濒危名贵药用霍山石斛类原球茎液体培养生产活性多糖的研究
|
摘要
石斛作为传统名贵中草药，其资源再生，化学成分和药理活性逐渐引起人们的关注，多糖是石斛属植物中主要的药用活性成分之一。本文以传统的名贵珍稀药用植物——霍山石斛为主要研究对象，在建立霍山石斛类原球茎多糖高效表达悬浮培养体系的基础上，利用生物大分子研究的最新技术和现代分离分析手段与药理实验方法，对霍山石斛类原球茎水溶性多糖进行了提取分离纯化，并对其主要活性多糖组分HPS-1B23的组成和一级结构进行了研究。主要研究结果如下：
(1) 以霍山石斛试管苗茎段为外植体，首次诱导获得了类原球茎，并建立了类原球茎的培养体系。其中附加NAA(7.5μmol L~(-1))和KIN(0.5μmol L~(-1))组合的MS培养基最利于类原球茎的形成，诱导率达到79.9％。诱导的类原球茎经长期继代培养后，从生长、植株再生、活性多糖合成、药理作用、单糖组成及基因组DNA多态性等方面进行品质稳定性分析，表明诱导获得的类原球茎系在品质上是稳定的。
(2) 药理学研究证明了培养的类原球茎具有野生霍山石斛同样的合成活性多糖的能力。野生霍山石斛总多糖能显著促进小鼠脾细胞和巨噬细胞分别产生IFN-γ和TNF-α，多糖作用浓度分别在800μg mL~(-1)和200μg mL~(-1)。RT-PCR分析表明，总多糖是通过上调或下调IFN-γ和TNF-α的基因表达来控制各自的释放量的。经DEAE-Cellulose离子交换色谱层析，从类原球茎总多糖中分离出和野生霍山石斛相同的5个多糖组分，并表现出同样的促进小鼠脾细胞和巨噬细胞分别产生IFN-γ和TNF-α的能力，其中以水洗脱部分HPS-1含量最大。建立的多糖活性评价方法实现了对霍山石斛类原球茎培养体系的质量监控。
(3) 研究分析了霍山石斛类原球茎液体培养过程中碳、氮代谢特征，阐明霍山石斛类原球茎生长和多糖合成与细胞内源和外源碳、氮的关系。在整个培养过程中，没有观察到显著的细胞生长延滞期，培养30d后，生物量达到最大，多糖合成与类原球茎生长表现出了非同步的关系。细胞培养启动后，在前3d培养基中蔗糖浓度减少了一半，同时无葡萄糖和果糖的存在，之后随着蔗糖浓度的继续下降，培养基中逐渐检测到有葡萄糖和果糖的存在，到第9d含量达到最大值。相反，类原球茎内源蔗糖随培养的启动，在培养的前6d，快速积累，之后快速被消耗；内源葡萄糖和果糖含量也同时有一定程度的增加，培养9d后逐渐被消耗。可溶酸性蔗糖酶和碱性蔗糖酶随类原球茎培养的启动逐渐被激活，分别在培养的第6d和第18d活性达到最大值。细胞壁蔗糖酶在整个培养过程中活性很低，一直处于被抑制
Dendrobium species are used as the traditional Chinese medicine herbs for centries. Much attention has been focused on its resource regenesis, chemical components and pharmacological activities. Polysaccharides were the major active constituent from Dendrobium plants. Dendrobium huoshanense C. Z. Tang et S. J. Cheng, from which the Chinese medicine was most originally prepared, was studied in this paper. After the high expression system of polysaccharides from protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) in suspension culture was researched, water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted, isolated and purified from PLBs of D. huoshanense, with the advanced methods of isolation and purification, chemical and pharmacological instrument analysis technique of biomacromolecular. Some pharmacological action and mechanisms were investigated. The chemical properties and structural features of main polysaccharides of HPS-1B23 from PLBs of D. huoshanense (HPS) were identified. The main results were obtained as follows:
An efficient procedure was developed for PLBs formation from stem segments of D. huoshanense and subsequent subculture for a long time. The highest frequency (79.9%) of PLB formation occurred on MS medium supplemented with 7.5 μmol L~(-1) NAA and 0.5 μmol L~(-1) KIN. Growth-regulator free MS medium at half-strength was suitable for PLB proliferation. The obtained PLBs were stable in growth, plantlet regeneration, polymorphic DNA of genome and polysaccharide synthesis including content and monosaccharide ratio.
Pharmacological studies testified that PLBs have the same potential of synthesizing active polysaccharide as that of wild plants. The crude HPS from wild plants significantly stimulated interferon γ (IFN-γ) release in the supernatant of murine splenocytes and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) release in the supernatant of peritoneal macrophages. The critical concentration of HPS was 800 μg mL~(-1) for IFN-γ and 200 μg mL~(-1) for TNF-α release. RT-PCR analysis indicated those responses were attributed to the up-regulation of the expression of theirown genes in cells. Different HPS fractions showed different capability in stimulating IFN-γ and TNF-α release. By DEAE-Cellulose chromatography, five fractions were all obtained from wild plants and PLBs, in which HPS-1 eluted by distilled water was the main constituent (79%). These analytical methods of polysaccharide bioactivities could be applied to monitor the liquid culture system of PLBs.
The carbon and nitrogen metabolism was analysed and the relationship between PLB growth,
(1) 以霍山石斛试管苗茎段为外植体，首次诱导获得了类原球茎，并建立了类原球茎的培养体系。其中附加NAA(7.5μmol L~(-1))和KIN(0.5μmol L~(-1))组合的MS培养基最利于类原球茎的形成，诱导率达到79.9％。诱导的类原球茎经长期继代培养后，从生长、植株再生、活性多糖合成、药理作用、单糖组成及基因组DNA多态性等方面进行品质稳定性分析，表明诱导获得的类原球茎系在品质上是稳定的。
(2) 药理学研究证明了培养的类原球茎具有野生霍山石斛同样的合成活性多糖的能力。野生霍山石斛总多糖能显著促进小鼠脾细胞和巨噬细胞分别产生IFN-γ和TNF-α，多糖作用浓度分别在800μg mL~(-1)和200μg mL~(-1)。RT-PCR分析表明，总多糖是通过上调或下调IFN-γ和TNF-α的基因表达来控制各自的释放量的。经DEAE-Cellulose离子交换色谱层析，从类原球茎总多糖中分离出和野生霍山石斛相同的5个多糖组分，并表现出同样的促进小鼠脾细胞和巨噬细胞分别产生IFN-γ和TNF-α的能力，其中以水洗脱部分HPS-1含量最大。建立的多糖活性评价方法实现了对霍山石斛类原球茎培养体系的质量监控。
(3) 研究分析了霍山石斛类原球茎液体培养过程中碳、氮代谢特征，阐明霍山石斛类原球茎生长和多糖合成与细胞内源和外源碳、氮的关系。在整个培养过程中，没有观察到显著的细胞生长延滞期，培养30d后，生物量达到最大，多糖合成与类原球茎生长表现出了非同步的关系。细胞培养启动后，在前3d培养基中蔗糖浓度减少了一半，同时无葡萄糖和果糖的存在，之后随着蔗糖浓度的继续下降，培养基中逐渐检测到有葡萄糖和果糖的存在，到第9d含量达到最大值。相反，类原球茎内源蔗糖随培养的启动，在培养的前6d，快速积累，之后快速被消耗；内源葡萄糖和果糖含量也同时有一定程度的增加，培养9d后逐渐被消耗。可溶酸性蔗糖酶和碱性蔗糖酶随类原球茎培养的启动逐渐被激活，分别在培养的第6d和第18d活性达到最大值。细胞壁蔗糖酶在整个培养过程中活性很低，一直处于被抑制
Dendrobium species are used as the traditional Chinese medicine herbs for centries. Much attention has been focused on its resource regenesis, chemical components and pharmacological activities. Polysaccharides were the major active constituent from Dendrobium plants. Dendrobium huoshanense C. Z. Tang et S. J. Cheng, from which the Chinese medicine was most originally prepared, was studied in this paper. After the high expression system of polysaccharides from protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) in suspension culture was researched, water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted, isolated and purified from PLBs of D. huoshanense, with the advanced methods of isolation and purification, chemical and pharmacological instrument analysis technique of biomacromolecular. Some pharmacological action and mechanisms were investigated. The chemical properties and structural features of main polysaccharides of HPS-1B23 from PLBs of D. huoshanense (HPS) were identified. The main results were obtained as follows:
An efficient procedure was developed for PLBs formation from stem segments of D. huoshanense and subsequent subculture for a long time. The highest frequency (79.9%) of PLB formation occurred on MS medium supplemented with 7.5 μmol L~(-1) NAA and 0.5 μmol L~(-1) KIN. Growth-regulator free MS medium at half-strength was suitable for PLB proliferation. The obtained PLBs were stable in growth, plantlet regeneration, polymorphic DNA of genome and polysaccharide synthesis including content and monosaccharide ratio.
