猪苓资源调查研究
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摘要
猪苓[Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fries]是我国传统的真菌类中药材,以其干燥的菌核入药,具有利水渗湿功能,用于小便不利,水肿,泄泻,淋浊,带下等症,已有2500多年的药用历史。近代药理学研究表明,猪苓多糖有增强免疫力、抗癌、抗辐射、防治肝炎等多种疗效。
猪苓在我国分布很广,陕西、河南、甘肃、云南、吉林等省均有分布,其中陕西、云南、山西、四川为主产区,传统认为云南猪苓产量最大,陕西的猪苓品质最佳。近年来,由于药农过渡采挖其野生资源已日趋枯竭,人工栽培技术尚未完全成熟且受到诸多自然条件的限制,致使猪苓市场供应量呈逐年下滑之势,供需矛盾尖锐。
本研究通过实地考察和走访调查两种方式,详细了解了我国陕西、云南等8个省,20个州、市的28个县、39个乡镇的猪苓野生资源分布状况、生态环境、土壤状况、伴生植物种类、当地气候、海拔、坡向、野生猪苓的采挖方法和人工栽培猪苓的分布地区、场地选择、种苓的选育与保存、菌枝菌棒的树种选择、栽培方法、下种量、田间管理以及采收加工等基本生产环节,并对成都的荷花池药材市场等国内四大药材市场进行走访调查,了解市场的猪苓来源,销售去向、商品苓的主要类型、价格波动趋势,年销售量、现存货量、有无伪品等。
本研究取得的主要成果如下：
1.通过对野生猪苓主要分布区和人工栽培区域伴生植物、土壤类型、气候条件、海拔、坡向、坡度等的调查分析发现,野生猪苓多生长在海拔1000～2000 m,坡度20～50°的早晚阳坡；植被多为阔叶次生林、混交林、竹林,具有散射阳光、肥沃湿润、富含腐殖质、微生物活动频繁、排水良好的荫坡熟地。
2.调查与试验结果表明,选择两年生、有弹性、断面菌丝白色、新鲜无霉变、无病虫害、完整的灰苓做种苓,每窝种苓1 kg,蜜环菌1瓶(500 g),菌棒、菌枝选用橡树、青冈树,采用主棒加次棒一层栽种,配合适当的田间管理,4年后采收,猪苓投入与产出比可达1：10。
3.总结出依靠“猪苓花”、“露头”猪苓采挖,原窝采挖,土壤中“菌香气”或有较多蜜环菌,“看山势、看植被”等五个易于操作的野生猪苓寻找技巧。
4.初步统计了全国猪苓人工栽培面积、年产量、野生资源蕴藏量,截止2010年11月底全国猪苓人工栽培约525万窝,年采挖量约243～245吨,野生资源蕴藏量约1100～1450吨。
5.全国四大药材市场的调查结果显示市场存货量90～100吨,除西安万寿路药材市场有20%～30%栽培品外,其他市场均为野生品,伪品较少,大多销往周边地区的医院、药店、饮片厂,少量出口日本。猪苓价格持续上涨,大多数药材商认为野生资源持续减少价格依然有
Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fries which belongs to fungus is a traditional Chinese medicine. With water permeate activity, its dry sclerotia has been used for the treatment of dysuria, edema, diarrhea and vaginal embolism diseases for more than 2,500 years. Modern pharmacologic researches show that Polyporus possesses many activities including enhancing immunity, anticancer, resistance of radiation, prevention and treatment of hepatitis properties.
Polyporus is widely distributed in China, and the main areas include Shaanxi, Yunnan, Shanxi and Sichuan province. Traditionally, Polyporus in Yunnan possesses the largest output, while that in Shaanxi possesses the best quality. Recently, its wild resources become increasingly extinct due to over-excavation. However, artificial cultivation technology is not yet mature and subject to many natural conditions, resulting in the market supply of Polyporus is gradually declining.
