,1995,19(9):41-44.
[151]姜彤,艾琳,杨以涵.北斗导航系统在电力系统中的应用[J].华东电力,2009,37(5):
[2]Lin Ai,Tong Jiang.Power system analyse and control considering UHV[C],3rd International Conference on Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies,DRPT 2008:1062-1066.
[3]郑美特.全国联网和大区形成主干网架的研究[J].电网技术,1999,23(1):63-67.
[4]Rong-Mow Jan,Nanming Chen.Application of the fast Newton-Raphson economic dispatch and reactive power/voltage dispatch by sensitivity factors to optimal power flow[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,1995,10(2):293-301
[5]辛耀中.新世纪电网调度自动化技术发展趋势[J].电网技术,2001,25(12):1-10
[6]姚建国,杨胜春,高宗和,等.电网调度自动化系统发展趋势展望[J].电力系统自动化,2007,31(13):57-62
[7]王益民.国家电力调度数据网的设计与实施[J].电网技术,2005,29(22):1-5.
[8]艾琳,华栋.电力系统智能型调度[J].电力自动化设备,2008,28(10):83-87.
[9]印永华,郭剑波,赵建军,等.美加“8.14”大停电事故初步分析以及应吸取的教训[J].电网技术,2003,27(10):10-15.
[10]刘永奇,谢开.从调度角度分析“8.14”美加大停电[J].电网技术,2004,28(8):10-15.
[11]周双喜,朱凌志,郭锡玖,等.电力系统电压稳定性及其控制[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2004.
[12]CIGRE Task Force 38.02.10,“Criteria and countermeasures for voltage collapse”,CIGRE,October 1995.
[13]周双喜,姜勇,朱凌志.电力系统电压静态稳定性指标述评[J].电网技术,2001,25(1):1-7.
[14]包黎昕,张步涵,段献忠,何仰赞.电压稳定裕度指标分析方法综述.电力系统自动化,1999,23(8):52-55.
[15]丛伟,潘贞存,丁磊,等.满足“三道防线”要求的广域保护系统及其在电力系统中的应用,2004,28(18):29-33.
[16]H.D.Chiang,R.Jean-Jumeau,“Toward practical Performance index for Predicting voltage collapse in electric power system”,IEEE Trans.On PWRS,Vol.10,No.2,May1995,P584-592
[17]A.Semlyen,B.Gao,W.Janisehewskyj,“Calculation of the extreme loading condition of Power system for the assessment of voltage stability”,IEEE Trans.on PWRS,Vol.6,No.1,February 1991,P307-315.
[18]Y.Kataoka,“An approach for the regularization of power flow solution around the Maximum loading Point”,IEEE Trans on PWRS,Vol.7,No.3,August1992,P1068-1078.
[19]R.Jean-Jumeau,H.D.Chiang,“parameterizations of the load-flow equations for eliminating ill-conditioning load-flow solutions”,IEEE Trans.on PWRS,Vol.8,No.3,Angust1993,P1004-1012
[20]Vu K,Begovic M.M,Novosel D,et al.Use of local measurement to estimate voltage-stability margin.IEEE Trans on power systems,1999,14(3):1029-1034.
[21]Soliman S A,Temraz H K,El-Khodary S M.Power system voltage stability margin identification using local measurements[C].Large engineering systems conference on power system,2003,May:100-104.
[22]李兴源,王秀英.基于静态等值和奇异值分解的快速电压稳定性分析方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2003,23(4):1-4,20.
[23]刘道伟,谢小荣,穆钢,黎平.基于同步相量测量的电力系统在线电压稳定指标[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(1):13-17.
[24]Miroslav Begovic,Borka Milosevic.A Novel Method for Voltage Instability Protection Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii Inernational Conference On System Sciences-2002.
[25]贾宏杰,俞贻鑫,王成山.利用局部指标进行电压稳定在线监控的研究[J].电网技术,1999,23(1):45-49.
[26]李欣然,贺仁睦,章健,等.负荷特性对电力系统静态电压稳定性的影响和静态电压稳定性广义实用判据[J].中国电机工程学报,1999,19(4):23-30.
[27]张伶俐,周文,章健,等.面向综合的电力负荷特性建摸[J].中国电机工程学报,1999,19(9):71-75.
[28]谢小荣,肖晋宇,童陆园,等.采用广域测量信号的互联电网区间阻尼控制[J].电力系统自动化,2004,28(2):37-40.
[29]Korba P,Larsson M,Rehtanz C.Detection of oscillations in power systems using Kalman filtering techniques[C].Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Control Applications,2003,1:183-188
[30]Vu K,Begovic M.M,Novosel D,et al.Use of local measurement to estimate voltage-stability margin.IEEE Trans on power systems,1999,14(3):1029-1034.