Pharmacological studies testified that PLBs have the same potential of synthesizing active polysaccharide as that of wild plants. The crude HPS from wild plants significantly stimulated interferon γ (IFN-γ) release in the supernatant of murine splenocytes and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) release in the supernatant of peritoneal macrophages. The critical concentration of HPS was 800 μg mL~(-1) for IFN-γ and 200 μg mL~(-1) for TNF-α release. RT-PCR analysis indicated those responses were attributed to the up-regulation of the expression of theirown genes in cells. Different HPS fractions showed different capability in stimulating IFN-γ and TNF-α release. By DEAE-Cellulose chromatography, five fractions were all obtained from wild plants and PLBs, in which HPS-1 eluted by distilled water was the main constituent (79%). These analytical methods of polysaccharide bioactivities could be applied to monitor the liquid culture system of PLBs.
The carbon and nitrogen metabolism was analysed and the relationship between PLB growth,
引文
1．陈晓梅，郭顺星．石斛属植物化学成分和药理作用的研究进展．天然产物开发与研究，2000．13：70．
2．徐红，李晓波，王峥涛，胡军，徐珞珊，丁家宜．海南、广东省石斛属植物资源与种质保护研究．中国植物野生资源，1999，5：24．
3．吉占和．中国石斛属的初步研究．植物分类学报，1980，18：427．
4．卢炯林，高立献．河南石斛属植物的调查研究．武汉植物学研究，1991，9：148．
5．伍小燕．脉络宁注射液的临床应用．陕西中医，1996，17：285．
6．吕树进，吕树芸．石斛夜光丸新用．山东中医杂志，2000，19：438．
7．梁临芳．石斛夜光丸在非眼科疾患中的应用．中医药研究，1997，13：18．
8．胡天方．霍山石斛野生变为栽培的经验介绍．中药通报，1958，4：424．
9．王康正，范磊，高文远，肖培根．药用石斛栽培的研究概况．中国中药杂志，1998，3：340．
10．刘瑞驹，蒙爱东，邓锡青．铁皮石斛试管苗快速繁殖的研究．药学学报，1988，23：636．
11．张鹤英，于力文，蔡永萍，徐云鹃．栽培石斛茎SOD、POD和CAT活性及细胞膜脂质过氧化作用的研究．安徽农业大学学报，1997，24：306．
12．徐云鹃，于文力，叶嗣昌，任志祥，何云峙．霍山石斛种子试管苗的栽培．安徽农学院学报，1985，1：95．
13．徐云鹃，于文力，杨道麟．霍山石斛野生苗和试管移栽苗光合特性研究．安徽农学院学报，1991，18：45．
14．杨启焕，周明华．石斛栽培方法的初步研究．中药材，1986，9：7．
15．程式君．石斛属的引种栽培．植物引种驯化集刊，1985，4：59．
16．石友亭，杨联合，施子栗，段振离，韩莉，郝芬兰，解涛，齐丙申，于丙午．曲茎石斛放养研究．中国中药杂志，1995，20：149．
17．曾宋君，程式君，张京丽，赵逢畔．五种石斛兰的胚培养及其快速繁殖研究．园艺学报，1998．25：75．
18．屈济逸．铁皮石斛试管苗移栽技术与栽培管理．广西医学论文选编，1994，4：903．
19．顾慧芬，忻晓君，周文婷，赵辉．铁皮石斛试管苗快速生长与栽培研究及多糖含量测定．中成药，1999，21：658．
20．李铭宗．铁皮石斛的生物学特性和人工栽培．福建热带科技，1999，24：29．
21．许春萱，肿黎，杜献洲，何志强．人工栽培铁皮石斛中微量元素的测定．信阳师范学院学报(自然科学版)，2002，15：411．
22．付德聪，冯德祥，张绍云，王进红，张雪梅，史永锋，唐学明，叶华，张静，宇应伟．铁皮石斛集约化高产栽培技术研究．中草药，2003，34：177．
23．蒙爱东．铁皮石斛试管苗快速繁殖和栽培的研究ⅴ：基质、容器、苗龄和季节对移栽的影响．中国药学会西南五省区中药、天然药及民族药第八次学术会议广西论文汇编，1993，PP67．
24．倪勤武，来平凡，陈益平．富阳市野生铁皮石斛资源调查与驯化栽培研究．中医正骨，2005，17：21．
25．朱艳，秦民坚．促进铁皮石斛试管苗移栽成活的研究．中国野生植物资源，2004，23：62．
26．钟爱清，林云斌，林丛发．铁皮石斛栽培技术．福建农业，2006，5：20．
27．叶纪沟．铁皮石斛试管苗人工栽培的研究．中国药业，2001，10：53．
28．周萍，李泽文，王黅红．石斛高产稳产栽培技术的研究．中草药，1991，14：9．
29．陈玉琼，余家辉，胡生朝，韦恒德．贵州省赤水市金钗石斛的栽培及管理技术．遵义科技，2006，2：46．
30．李凤华，宋锡全，王承录，洪安必，郎洪梅．贵州几种野生石斛的引种栽培和繁殖技术．贵州师范大学学报，2002，20：5-8．
31．王用平．贵州赤水县石斛栽培方法．中草药通讯，1978，9：44．
32．张西玉．三种川产人工栽培石斛的多糖含量测定．乐山师范学院学报，2004，19：88．
33．李泉深，张明，金化勇．石斛无土栽培基质的初步研究．中国中药杂志，2000，25：23．
34．袁玉美．潞西市石斛种质资源及栽培技术．林业调查规划，2005，30：112-114．
35. Roy J, Banerjee N. Induction of callus and plant regeneration from shoot-tip explants of Dendrobium fimbriatum Lindl. Var. oculatum Hk. f. Scientia Horticulturae, 2003, 97: 333.
36. Mujib A, Jana BK. Clonal propagation of Dendrobium madame pompadour through apical meristem culture. Advances in plant sciences, 1994, 7:340
37. Nayak NR, Rath SP, Patnaik S. In vitro propagation of three epiphytic orchids, Cymbidium (L.) Sw., Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) Fisch, and Dendrobium moschatum (Buch-Ham) Sw. through thidiazuron-induced high freuquency shoot proliferation. Scientia Horticultuae, 1997, 71: 243.
38. Yasugi S, Shinto H. Formation of multiple shoots and regenerated plantlets by culture of pseudobulb segment in nobile type Dendrobium. Shokubutau Soshike Baiyo, 1994, 11: 153.
39. Sinha P, Hossain MZ, Roy SK. Invitro mass propagation of Dendrobiwn goudii cv. Pinwathana through seed culture. Bangladesh Joumal of botany, 2002, 31: 73.