This study investigated the wild and artificial Polyporus resources respectively by means of investigating on spot and visiting in the 8 provinces (including Shaanxi, Yunnan and so on) involving 20 cities,28 counties and 39 towns. We surveyed the distribution, ecological environment, soil conditions, associated plant species, local climate, elevation, aspect and methods of excavation of wild Polyporus, and the growing region, site selection, breeding and preservation, selection of bacteria sticks and rods, planting methods and capacity, field management and harvest processing of the artificial resources. Additionally, we also visited four major medicine markets (e.g. Lotus Pond medicine market in Chengdu of Sichun prov.) to investigate the source, destination, types and price fluctuation, annual sales, existing volume, counterfeit goods of the market Polyporus. The main results are as follows:
1. Through the survey of wild Polyporus, we found that most of the wild Polyporus grow in the areas with the altitude about 1000-2000m and a sunny slope of 20 to 50°. The vegetation are mainly broad-leaved forest, mixed forest and bamboo forest, with scattered sunshine, fertile moist, rich humus, frequently microbial activities and good drainage.
2. Investigations and studies indicated that the input and output ratio could reach to 1:10 about four years after planting with appropriate field management, using the biennials, flexible and complete grey sclerotia with the white freshly cross-section, no mildew and disease as the species,1 kg Polyporus and one bottle of Armillaria(500 g) per nest, and oak branches and Cyclobalanopsis tree as the bacteria rods and sticks respectively.
3. Five easy handing digging skills were summarized including digging the Polyporus depending on flower and cropout, digging in the previous hole, digging depending on the fungus aroma in the soil or more hallimasch, and "viewing the mountain and vegetation'
4. The cultivated area and annual production of artificial Polyporus, and the reserves of wild resources were primarily analyzed. Till to the end of November in 2010, there were about 525 million artificial cultivated nestes. The annual excavation was proximately 243-245 tons, and the reserves of wild resource was about 1100-1145 tons.
5. The investigation on the four medicine markets indicated that the stock of Polyporus was about 90-100 tons. Most of the market Polyporus were wild species with less counterfeit, except for about 20%-30% cultivated products in Wan Shou medicinal market in Xi'an. The majority of products were selled to the surrounding hospitals, pharmacies and decoction factories, while the minority were exported to Japan. The price of Polyporus rises continually with a big rising space for the reduction of the wild resources.
6. Through analyzing the reason causing resources depletion of wild Polyporus and the present situation of artificial cultivation, seven measures for developing and protecting of the existing Polyporus resource were put forward after deeply thinking, including standardizing planting base, increasing product development, accelerating talents training, technology to the countryside, and establishing the information interactive platform.
猪苓在我国分布很广,陕西、河南、甘肃、云南、吉林等省均有分布,其中陕西、云南、山西、四川为主产区,传统认为云南猪苓产量最大,陕西的猪苓品质最佳。近年来,由于药农过渡采挖其野生资源已日趋枯竭,人工栽培技术尚未完全成熟且受到诸多自然条件的限制,致使猪苓市场供应量呈逐年下滑之势,供需矛盾尖锐。
本研究通过实地考察和走访调查两种方式,详细了解了我国陕西、云南等8个省,20个州、市的28个县、39个乡镇的猪苓野生资源分布状况、生态环境、土壤状况、伴生植物种类、当地气候、海拔、坡向、野生猪苓的采挖方法和人工栽培猪苓的分布地区、场地选择、种苓的选育与保存、菌枝菌棒的树种选择、栽培方法、下种量、田间管理以及采收加工等基本生产环节,并对成都的荷花池药材市场等国内四大药材市场进行走访调查,了解市场的猪苓来源,销售去向、商品苓的主要类型、价格波动趋势,年销售量、现存货量、有无伪品等。
本研究取得的主要成果如下：
1.通过对野生猪苓主要分布区和人工栽培区域伴生植物、土壤类型、气候条件、海拔、坡向、坡度等的调查分析发现,野生猪苓多生长在海拔1000～2000 m,坡度20～50°的早晚阳坡；植被多为阔叶次生林、混交林、竹林,具有散射阳光、肥沃湿润、富含腐殖质、微生物活动频繁、排水良好的荫坡熟地。
2.调查与试验结果表明,选择两年生、有弹性、断面菌丝白色、新鲜无霉变、无病虫害、完整的灰苓做种苓,每窝种苓1 kg,蜜环菌1瓶(500 g),菌棒、菌枝选用橡树、青冈树,采用主棒加次棒一层栽种,配合适当的田间管理,4年后采收,猪苓投入与产出比可达1：10。
3.总结出依靠“猪苓花”、“露头”猪苓采挖,原窝采挖,土壤中“菌香气”或有较多蜜环菌,“看山势、看植被”等五个易于操作的野生猪苓寻找技巧。
4.初步统计了全国猪苓人工栽培面积、年产量、野生资源蕴藏量,截止2010年11月底全国猪苓人工栽培约525万窝,年采挖量约243～245吨,野生资源蕴藏量约1100～1450吨。
5.全国四大药材市场的调查结果显示市场存货量90～100吨,除西安万寿路药材市场有20%～30%栽培品外,其他市场均为野生品,伪品较少,大多销往周边地区的医院、药店、饮片厂,少量出口日本。猪苓价格持续上涨,大多数药材商认为野生资源持续减少价格依然有
Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fries which belongs to fungus is a traditional Chinese medicine. With water permeate activity, its dry sclerotia has been used for the treatment of dysuria, edema, diarrhea and vaginal embolism diseases for more than 2,500 years. Modern pharmacologic researches show that Polyporus possesses many activities including enhancing immunity, anticancer, resistance of radiation, prevention and treatment of hepatitis properties.