[31]Soliman S A,Temraz H K,E1-Khodary S M.Power system voltage stability margin identification using local measurements[C].Large engineering systems conference on power system,2003,May:100-104.
[32]赖业宁,薛禹胜,王海风.电力市场稳定性及其风险管理[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(12):18-24.
[33]刘铠滢,蔡述涛,张尧.基于风险评判的电网规划方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(12):71-75.
[34]戴剑锋,周双喜,鲁宗相,等.基于风险的电力系统无功优化问题研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(12):40-45.
[35]周明,聂艳丽,李庚银,等.电力市场下长期购电方案及风险评估[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(6):118-124.
[36]王守相,张伯明,郭琦.基于时间裕度的全局电力系统暂态安全风险评估[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(15):54-58.
[37]刘健,徐精求,董海鹏.配电网静态安全分析[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(17):26-30.
[38]王英,谈定中,王小英,等.基于风险的暂态稳定性安全评估方法在电力系统中的应用[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(12):37-41.
[39]J.Zhang,J.Pu,J.D.McCalley,et al.A Bayesian approach for short-term transmission line thermal overload risk assessment.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,July 2002,17(3):770-778.
[40]J.D.McCalley,V.Vittal,N.Abi-Samra,et al.Voltage risk assessment.IEEE PES Summer Meeting,Edmonton,AB,Canada,July 18-22,1999:179-184.
[41]陈为化,江全元,曹一家.考虑继电保护隐性故障的电力系统连锁故障风险评估[J].电网技术,2006,30(13):14-20.
[42]韩祯祥,黄民翔.2002年国际大电网会议系列报道--电力系统规划和发展[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(10):8-10.
[43]贺峰,熊信艮,吴耀武.改进免疫算法在电力系统电源规划中应用[J].电力自动化设备,2004,24(3):32-39.
[44]杨宁,文福拴.电力市场环境下的输电系统规划方法初探[J].电网技术,2004,28(17):47-52.
[45]Li Wenyuan,Korczynski J.K..Risk evaluation of transmission systems operation modes:concept,method and application.IEEE winter meeting,paper No.02WM012,New York,January 2002:27-31
[46]麻常辉,薛禹胜,鲁庭瑞,等.输电规划方法的评述[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(12):97-101.
[47]许婧,王晶,高峰,等.电力设备状态检修技术研究综述[J].电网技术,2000,24(8):48-52
[48]李耀君,于新颖.火电厂设备状态检修技术[J].中国电力,2005,38(4):9-15.
[49]Pudney,E.,Wales,R..Optimised overhead line maintenance on 25 kV electrified railways using remotely monitored distance protection.IEE Seventh International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection,2001,9-12 April 2001:495-498
[50]薛禹胜.时空协调的大停电防御框架[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(2):1-10.
[51]张小白,高宗和,钱玉妹,等.用 AGC 实现稳定断面越限的预防和校正控制[J].电网技术,2005,29(19):55-59.
[52]X.B.Yu,C.Singh.A practical approach for integrated power system vulnerability analysis with protection failures.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,Nov.2004,19(4):1811-1820.
[53]F.P.Sioshansi.The emergence of trading and risk management in liberalized electricity markets.Energy Policy,2002,30(6):449-459.
[54]康重庆,白利超,夏清,等.电力市场中发电商的风险决策[J].中国电机工程学报,2004,24(8):1-6.
[55]R.w.Ferrero,J.F.Rivera,S.M.Shahidebpour.Application of games with incomplete information of pricing electricity in deregulated power pools.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.1998,13(1):184-189.
[56]陈晓林,刘俊勇,宋永华,等.利用差价合同和金融输电权的组合规避电力市场风险[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(10):75-81.
[57]W.W.Hogan.Contract networks for electric power transmission.Journal of Regulatory Economics.1992,4(3):211-242.
[58]范明天,张祖平,杨少勇,等.具有抽水蓄能电厂的多区域电网日经济调度研究[J].电网技术,2000,24(8):57-61.
[59]王民量,张伯明,夏清.考虑机组爬坡速率和网络安全的经济调度新算法[J].电力系统自动化,2000,24(10):14-20.
[60]张文泉.用 ARMA 模型实时补偿的负荷经济调度方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2000,20(6):26-29.
[61]吴磊,翟桥柱,管晓宏.发电经济调度可行解判据及其求解方法[J].电网技术,2004,28(1):1-5.