40. Nayak NR, Sahoo S, Patnaik S, Rath SP. Establishment of thin cross section (TCS) culture method for rappid micropropagation of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. and Dendrobium nobile lindl. (Orchidaceae). Scientia Horticulturae, 2002, 94: 107.
41. Saiprasad GVS, Raghureer P, Khetarpal S, Chandra R. Effect of various polyamines on production of protorm-like bodies in orchid Dendrobium 'Sonia'. Scientia Horticulturae, 2004, 100: 161.
42. Martin KP, Madassery J. Rapid in vitro propagation of Dendrobium hybrids through direct shoot formation from foliar explants and protocorm-like bodies. Scientia Horticulturae, 2006, 108: 95.
43．包雪生，顺庆生，陈立钻．中国药用石斛．上海医科大学出版社和复旦大学出版社，2001，5．
44. Chia TF, Chan YS, Chua NH. The firefly luciferase gene as a non-invasive reporter for Dendrobium transformation. Plant Journal, 1994, 6: 441.
45. Ravomdra BM, Gamgadjar SM, Nataraja K. Micropropagation of Dendrobium nobile from shoot tip sections. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2005, 162: 473.
46．徐云鹃，于力文．霍山石斛种子的萌发和试管苗的培养．安徽农学院学报，1984，11：48．
47．周月坤，王伏雄．兜唇石斛幼叶再生植株的研究．植物学集刊，1989，12：123．
48．杨联河，王倩嵘，石拓，何俊彦，胡沽荃．曲茎石斛组织培养研究．中国中药杂志，1998，23：658．
49．周钟信，宁厚圃，周建宇．石斛(Dendrobium nobile)离体再生及其器官发生的解剖学观察．天津农学院学报，1997，4：11．
50．刘晔，张治国．铁皮石斛试管苗壮苗培养基的研究．中国中药杂志，1998，23：654．
51．李小军，刘石泉，潘维陵，沈世缘，周根余．香蕉提取物对霍山石斛试管苗壮苗的影响．江苏大学学报，2004，25：469．
52．温云飞，鲁润龙，谢子立．霍山石斛快速繁殖和花芽诱导．植物生理学通讯，1999，35：296．
53．王光远，许智宏，蔡德发，蔡南海．铁皮石斛的离体开花．中国科学(C辑)，1997，27：229．
54．王光远，刘培，许智宏．石斛离体培养中ABA对诱导花芽形成的影响．植物学报，1995，37：374．
55．卢文芸，唐金刚，乙引，严志坚．五种药用石斛快速繁殖的研究．种子，2005，24：23．
56．高培元，陈健妙，甘铨．金钗石斛的茎段组织培养与植株再生．中草药，2002，33：1031．
57．张艳，范俊安，李泉森，叶代峻．金钗石斛培养初步研究．时珍国医国药，2001，12：189．
58．陈庭，叶庆生，刘伟．金钗石斛类原球茎诱导及增殖的正交试验．华南农业大学学报，2005．26：60．
59．孙廷，杨玉珍，胡如善，孙天洲．金钗石斛的组织培养和快繁技术．河南科技大学学报，2004a，24：35．
60．孙廷，杨玉珍，胡如善，孙天洲．金钗石斛的组织培养和快繁技术．西北农业学报，2004b，13：13．
61．孙廷，杨玉珍，陶杰，胡述晓．金钗石斛的组织培养和快繁技术．山东农业大学学报，2005．36：47．
62．陈仕江，张明，金仕勇，刘丛军，丑敏霞．GA_3、6-BA对金钗石斛生长发育及生物碱含量的影响．植物资源与环境学报，2004，13：7．
63．黄蒙宇，蒋波，杨存亮，詹源庆，甘秀刚．金钗石斛老茎诱导无菌苗的初步研究．玉林师范学院学报，2004，25：76．
64．宋锡全，宋琴曲．金钗石斛茎段培养再生绿色植株．贵州师范大学学报，2003，21：80．
65. Kanjilal B, De Sarker D, Mitra J, Oatta KB. Stem disc culture: development of a rapid mass propagation method for Dendrobium moschatum (Bueh.—Gan.) Swartz—An endangered orchid. Current Science, 1999, 77: 497.
66. Vellupillai M, Swarup S, Goh CJ. Histological and protein changes during early stages of seed germination in the orchid, Dendrobium crumenatum. Journal of Horticultural Science, 1997, 72: 941.
67．周俊辉，钟雪锋，蔡丁稳．铁皮石斛的组织培养与快速繁殖研究．仲恺农业技术学院学报，2005，18：23．
68．周江明．不同有机物对铁皮石斛试管苗生长发育的影响．中国农学通报，2005，21：49．
69．张伟，陈坤．药用石斛的组织培养及管理研究．南阳师范学院学报，2004，3：41．
70．蒋林，丁平，郑迎冬．添加剂对铁皮石斛组织培养和快速繁殖的影响．中药材，2003，26：539．
71．朱艳，秦民坚．铁皮石斛茎段诱导丛生芽的研究．中国野生植物资源，2003，22：56．
72．李小军，刘石泉，路群，余庆波，周根余．香蕉提取物对霍山石斛原球茎增殖的影响．上海师范大学学报，2004，33：74．
73．胡如善，孙廷，杨玉珍．霍山石斛的离体培养研究．江苏农业大学学报，2005，4：72．
74．谭云，叶庆生，刘伟．霍山石斛(Dendrobium huoshanense)的组织培养．植物学通报，2005，22：58．
75．傅玉兰，谷凤，胡传明，周润梅，黄剑华．霍山石斛组培快繁技术研究．安徽农业科学，2004，32：522．
76．王亦菲，陆瑞菊，孙月芳，周润梅，黄剑华．霍山石斛细胞再生物的诱导和培养．上海农业学报，2004，20：8．
77．吴明纲，康春风，鲁润龙．霍山石斛带节间的茎段在IBA／NAA诱导下的组织培养．中国科学技术大学学报，2001，31：624．
78．徐红，刘峻，王峥涛，徐德然，丁家宜．鼓槌石斛组织培养研究．中国中药杂志，2001，26：304．
79．张延伟，康翼川．石斛内生真菌的研究概述．山地农业生物学报，2005，24(5)：438．
80．李满飞，徐国钧，平田义正，丹羽正武．中药石斛类多糖的含量测定．中草药，1990，21：442．
81．毛秀华，金家兴，刘作易，毛堂芬．环草石斛种子萌发培养的研究．贵州农业科学，2004．32：48．
82．卢文芸，张宇斌，唐正刚，乙引，严志坚．环草石斛(D. loddigesii Rolfe．)快速繁殖研究．贵州师范大学学报，2004，22：15．
83．白美发，吴彤林，黄敏，赵同贵．粉花石斛组织培养快速繁殖．种子，2004，23：44．
84．毛堂芬，刘作易，金家兴，朱国胜，李飞，吴明开．环草石斛试管苗壮苗培养的研究．种子，2005，24：21．
85．丁长春．齿瓣石斛的胚培养技术及其快速繁殖研究．热带农业科技，2004，27(3)：10-11．
86．常俊，丁小余，保曙琳，刘冬扬，货佳，唐凤，丁秉中．喇叭唇石斛组织培养的研究．中国中药杂志，2004，29：313．
87．史永锋，付开聪，张宇，沈栋侠，姚德兴．束花石斛快繁育苗技术的研究．中草药，2005，36：438-441．
88．杨念，陈之林，段俊，曾宋君．羚羊石斛的离体快速繁殖．植物生理学通讯，2006，42：248．
89．林济君．小美石斛茎段培养的研究．中国农学通报，2006，22：292．
90．王世林，郑光植，何静波，喻学俭，吴玉．黑节草多糖的研究．云南植物研究，1988，10：389．
91．赵永灵，王世林，李晓玉．兜唇石斛多糖的研究．云南植物研究，1994，16：392．
92. Hua YF, Zhang M, Fu CX, Chen ZH, Chan GYS. Structural characterization of a 2-O-acetylglucomannan from Dendrobium officinale stem. Carbohydrate Research, 2004, 339: 2219.