Polyporus is widely distributed in China, and the main areas include Shaanxi, Yunnan, Shanxi and Sichuan province. Traditionally, Polyporus in Yunnan possesses the largest output, while that in Shaanxi possesses the best quality. Recently, its wild resources become increasingly extinct due to over-excavation. However, artificial cultivation technology is not yet mature and subject to many natural conditions, resulting in the market supply of Polyporus is gradually declining.
This study investigated the wild and artificial Polyporus resources respectively by means of investigating on spot and visiting in the 8 provinces (including Shaanxi, Yunnan and so on) involving 20 cities,28 counties and 39 towns. We surveyed the distribution, ecological environment, soil conditions, associated plant species, local climate, elevation, aspect and methods of excavation of wild Polyporus, and the growing region, site selection, breeding and preservation, selection of bacteria sticks and rods, planting methods and capacity, field management and harvest processing of the artificial resources. Additionally, we also visited four major medicine markets (e.g. Lotus Pond medicine market in Chengdu of Sichun prov.) to investigate the source, destination, types and price fluctuation, annual sales, existing volume, counterfeit goods of the market Polyporus. The main results are as follows:
1. Through the survey of wild Polyporus, we found that most of the wild Polyporus grow in the areas with the altitude about 1000-2000m and a sunny slope of 20 to 50°. The vegetation are mainly broad-leaved forest, mixed forest and bamboo forest, with scattered sunshine, fertile moist, rich humus, frequently microbial activities and good drainage.
2. Investigations and studies indicated that the input and output ratio could reach to 1:10 about four years after planting with appropriate field management, using the biennials, flexible and complete grey sclerotia with the white freshly cross-section, no mildew and disease as the species,1 kg Polyporus and one bottle of Armillaria(500 g) per nest, and oak branches and Cyclobalanopsis tree as the bacteria rods and sticks respectively.
3. Five easy handing digging skills were summarized including digging the Polyporus depending on flower and cropout, digging in the previous hole, digging depending on the fungus aroma in the soil or more hallimasch, and "viewing the mountain and vegetation'
4. The cultivated area and annual production of artificial Polyporus, and the reserves of wild resources were primarily analyzed. Till to the end of November in 2010, there were about 525 million artificial cultivated nestes. The annual excavation was proximately 243-245 tons, and the reserves of wild resource was about 1100-1145 tons.
5. The investigation on the four medicine markets indicated that the stock of Polyporus was about 90-100 tons. Most of the market Polyporus were wild species with less counterfeit, except for about 20%-30% cultivated products in Wan Shou medicinal market in Xi'an. The majority of products were selled to the surrounding hospitals, pharmacies and decoction factories, while the minority were exported to Japan. The price of Polyporus rises continually with a big rising space for the reduction of the wild resources.
6. Through analyzing the reason causing resources depletion of wild Polyporus and the present situation of artificial cultivation, seven measures for developing and protecting of the existing Polyporus resource were put forward after deeply thinking, including standardizing planting base, increasing product development, accelerating talents training, technology to the countryside, and establishing the information interactive platform.
引文
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