[62]VH.Quintana,GL.Torres,J.M.palomo,“Interior point methods and their applications to power systems:a classification of publications and software codes”,IEEE Trans.On PWRS,VOI.15,No.1,February2000,P170-176.
[63]H.Wei,H.Sasaki,J.Kubokawa,R.Yokoyama.“Large scale hydrothermal optimal power flow problems based on interior point nonlinear Programming”,IEEE Trans.On PWRS,Vol.15,No.1,February2000,P396-403.
[64]郭瑞鹏,“电力系统电压稳定性研究”,浙江大学博士学位论文,1999.
[65]GD.Irisarri,X.Wang,J.Tong,S.Mokhtari,“Maximum load ability of power systems Using interior Point nonlinear optimization method”,IEEE Trans.on PWRS,Vol.12,No.1,February1997,P162-172.
[66]X.Wang,G.C.Ejebe,J.Tong,J.G.waight,“Preventive/corrective control for voltage stability using direct interior Point method”,IEEE Trans.On PWRS,Vol.13,No.3,August 1998,P878-883.
[67]骆济寿,张川.电力系统优化运行.武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1993.
[68]艾琳,罗龙,陈为化.基于风险的电力市场无功电源评估[J].华东电力,2008,36(5):44-47.
[69]杨以涵,艾琳,姜彤等.基于效益风险函数的电磁环网风险评估与控制[J].电网技术,2009,33(7):61-65.
[70]艾琳,华栋.基于模糊优化和内点法的水火电系统短期经济调度[J].电力自动化设备,2008,28(8):46-50.
[71]王梅义,吴竞昌,蒙定中.“大电网系统技术(第三版)”,中国电力出版社,1995.
[72]Taylor C W.Power System Voltage Stability[M].New York:McGraw-Hill Inc,1994.
[73]刘鹏,吴刚.世界范围内两起典型电压崩溃事故分析[J].电网技术,2003,7(5):35-37.
[74]卢志刚,郝玉山,康庆平,等电力系统实时相角监测系统研究[J].电网技术,1998,22(5),18-20.
[75]闵勇,丁仁杰,任勇,等.电力系统全网同步监测系统[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),1997,37(7),86-88.
[76]韩英铎,王仲鸿,林孔兴,等.电力系统中的三项前沿课题—柔性输电技术,智能控制,基于的动态安全分析与监测系统[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),1997,37(7),1-6
[77]Greene S,Dobson I,Alvarado F L.Contingency ranking for voltage collapse via sensitivities from a single nose curve[J].IEEE Trans.On Power Systems,1999,14(1):232-240.
[78]A.O.Ekwue,H.B.Wan,D.TYCheng,YH.Song,“Singular value decomposition method for voltage stability analysis on the national grid system(NGC)”,Electrical Power and Energy System,Vol.21,1999,P425-432.
[79]冯志鸿,周双喜.大规模电力系统失稳区的确定方法[J].中国电机工程学报,1997,17(3):152-156.
[80]Y.Tamura,H.Mori,S.Iwamoto.Relationship between voltage instability and multiple load folw solutions in electric power systems.IEEE Trans on Power Systems,1983,102(5):1115-1125.
[81]GD.Irisarri,X.Wang,J.Tong,S.Mokstari.“Maximum load ability of power systems using interior Point nonlinear optimization method”,IEEE Trans.On PWRS,Vol.12,No.1,February1997,P162-172
[82]Gubina F,Strmenik B.A Simple Approach to Voltage Stability Assessment in Radial Networks.IEEE Trans on Power Systems,1997,12(3):39-41.
[83]张伯明,陈寿孙.高等电力网络分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1996.
[84]Chow J.Power system toolbox version 2.0[M].Canada:Cherry Three Scientific Software,2000.
[85]王锡凡,方万良,杜正春.现代电力系统分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[86]闫常友,刘建飞,杨奇逊.基于当地量的电压稳定指标[J].电力系统自动化,2007,30(5):29-32.
[87]段献忠,何仰赞,陈德树.计及负荷特性的电压稳定安全指标快速计算[J].中国电机工程学报,1995,15(3):166-171.
[88]傅旭,王锡凡.电力系统静态电压稳定性在线监控(一)—一种可在线应用的计及负荷静态特性的电压稳定指标[J].电力自动化设备,2005,25(8):23-26,31.
[89]R.Seydel,“From equilibrium to chaos:Practical bifurcation and stability analysis”,Elsevier Science Publish Co.Inc.1988
[90]刘永强,严正,倪以信,等.基于辅助变量的潮流方程二次转折分岔点的直接算法[J].中国电机工程学报,2003,23(5):9-13.