93．马国祥，徐国钧，徐珞珊，王峥涛．反相高效液相色谱法测定18种石斛类生药中chrysotoxene，erianin及chrysotoxine的含量．中国药科大学学报，1994，25：103．
94. Yamaki M, Honda C. The stilbenoids from Dendrobium plicatile. Phytochemistry, 1996, 43: 207.
95. Lee YH, Park JD, Back NI, Kim SI, Ahn BZ. In-vitro and in-vivo antitumoral phenanthrenes from the aerial parts ofDendrobium nobile. Planta Medica, 1995, 61: 178.
96．马国祥，徐国钧，徐珞珊，王峥涛，菊池彻．鼓槌石斛化学成分的研究．药学学报，1994，29：763．
97. 马国祥. Chemical constituents of Dendrobium chryseum. Journal of Chinese Pharmacological Science, 1998, 7: 52.
98. Majumder PL, Sen RC. Structure of moscatin- a new phenanthrene derivative from the orchid Dendrobium moscatum. Indian Journal Of Chemistry Section B-organic Chemistry Including Medicial Chemistry, 1987, 26: 18.
99. Majumder PL, Pal S. Rotundatin, a new 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene derivative from Dendrobium rotundatum. Phytochemistry, 1992, 31: 3225.
100. Majumder PL, Sen RC. Moseatilin, a bibenzyl derivative from the orchid Dendrobiura-moscatum. Phytoehemistry, 1987, 26:2121.
101. Majumder PL, Pal S. Cumulatin and tdstin, 2 bibenzyl derivatives from the orchids Dendrobium-cumulatum and bulbophylium-triste. Phytochemistry, 1993, 32:1561.
102. One M Ito Y, Masudea C, Kaga H, Nohara T. Antioxidative constituents from Dendrobii Herba (stems ofDendrobium spp.). Food Sci. Technol., 1995, 1: 115.
103. Miyazawa M, Shimamura H, Nakamura S, Sugiura W, Kosaka H, Kameoka H. Moscatilin from Dendrobium nobile, a naturally occurring bibenzyl compound with potential antimutagenic activity. Journal of Agricultural And Food Chemistry, 1999, 47: 2163.
104. Miyazawa M, Shimamura H, Nakamura S, Kameoka H. Antimutagenic activity of gigantol from Dendrobium nobile. Journal Of Agricultural And Food Chemistry, 1997, 45: 2849.
105. Mphyllum PL, Majumder PL, Chatterjee SC. Crepidatin, a bibenzyl derivative from the orchids Dendrobium cumulatum. Phytochemistry, 1988, 28: 1986.
106. Veerraju P, Rao NSP, Rao LJ, Rao KVJ, Rao PRM. Amoenumin, A9,10-dihydro-5h-phenanthro-(4,5-B,C,D)-pyran From Dendrobium-amoenum. Phytoehemistry, 1989, 28: 950.
107．林木秀干．中药石斛生物碱的研究．金石斛考及生物碱测定．药学杂志，1932，52：996．
108．林木秀干．中药金石斛生物碱的研究．石斛碱的研究．药学杂志，1932，52：1049．
109. Okarnoto T, Natsume M, Onaka T, Uchimaru F, Shimizu M. Structure of dendroxine-third alkaloid from Dendrobium nobile. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1966, 14: 672.
110. Liu QF, Zhao WM. A new dendrobine-type alkaloid from Dendrobium nobile. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2003, 14: 278.
111. Wang HK, Wang XK, Zhao TF, Che CT. Dendrobine and 3-hydroxy-2-oxodendrobine from Dendrobium-nobile. Jourual Of Natural Products, 1985, 48: 796.
112. Talapatra B, Mukhopadhyay P, Chaudhury P, Talapatra SK. Denbinobin, a new phenanthraquinone from Dendrobium-nobile lindl (Orchidaceae). Indian Journal Of Chemistry Section B-Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry, 1982, 21: 386.
113. Hedman K, Leander K. Ies on orchidaceae alkaloids .27. quaternary-salts of Dendrobine type from Dendrobium nobile lindl. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1972, 26: 3177.
114. Okamoto T, Natsume M, Onaka T, Shimizu M, Uchimaru F. Future studies on alkaloidal constituents of Dendrobium nobile (orchidaceae)-structure determination of 4-hydroxy-dendroxine and nobilomethylene. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1972, 20: 418.
115. Okamoto T, Natsume M, Onaka T, Uchimaru F, Shimizu M. Structure of Dendroxine-third alkaloid from Dendrobium nobile. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1966, 14: 672.
116. Okamoto T, Natsume M, Onaka T, Uchimaru F, Shimizu M. Structure of Dendroxine (6-Oxydendrobine) and 6-Oxydendroxine-Fourth and Fifth alkaloid from Dendrobium nobile. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1966, 14: 676.
117. Onaka T, Kamata S, Maeda T, Kawazoe Y, Natsume M, Okamoto T, Uchimaru F, Shimizu M. Structure of nobilonine. 2nd alkaloid from Dendrobium nobile. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1965, 13: 745.
118. Elander M, Leander K, Rosenblo J, Ruusae. Studies onorchidaceae alkaloids 32 crepidine, crepidamine and dendrocrepine, 3 alkaloids from Dendrobium Crepidatum lindl. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1973, 27: 1907.
119. Kierkega P, Pilotti AM, Leander K. Studies on orchidaceae alkaloids 20 constitution and relative configuration of crepidine, an alkaloid from Dendrobium Crepidatum lindl. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1970, 24: 3757.
120. Ekevag U, Elander M, Gawell L, Leander K, Luning B. Studies on orchidaceae alkaloids .33. 2 new alkaloids, N-cis and N-trans-cinnamoylnorcuskhygrine from Dendrobium Chrysanthum wall. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1973, 27: 1982.
121. Granelli I, Leander K, Luning B. Studies on orchidaceae alkaloids .16. a new alkaloid, 2-hydroxydendrobine, from Dendrobium Findlayanum Par ET Rchb F. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1970, 24: 1209.
122. Blomqvis L, Leander K, Luning B, Rosenblo J. Studies on orchidaceae alkaloids .29. absolute configuration of Dendroprimine, an alkaloid from Dendrobium Primulinum lindl. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1972, 26: 3203.
123. Luning B, Leander K. Studies on orchidaceae alkaloids .3. alkaloids in Dendrobium Primulininum lindl and Dendrobium Chrysanthum wall. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1965, 19: 1607.
124. Blomqvis L, Brandang S, Gawell L, Leander K, Luning B. Studies on orchidaceae alkaloids .37. Dendrowardine, a quaternary alkaloid from Dendrobium Wardianum WR. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1973, 27: 1439.
125. Chen KK, Chen AL. Analysis of total alkaloids in Dendrobium nobile lindl. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1935, 111: 653.
126．丁亚平，杨道麟，吴庆生，于力文，徐云．安徽霍山三种石斛总生物碱的测定及其分布规律研究。安徽农业大学学报，1994，21：503．
127. Talapatra SK, Bhaumik A, Talapatra B. On the chemistry of Indian orchidaceae plants .6. denfigenin, A diosgenin derivative from Dendrobium-fimbriatum. Phytochemistry, 1992, 31: 2431.
128. Talapatra SK, Chakrabarti S, Policy M, Paul P, Porel A, Mandal K, Bhanmk A, Shambu DE, Mishra Krishnendu. Chemical constituents of medicinal plants: Part Ⅲ. Indian J Chem Sect B., 1992,31: 133.
129．王宪楷，赵同方．石斛属植物的化学成分与中药石斛．药学通报，1986，21：666．
130. Majumder PL, Chakraborti J. Chemical-constituents of the orchid Dendrobium-farmer-further evidence for the revised structure of dengibsin. Journal Of The Indian Chemical Society, 1989, 66: 834.
131. Talapatra Sk, Bose S, Mallik AK, Talapatra B. On the chemistry of Indian orchidaceae plants .3. dendroflorin, a new fluorenone derivative from Dendrobiura densiflorum Wall. Journal Of The Indian Chemical Society, 1984, 61: 1010.
132. Behr D. Studies on Orchidaceae glycosides part 6. Three steroid glycosides of the stigmastrare type from Dendrobium ochreatum. Phytochemistry, 1976, 15: 1403.
133. Talapatra SK, Bose S, Mallik Ak, Talapatra B. On the chemistry of Indian orchidaceae plants .2. dengibsin and dengibsinin, the 1st natural fluorenone derivatives from Dendrobium-gibsonii lindl. Tetrahedron, 1985, 41: 2765.
134. Ma GX, Wang ZT, Xu LS, Xu GL. A new fluorenone derivative from Dendrobium chrysotoxum. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1998, 7: 59.
135．吴庆生，杨道麟，于力文，徐云．中药霍山石斛的微量元素分析和TE图谱鉴定．微量元素与健康研究，1995，12：31．
136．吴庆生，丁亚平，杨道麟，于力文，檀华蓉，徐云．安徽霍山三种石斛中游离氨基酸分析．安徽农业科学，1995，23：268．
137. Zhang GN, Zhong LY, Bligh SWA, Guo YL. Bi-bicyelie and bi-tricyelic compounds from Dendrobium thyrsiflorum. Phytochemistry, 2006, 66: 1113.
138. Honda C, Yamaki M. Phenanthrenes from Dendrobiumplicatile. Phytochemistry, 2000, 53: 987.
139. Fan C, Wang W, Wang Y, Qin G, Zhao W. Chemical constituents from Dendrobium densiflorum. Phytochemistry, 2001, 57: 1255.
140. Yang L, Qin LH, Bligh SWA, Bashall A, Zhang CF, Zhang M, Wang ZT, Xu LS. A new phenanthrene with a spirolactone from Dendrobium chrysanthum and its anti-inflammatory activities. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 2006, 14: 3496.
141. Zhang X, Gao H, Wang NL, Yao XS. Three new bibenzyl derivatives from Dendrobium nobile. Journal of Asian Natural Product, 2006, 8: 113.
142. Ye Q, Qin G, Zhao W. Immunomodulatory sesquiterpene glycosides from Dendrobium nobile. Phytochemistry, 2002, 61: 885.
143．赵武，张玉琴，李杰．植物多糖的提取物导致有丝分裂反应的分析．中华微生物学和免疫学杂志，1992，11：381．
144. Zhao CS, Liu QF, Halaweish F, Shao BP, Ye YQ, Zhao WM. Copacamphane, picrotoxane, and alloaromadendrane sesquiterpene glycosides and phenolic glycosides from Dendrobiurn moniliforme. Journal Of Natural Products, 2003, 66: 1140.
145. Ye QH, Qin GW, Zhao WM. Immunomodulatory sesquiterpene glycosides from Dendrobium nobile. Phytochemistry, 2002, 61: 885.
146. Zhao WM, Ye QH, Tan XJ, Jiang HL, Li XY, Chen KX, Kinghom AD. Three new sesquiterpene glycosides from Dendrobiurn nobile with immunomodulatory activity. Joumal Of Natural Products, 2001, 64:1196.
147．罗慧玲，蔡体育，陈巧伦，梅承恩，李永强，黄民权．石斛多糖增强脐带血和肿瘤病人外周血LAK细胞体外杀伤作用的研究．癌症，2000，19：1124．
148．杨涛，梁康，张昌颖．四种中草药对大鼠半乳糖性白内障防治效用的研究．北京医科大学学报，1991，23：97．
149．杨涛，梁康，侯纬敏，张昌颖．四种中草药对大鼠半乳糖性白内障相关酶活性的影响．生物化学杂志，1991，7：731．
150．张洁，李祥，鲁润龙，刘兢．铜皮石斛水提液诱导HL-60细胞凋亡的研究．癌症，2001，20：956．
151．马国祥，徐国钧，徐珞珊，王伯先．鼓槌石斛及其化学成分的抗肿瘤活性作用．中国药科大学学报，1994，25：188．
152. Lin TH, Chang SJ, Chen CC, Wang JP, Tsao LT. Two phenanthraquinones from Dendrobium monilifrome. Journal Of Natural Products, 2001, 64: 1084.
153. Fan CQ, Wang W, Wang YP, Qin GW, Zhao WM. Chemical constituents from Dendrobium densiflorum. Phytochemistry, 2001, 57: 1255.
154. Chen CC, Wu LG, Ko FN, Teng CM. Antiplatelet aggregation principles of Dendrobium-loddiges. Journal Of Natural Products, 1994, 57: 1271.
155．李满飞，徐国钧，吴厚铭，平田正义，李满飞．金钗石斛精油化学成分研究．有机化学，1991．11：219．
156．徐国钧，杭秉茜，李满飞．11种石斛对滕鼠离体肠管和小鼠胃肠道蠕动的影响．中草药，1988，19：21．
157．陈少夫，李宇权，吴亚丽，周卓，孔丽华．石斛对胃酸分泌及血清胃泌素、血浆生长抑制素浓度的影响．中国中药杂志，1995，20：181．
158．杨其光，王立安，王立志．霍山石斛未成熟种胚离体培养研究．中国中药杂志，1989， 14：19．
159．张治国，刘骅，王黎．铁皮石斛原球茎增殖的培养条件研究．中草药，1992，23：431．
160．黄民权，蔡体育，刘庆伦．铁皮石斛多糖对小白鼠细胞数和淋巴细胞移动抑制因子的影响．天然产物研究与开发，1996，8：39．
161．张光浓，毕志明，王峥涛，徐珞珊，徐国钧．石斛属植物化学成分研究进展．中草药，2003，34：附5．
162．郁美娟，孟庆华，黄德音，赵亚平．石斛属植物有效成分及药理作用研究．中草药，2003．25：918．
163. Morita H, Fujiwara M, Yoshida N. New pocrotoxinin-type and dendrobine-type sesquiterpenoids from Dendrobium Snowflake 'red star'. Tetrahedron, 2000, 56: 5801.
1. Dicosmo F, Misawa M. Plant cell and tissue culture: alternatives for metabolite production. Biotechnology, Advances, 1995, 13: 425.
2．徐云鹃，于力文．霍山石斛种子试管苗的培养．植物生理学通讯，1984，25：35．
3．谭云，叶庆生，刘伟．霍山石斛(Dendrobium huoshanense)的组织培养．植物学通报，2005，22：58．
4．王亦菲，陆瑞菊，孙月芳，周润梅，黄剑华．霍山石斛细胞再生物的诱导和培养．上海农业学报，2004，20：8．
5．徐云鹃，于文力，杨道麟，翟立业，程扶九，吴庆生．霍山石斛野生苗和试管移栽苗光合特性研究．安徽农学院学报，1991，18：45．
6．吴明纲，康春凤，鲁润龙．霍山石斛带节间的茎段在IBA／NAA诱导下的组织培养．中国科学技术大学学报，2001，31：624．
7．胡如善，孙廷，杨玉珍．霍山石斛的离体培养研究．江苏农业科学，2005，4：72．
8．李小军，刘石泉，路群，余庆波，周根余．香蕉提取物对霍山石斛原球茎增殖的影响．上海师范大学学报，2004，33：74．
9. Luisa CC, Luis G, Cristina O, Jose CG, Sara A. RAPD assessment for identification of clonal identity and genetic stability of in vitro propagated chestnut hybrids. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 2004, 77: 23.
10．詹忠根，徐程，张铭．兰科植物原球茎的形态建成．种子，2002，5：36．
11. Colli S., Kerbauy GB. Direct root tip conversion of Catasetum into protocorm-like bodies: Effects of auxin and cytokinin. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 1993, 33: 39.