[91]T.V Cutsem,“A method to compute reactive power margins with respect to voltage collapse”,IEEETrans.On PWRS,Vol.6,No.1,February1991,P145-156.
[92]李欣然,贺仁睦,章健,等.负荷特性对电力系统静态电压稳定性的影响和静态电压稳定性广义实用判据[J].中国电机工程学报,1999,19(4):23-30.
[93]邱晓燕,李兴源,王建,等.电力系统实时等值及电压稳定性分析[J].电网技术,2004,28(7):7-9.
[94]何仰赞,温增银.电力系统分析[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2002.
[95]Chen S,Cowan C F N,Grant P M.Orthogonal least squares leaming algorithms for radial basis function networks[J].IEEE Trans Neural Networks,1991,2(2):302-309.
[96]Sherstinsky A,Picard R W.On the efficiency of the orthogonal least squares training method for radial basis function networks[J].IEEE Trans Neural Networks,1996,7(1):95-200.
[97]http://www.ee.washington.edu/research/pstca/
[98]黄志刚,李林川,杨理,等.电力市场环境下的无功优化模型及其求解方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2003,23(12):81-85.
[99]于尔铿,周京阳,吴玉生.发电报价曲线研究[J].电力系统自动化,2001,25(2):23-26.
[100]于辉,赵冬梅.单边开放电力市场下的无功电价研究[J].电网技术,2004,28(14):62-67.
[101]舒立平,陈允平.一种新的无功电力定价算法[J].电网技术,2004,28(5):59-64.
[102]J.Y.Choi,S.H.Rim,J.K.Park.Optimal real time pricing of real and reactive powers[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1998,13(4):1226-1231.
[103]孔飘红,刘俊勇,潘蕾蕾,等.基于统一优化补偿的无功电力市场[J].电网技术, 2004,28(15):16-20.
[104]戴彦,倪以信,文福拴,等.电力市场下的无功电价研究[J].电力系统自动化,2000,24(5):9-15.
[105]Xu W.,Zhang Y.,Da Silva,et al.Valuation of dynamic reactive power support services for transmission access[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Systems,2001,16(4):719-728.
[106]M.Ni,J.D.Mccalley,V.,Vittal,et al.Software implementation of online risk-based security assessment.IEEE Transaction on Power systems,August 2003,18(3):1165-1172
[107]陆波,唐国庆.基于风险的安全评估方法在电力系统中的应用.电力系统自动化,2002,26(22):61-64
[108]孙元章,何剑,程林.电力系统运行评估方法评述[C].大型互联电网运行可靠性基础研究(Ⅱ),2008:70-80.
[109]Hua Wan,James D.Mccalley,Vijay Vittal et al.Risk based voltage security assessment[J].IEEE Transaction on Power System,2000,15(4):1247-1254.
[110]Staniulis R.Reactive power valuation.Lund:Department of Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation,Lund University,2001.
[111]Current operational problems working group.Operating problems with parallel flows[J].IEEE Trans on Power Systems,1991,6(3):1024-1034
[112]叶华,刘玉田,牛新生.500kV-220kV 电磁环网开环方案模糊综合评价[J].电力自动化设备,2006,26(07):1-5
[113]张保会,姚峰,周德才,等.输电断面安全性保护及其关键技术研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(21):1-7
[114]孔涛,王洪涛,刘玉田,等.500kV-220kV 电磁环网开环研究[J].电力自动化设备,2003,23(12):13-16
[115]“WSCC disturbance report for the power system outages that occurred on the Western interconnection on July 2,1996 and July 3,1996”.Western Systems Coordinating Council.
[116]侯春青,郑惠萍.2005年山西中南部500kV 及220kV 电网的电磁环网运行方式研究[J].电网技术,2005,29(10):83-87
[117]王万军,王维超,张其明,等.陕西电网中期运行方式研究[J].电网技术,2004,28(2):14-16
[118]葛睿,董昱,吕跃春.欧洲“11.4”大停电事故分析及其对我国电网运行工作的启示[J].电网技术,2007,31(2):1-6
[119]李晨光,李柏青,汤涌.电磁环网线路无故障跳线和单永故障稳定性分析[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(1):53-56
[120]潘炜,刘文颖,杨以涵,等.电磁环网条件下西北750kV 电网运行方式的研究[J].电网技术,2007,3l(15):33-38
[121]James D McCalley,Bai L Agrawal,Vijay Vittal et al.A risk-based security index for determining operating limits in stability-limited electric power system[J].IEEE Transaction on Power System,1997,12(3):1210-1219.