12. Chang C., Chang WC. Plant regeneration from callus culture of Cybidium ensifolium var. misericors. Plant Cell Reports, 1998, 17: 251.
13. Ishii Y, Takamura T, Goi M. Callus induction and somatic embryogenesis of Phalaenopsis. Plant Cell Reports, 1998, 17: 446.
14. Roy J, Banerjee N. Induction of callus and plant regeneration from shoot-tip explants of Dendrobium fimbriatum Lindl. Var. oculatum Hk. f. Scientia Horticulturae, 2003, 97: 333.
15. Mujib A, Jana BK. Clonal propagation of Dendrobium madame pompadour through apical meristem culture. Advances in Plant Sciences, 1994, 7:340
16. Yasugi S, Shinto H. Formation of multiple shoots and regenerated plantlets by culture of pseudobulb segment in nobile type Dendrobium. Shokubutau Soshike Baiyo, 1994, 11: 153.
17. Nayak NR, Sahoo S, Rath SP. Establishment of thin cross section (TCS) culture method for rappid micropropagation of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. and Dendrobium nobile lindl. (Orchidaceae). Scientia Horticulturae, 2002, 94: 107.
18. Martin KP, Madassery J. Rapid in vitro propagation of Dendrobium hybrids through direct shoot formation from foliar explants and protocorm-like bodies. Scientia Horticulturae, 2006, 108: 95.
19. Murashige T, Skoog F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissues cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, 1962, 15: 473.
20. Gamborg OL, Miller RA, Ojiama K. Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells. Experimental Cell Research, 1968, 50: 151.
21．朱至清，王敬驹，孙敬三，徐振，伊先初，朱三根，毕风云．通过氮源试验建立一种较好的水稻培养基N6．中国科学(B辑)，1975，17：484．
22. Dubios M. Colormetric method for the determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 1956, 24: 235.
23. Tel-Zur N, Bbbo S, Myslabodsky D, Mizrahi Y. Modified CTAB procedure for DNA isolation from epiphytic cacti of the genera Hylocereus and Selenicereus (Cactaceae). Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 1999, 17: 249.
24．杨联河，王倩嵘，石拓，何俊彦，胡洁荃．曲茎石斛组织培养研究．中国中药杂志，1998，23：658．
25．张明，夏鸿西，朱利泉．石斛组织培养研究进展。中国中药杂志，2000，25(6)：323．
26. Kerns HR, Meyer MJR. Tissue culture propagation of acer X freemanii using thidiazuron to stimulate shoot tip proliferation. Hortscience, 1986, 21 (5): 209.
27. Lam Chan LT, Lee S. Inflorescence culture of some tropical orchid varieties Singapore. Journal of Primary Industries, 1996, 24: 35.
28．曾宋君，程式君．石斛的试管苗快速繁殖．中药材，1996，19(10)：490．
29. Bruce MI, Zwar JA. Cytokinin activity of some substituted urea and thioureas. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 1966, 165: 245.
30．张铭，朱峰，魏小勇，罗紫娟．铁皮石斛种胚萌发和原球茎质量控制．浙江大学学报，2000．27：92．
31．张治国，刘骅，王黎．铁皮石斛原球茎增殖的培养条件研究．中草药，1992，23：431．
32. Liu SQ, Zhou GY, Li XJ. Advances in molecular marking of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and its applications in the authentication of traditional Chinese drug (TCD). Lishizhen Medicine and Material Medica Research, 2004, 15: 431.
33. Cheng KT, Su CH, Chang HC, Huang JY. Differentiation of genuines and counterfeits of Cordyceps species using random amplified polymorphic DNA. Planta Medica, 1998, 64: 451.
34. Zhang Kalin YB, Leung HW, Yeung HW, Wong Ricky NS. Differentiation of Lycium Species using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA. Planta Medica, 2001, 67: 379.
35. Zhang YB, Ngan FN, Wang ZT, Ng TB, But PPH, Shaw PC, Wang J. Random primed polymerase chain reaction differentiates Codonopsis pilosula from different localities. Planta Medica, 1999, 65: 157.
36．刘石泉，余庆波，李小军，周根余．霍山石斛种内遗传稳定性的RAPD初探．中草药，2005，36：427．
37．刘石泉，李小军，余庆波，周根余．铁皮石斛不同生长阶段遗传稳定性的RAPD分析．上海师范大学学报，2005，34：72
38．张建新．食品质量安全技术标准法规应用指南．北京：科学技术出版社．PP 296．
1. Qiu ZH, JONES K, Wylie M, Jia Q, Orndorff S. Modified Aloe barbadensis polysaccharide with immunoregulatory activity. Planta Madica, 2000, 66: 152.
2. Liu MQ, Li JZ, Kong FZ, Lin JY, Yang G. Induction of immunomodulating cytokines by a new polysaccharide-peptide complex from culture mycelia of Lentinus edodes. Immunopharmacology, 1998, 40: 187.
3. Liu F, Ooi VEC, Fung MC Analysis of immunomodulating cytokine mRNA in the mouse induced by Mushroom polysaecharides. Life Science, 1999, 64: 1005.
4. Bao XF, Wang Z, Fang JN. Structural features of an immunostimulating and antioxidant acidic polysaccharide from the seeds of Cuscuta chinensis. Planta Madica, 2002, 68: 237.
5. Dubios M. Colormetdc method for the determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 1956, 24: 235.
6. Bradford M M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 1976, 72: 248.
7. Han CW, Imamura M, Hashino S. Differential effects of the immunosuppre ssants cyclosporine A, FK506 and KM2210 on eytokine gene expression. Bone Marrow Transplant, 1995, 15: 733.
8. Nicolas F, Gerard B, Werner R. Comparison of eytokine measurements using ELISA, ELISPOT and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. J. Immunological Methods, 1997, 204: 57.
9．赵永灵，王世林，李晓玉．兜唇石斛多糖的研究．云南植物研究，1994，16：392．
10．黄民权，蔡体育，刘庆伦．铁皮石斛多糖对小白鼠细胞数和淋巴细胞移动抑制因子的影响．天然产物研究与开发，1996，8：39．
11．赵达武，张玉琴，李洁．植物多糖的提取物导致有丝分裂反应的分析．中华微生物学和免疫学杂志，1992，11：381．
12．罗慧玲，蔡体育，陈巧伦，梅承恩，李永强，黄民权．石斛多糖增强脐带血和肿瘤病人外周血LAK细胞体外杀伤作用的研究．癌症，2000，19：1124．
13. Cho JY, Kim AR, Yoo ES, Baik KU and Park MH. Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng differentially regulate lymphocyte proliferation. Planta Medica, 2002, 68: 497.
14. Hsieh CS, Macatonia SE, Tripp CS, Wolf SF, O'Garra A, Murphy KM. Development of TH1 CD4+ T cells through IL-12 produced by Listeria-induced macrophages. Science, 1993, 260: 547.
15. Dig, he AS, Richards E, Old LJ, Schreiber RD. Enhanced in vivo growth and resistance to rejection of tumor cells expressing dominant negative IFN-γreceptors. Immunity, 1994, 1: 447.
16. Schreiber RD, Celada A, Buchmeier N. The role of interferon-γin the induction of activated macrophages. Annales de Institude Pasteur Immunologic, 1986, 137C: 203.
17. MacMicking J, Xie QW, Nathan C. Nitric oxide and macrophage function. Annual Review of Immunology, 15: 323.
18. Lanni JS, Lowe SW. P53-independent apoptosis induced by paclitax although an inderect mechanism. The Proceeding of the National Academy of Science, 1997, 94: 9679.
19. Thomson A. The Cytokine Handbook. Third Printing. San Diego: Academic Press Ltd, 1992, pp: 241-256.
20. Malorni W, Rainaldi G. Tumor necrosis factor α is a powerful apoptotic induce in lymphoid leukemic cells expression the P170 glucoprotein. Intional Journal of Cancer, 1996, 67: 238.
21. Rawadi G, Roman-Roman S, Castedo M, Dutilleul V, Susin S, Marchetti P, Geuskens M, Kroemer G. Effects of mycoplasma formentans on the myelomonocytic lineage. Journal of Immunology, 1996, 156: 670.
22. Volm M, Mattern J. Isolation of Dap3, a novel mediator of interferon-gamma induced cell death. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1995, 270: 27932.
23. Sveinbjinsson B, Rushfeldt C. Cytotoxic effect of cytokines on murine colon carcinoma cells involves TNF-mediated apoptosis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1997, 233: 270.
24. Geng YJ, Hellstrand K. Apoptotic death of human leukemic cells induced by vascular cells expressing nitric oxide syntheses in response to gamma-interferon and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Cancer Research, 1996, 56: 866.
25．任凌燕，范俊安，王昌华，张艳．金钗石斛组培品与野生品的形态组织学比较．中国中药杂志，2004，29：699．
1．魏小勇．铁皮石斛原球茎悬浮培养研究．现代中药研究与实践，2004，18：7．
2．宋经元，郭顺星，肖培根．铁皮石斛原球茎液体悬浮培养的研究．中草药，2004，35：1042．
3．李潮海，刘奎，连艳鲜．玉米碳氮代谢研究进展．河北农业大学学报，2000，34：318．
4. Huppe HC, Turpin DH. Appearance of novel glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isoform in Chlamidomonas reinhardtii and during growth on nitrate. Plant Physiology, 1996, 110:1431.
5. Foyer CH, Ferrario-Mery S, Huber SC. Regulation of carbon fluxes in the cytosol: coordination of sucrose synthesis, nitrate reduction and organic acid and amino acid biosynthesis. In: Lee-good RC, Sharkey TD, yon Caemmerer S (eds) Photosynthesis Physiology and Metabolism. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2000, pp 177.
6. Miller GL. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Annals of Chemistry, 1959, 31: 426.
7. Wetherbrum MW. Phenol-hypochlorie reaction for determination of ammonium, Analytical Chemistry, 1967, 39: 971.
8. Hecht U, Morhrh H. Factors controlling nitrate and ammonium in mustard Isinapsis alba seeding, Physiologia plantarum, 1990, 78: 379.
9. Matoh T, Ida S, Takahashi E. A rapid and sensitive assay for ferredoxin-development glutamate synthase. Bull Res. Inst. Food Sci. Kyoto Univ. 1980,43: 1.
10. Abenavoli MR, Sorgona A, Badiani M, Fuggi A. Coumarin inhibits the growth of carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Saint Valery) cells in suspension culture. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2003,160: 227.
11. Gazzarini S, Lejay L, Ninnemann O, Frommer WB, von WN. Three functional transporters for constitutive, diurnally regulated and starvation-induced uptake of ammonium into Arabidopsis roots. Plant Cell, 1999, 11: 937.
12. Buchanan BB, Gruissem W, Russell LJ. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, 2000.
13. Ashihara H, Horikosi T, Li XN, Sagishima K, Yamashita Y. Profiles of enzymes involved in glycolysis in Catharan-thus roseus cells in batch suspension culture. Journal of Plant Physiology, 1988,133: 38.
14. Masuda H, Toshimasa T and Sugawara S. Acid and alka-line invertases in suspension cultures of sugar beet cells. Plant Physiology, 1988,86: 312.
15. Van DEW, Van LA. Purification and proper-ties of a neutral invertase from the roots of Cichorium intybus. Physiologia Plantarum, 1995,93: 241.
16. Iraqi D, Tremblay FM. Analysis of carbohydrate metabo-lism enzymes and cellular contents of sugars and proteins during spruce somatic embryogenesis suggests a regulatory role of exogenous sucrose in embryo development. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2001, 52: 2301.
17. Winter H, Huber SC. Regulation of sucrose metabolism in higher plants: localization and regulation of activity of key enzymes. Critical Review in Plant Science, 2000,19: 31.
18. Venkataramana S, Naidu KM and Singh S. Invertases and growth factors dependent sucrose accumulation in sugarcane. Plant Science, 1991, 74: 65.
19. Frink CR, Waggoner PE, Ausubel JH. Nitrogen fertilizer: retrospect and prospect. The Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 1999, 96: 1175.
20. Bensaddek L, Gillet F, Saucedo JEN, Fliniaux M. The effect of nitrate and ammonium concentrations on growth and alkaloid accumulation of Atropa belladonna hairy roots. Journal of Biotechnology, 2001, 85: 35.
21. Lea PJ, Irealand RJ. Nitrogen metabolism in higher plants. In: Singh BK (ed) Plant Amino Acids. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1999, pp 1.
22. Chen RD. 1998. Plant NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase are predominantly localized in the cytosol. Planta, 207: 280-285.
23. Espsito S, Carillo P, Carfagna S. Ammonium metabolism stimulation of Glucose-6-P-dehydrogenase and phophoenolpyruvate carboxylase in young Barley roots. J Plant Physiology, 1998,153: 61.
24. Robinson SA, Stewart GR, Philips R. Regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase activity in relation to carbon limitation and protein catabolism in carrot cell suspension cultures. Plant Physiology, 1992,98: 1190.
25. Quesada A, Fernandez E. Expression of nitrate assimilation related genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Molecular Biology, 1994,24: 185.
26. Quesada A, Galvan A, Schnell RA, Lefebvre PA, Fernandez E. Five nitrate assimilation genes are clustered in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Molecular and General Genetics, 1993, 240: 387.
27. Murashige T, Skoog F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissues cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, 1962, 15: 473.
28. Dantas AK, Majada JP, Fernandez B and Canal MJ. Mineral nutrition in carnation tissue cultures under different venti-lation conditions. Plant Growth Regulation, 2001,33: 237.
29. Dussert V JL, Rival A, Noirot M and Medel JB. Nutrient uptake and growth of in vitro coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) calluses. Plant Science, 1995,106: 185.
30. Morard P, Fulcheri C and Henry M. Kinetics of mineral nutrient uptake by Saponaria offycinalis L. suspension cell cultures in different media. Plant Cell Reports, 1998,18: 260.
31. Crawford NM. Nitrate: nutrient and signal for plantgrowth. Plant Cell, 1995, 7: 859.
32. Stitt M. Nitrate regulation of metabolism and growth. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 1999,2: 178.
33. Trueman LJ, Richardson A and Forde BG Molecular cloning of higher plant homologues of the high-affinity nitrate transporters of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Aspergillus nidulans. Gene, 1996,175: 223.
34. Vidmar JJ, Zhuo D, Siddiqi MY, Schoerring JK, Touraine B, Glass ADM. Regulation of high affinity nitrate transporter genes and high affinity nitrate influx by nitrogen pools in plant roots. Plant Physiology, 2000, 123: 307.
35. Shin KS, Chakrabarty D, Ko JY, Han SS, Pack KY. Sucrose utilization and mineral nutrient uptake during hairy root growth of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in liquid cultures. Plant Growth Regulation, 2003, 39: 187.
36. Crawford NM, Glass DMA. Molecular and physiological aspect of nitrate uptake in plants. Trends in Plant Science, 1998,3: 389.
37. Cormier F, Crevier HA, Do CB. Effects of sucrose concentration on the accumulation of anthocyanins in grape (Vitis vinifera) cell suspension. Canadian Journal of Botany, 1990, 68: 1822.
38. Zhang W, Curtin C, Kikuchi M, Franco C. Integration of jasmonic acid and light irradiation for enhancement of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Vitis vinifera suspension cultures. Plant Science, 2002,162: 459.
39. Gabriella P, Barbara M, Nadia M, Simona R, Catia G, Marzia I and Franco FV. The effect of growth regulators and sucrose on anthocyanin production in Camptotheca acuminata cell cultures. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2005, 43: 293.