[122]王克球,张保会,王立永,等.安全稳定控制系统的经济效益评价[J].电网技术,2007,31(6):35-41
[123]Ming Ni,McCalley J D,Vittal Vet al.Online risk-based security assessment[J].IEEE Trans on Power Systems,2003,18(1):258-265.
[124]艾琳,华栋.电力系统节能调度研究[J].华东电力,2008,36(9):85-89.
[125]张勇传.水电站经济运行原理(第二版)[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1 998:150-227.
[126]翟桥柱.管晓宏.赖菲.具有相同机组水火电调度问题的新算法[J].中国电机工程学报,2002,22(3):38-42.
[127]Renaud A.Daily generation management at electricite defiance:from planning towards real time[J].IEEE Trans on Automatic Control,1999,38(7):1080-1093.
[128].Guan X,Luh P B,Yan H,et al.An optimization-based method for unit commitment[J].International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems,1992,14(1):9-17.
[129]朱敏,王定一.电力系统中梯级水电站实时优化运行控制新算法[J].电力系统自动化,1997,2l(4):30-33.
[130]Yan H,Luh P B.A fuzzy optimization-based method for integrated power system scheduling and inter-utility power transaction with uncertainties[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1997,12(2):756-763.
[131]邹进.张勇传.模糊动态规划在三峡梯级电站短期优化调度中的应用[J].水利水电技术,2004,35(8):89-94.
[132]J.C.Antonio,J.M.Arroyo,J.Contreras,et al.Self-scheduling of a hydro producer in a pool-based electricity market[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Systems,2002,17(4):1265-1271.
[133]朱文东.郝玉国.刘广一.等.应用线性规划方法的安全约束调度[J].中国电机工程学报,1994,14(4):57-64.
[134].Ahmed,M.M.;Ghani,M.R.A.;Hassan,I.;Optimizing hydrothermal coordination scheduling for large scale power[C].Power System Technology,2002.Proceedings.PowerCon 2002.International Conference on Volume 1,Yunnan China,IEEE 13-17 Oct.2002 vol(1):195-200.
[135]刘明波,李健,吴捷求解无功优化的非线性同伦内点法[J].中国电机工程学报,2002,22(1):1-7.
[136]方印,丁晓莺,王锡凡.基于市场报价的阻塞管理模型及内点法实现[J].电力系统自动化,2001,25(13):6-10.
[137]李乃湖.丁恰.王晓东.基于原一对偶内点法的电压无功实时优化控制算法[J].电力系统自动化,2000,24(5):20-25.
[138]马瑞,穆大庆,李欣然,等.电力市场中日有功负荷多目标分配模糊决策的研究[J].电网技术,2001,25(2):25-30.
[139]宋军英.刘涤尘.陈允平.电力系统模糊无功优化的建模及算法[J].电网技术,2001,25(3):22-25.
[140]陈爱东.龚乐年.模糊动态规划法在变电站电压无功控制中的应用[J].电网技术,2001,25(6):29-32.
[141]国务院办公厅.国务院办公厅关于转发发展改革委等部门节能发电调度办法(试行)的通知[J].重庆市人民政府公报,2007,27(16):3-4
[142]张增科.模糊数学在自动化技术中的应用.北京:清华大学出版社,1997.
[143]陈守煜,郭瑜.电力负荷预测的可变模糊集合方法.水电能源科学,2005,23(5):29-31.
[144]刘涤尘,夏昌浩,胡翔勇,等.基于模糊集的电力系统神经网络负荷预报研究.武汉大学学报(工学版),2002,35(4):68-71.
[145]孙增忻.智能控制理论与技术.清华大学出版社,1997:125-128.
[146]谢永胜,孙洪波,徐国禹.基于模糊来水量、模糊负荷的短期水火电调度[J].中国电机工程学报,1996,16(6):430-433.
[147]张勇传,丙肠凤山,熊斯毅模糊集理论与水库优化问题[J].水电能源科学,1998,9(3):258-264.
[148]P.E.Gill,W.Murray,M.A.Saunders,et al.On the projected Newton barrier methods for linear programming and an equivalence to Karmarkar's projective method.Math.Programming,vol.36,1986:183-209.
[149]Kai Xie,Yonghua Song,John Stonham,et al.Decomposition model and interior point methods for optimal spot pricing of electricity in deregulation environments.IEEE trans on power systems,Feb.2000,vol.15,No.1:39-50.
[150]高厚磊,历吉文,文锋.GPS 在电力系统中的应用[J].电力系统自动化,1995,19(9):41-44.
[151]姜彤,艾琳,杨以涵.北斗导航系统在电力系统中的应用[J].华东电力,2009,37(5):