40. Wang GL, Shi RF, Fang HJ. Effects of medium and culture conditions on polysaccharide synthesis by suspension cell cultures of Gardenia jasminoids Eills. Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, 2001,17: 688.
1. Shimomura K, Yoshimatsu K, Jaziri M, Ishiimaru K. Traditional medicinal plant genetic resources and biotechnology applications. Plant Biotechnology in Agriculture and Plant Genetic Resources for Sustainability and Productivity. (Series: Biotechnology Intelligence Unit) 1997. pp. 209.
2. Collin HA. Secondary product formation in plant tissue cultures. Plant Growth Regulation, 2001,34: 119.
3. Dubios M. Colormetric method for the determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry. 1956, 24: 235.
4. Do CB, Cormier F. Accumulation of anthocyanins enhanced by a high osmotic potential in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cell suspensions. Plant Cell Reports, 1990, 9: 143.
5. Do CB, Cormier F. Accumulation of peonidin 3-glucoside enhanced by a high osmotic stress in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cell suspensions. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture, 1991,24: 49.
6. Komaraiah P, Kishor PB, Kavi CM, Magnusson KE, Mandenius CF. Enhancement of anthraquinone accumulation in Morinda citrifolia suspension cultures. Plant Science, 2005, 168: 1337.
7. Stepan-Sarkissian G, Fowler M.W. The Metabolism and Utilization of Carbohydrates by Suspension Cultures of Plant Cells. In Carbohydrate Metabolism in Plant Cells; Morgan, M. J., Ed.; Plenum Press: New York and London, 1986, pp 151.
8. Tremblay L, Tremblay FM. Maturation of black spruce somatic embryos: sucrose hydrolysis and resulting osmotic pressure of the medium. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1995, 42: 39.
9. Akalezi CO, Liu S, Li QS, Yu JT, Zhong JJ. Combined effects of initial sucrose concentration and inoculum size on cell growth and ginseng saponin production by suspension cultures of Panax ginseng. Process Biochemistry, 1999,34: 639.
10. Tsukasa M, Sakurai M. Effects of riboflavin and increased sucrose on anthocyanin production in suspended strawberry cell cultures. Plant Science, 1995,110: 147.
11. Wang HQ, Yu JT, Zhong JJ. Significant improvement of taxane production in suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis by sucrose feeding strategy. Process Biochemistry, 1999, 35: 479.
12. Frink CR, Waggoner PE, Ausubel JH. Nitrogen fertilizer: retrospect and prospect. The Proceeding of National Academy of Science USA , 1999,96: 1175.
13. Panda AK, Mishra S, Bisaria VS. Alkaloid production by plant cell suspension cultures of Holarrhena antidysenterica: I. Effect of major nutrients. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 1992,39: 1043.
14. Chen YC, Yi F, Cai M, Luo JX. Effects of amino acids, nitrate, and ammonium on the growth and taxol production in cell cultures of Taxus yunnanensis. Plant Growth Regulation, 2003,41: 265.
15. Bensaddek L, Gillet F, Saucedo J, Fliniaux M. The effect of nitrate and ammonium concentrations on growth and alkaloid accumulation of Atropa belladaonna hairy roots. Journal of Biotechnology, 2001, 85: 35.
16. Crawford NM. Nitrate: nutrient and signal for plant growth. Plant Cell, 1995, 7: 859-868.
17. Elena A, Gunter YS, Ovodov.. Effect of calcium, phosphate and nitrogen on cell growth and biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides by Silene vulgaris cell culture. Journal of Biotechnology. 2005,117: 385.
18. Konno H, Nakashima S, Maitani T, Katoh K. Alteration of pectic polysaccharides in cell walls, extracellular polysaccharides, and glycan-hydrolytic enzymes of growth-restricted carrot cells under calcium deficiency. Physiologia Plantarum, 1999,107: 287.
19. Wiren N, Gazzarrini S, Gojon A, Frommer WB. The molecular physiology of ammonium uptake and retrieval. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2000, 3: 254.
20. Karin B, Helga N. The controlling influence of ADP, ATP and Magnesium on the activities of adenylate kinase, ATP synthase, ADP/ATP translocator and the mitochondrial respiration in plant. Plant Science, 1997,128: 85.
21. Shier WT. Metals as toxins in plants. Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Reviews, 1994, 13: 205-216.
22. Welch RM. The biological significance of nickel. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 1981,31: 345.
23. Clairmont KB, Hugar WG, Davis EA. Manganese toxicity to chlorophyll synthesis in tobacco callus. Plant Physiology, 1986, 80: 291.
24. Bruland KW, Donat JR, Hutchins DA. Interactive influences of bioactive metals on biological production in oceanic waters. Limnol. Oceanogr, 1991,36: 1555.
25. Shier WT. Metals as toxins in plants. Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Review, 1994,13: 205.
26. Dodds JH, Roberts LW. Experiments in plant tissue culture, 2nd ed, University Press, Cambridge, 1985, pp. 42.
27. Foy CD, Chaney RL, White MC. The physiology of metal toxicity in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 1978,29: 511.
28. Chakravarty B, Srivastava S. Effect of cadmium and zinc on metal uptake and regeneration of tolerant plants in linseed. Agriculture Ecosystems Environment, 1997, 61: 45.
29. Li Y, Chen J, Lun SY, Rui XS. Efficient pyruvate production by a multi-vitamin auxotroph of Torulopsis glabrata: key role and optimization of vitamin levels. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2001, 55: 680.
30. Lee MT, Chen WC, Chou CC. Medium improvement by orthogonal array designs for cholesterol oxidase production by Rhodococcus equi No.23. Process Biochemistry, 1997, 32: 697.
31. Srinvasan V, Ryu DDY. Improvement of shikonin productivity in Lithospermum erythrorhizon cell cultures by alternating carbon and nitrogen feeding strategy. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 1993, 42: 793.
32. Zhong JJ and Yoshida T. High-density cultivation of Perilla frutescens cell suspensions foranthocyanin production: Effects of sucrose concentration and inoculum size. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 1995,17: 1073.
33. Dong HD, Zhong JJ. Enhanced taxane productivity in bioreactor cultivation of Taxus chinensis cells by combining elicitation, sucrose feeding and ethylene incorporation. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 2002, 31: 116.
1. Franz G, Alban S. Structure-activity relationship of antithrombotic polysaccharide derivatives. International journal of Biological macromolecules, 1995, 17:311.
2．方积年，王顺春．香菇多糖的研究进展．中国药学杂志，1997，32：332．
3．刘翠平，董群，方积年．一种判定多糖中有无糖醛酸残基的简易新方法．中草药，2001，32：404．
4．徐任生主编．天然产物化学(第一版)．上海：科学出版社，1993，PP：112．
5．刘如林，杨春．小核菌多糖分子形貌的电镜研究M1．南开大学学报(自然科学版)，1995，28：68
6．白日霞，田文杰，郭全，李光浩，赵玉清，范圣第．红海藻多糖的提取和结构研究．天然产物研究与开发，1998，18(4)：40．
7. Alfred L, Leigh RE, Giuseppe I. The structure of a polysaecharide from infectious strains of Burkholderia Cepacia. Carbohydrate Research, 2001, 335: 45.
8. Needs PW, Swivendran RR. Avoiding oxidative degradation during sodium hydroxydimethyloidine-mediated carbohydrate methylation in dimethyl sulfoxide. Carbohydrate Reseach, 1993, 245: 1.
9．魏远安，方积年．高效凝胶渗透色谱法测定多糖纯度及分子量．药学学报，1989，24：532．
10．钱人元编．简分子勿时分子董洲定(第一版)．北京科学出版社，1958，PP：25．
11. Hara C, Kiho T, Ukai S. Branched (1→3)-β-D-gluean from a sodium carbonate extract of Dictyophora indusiata Fiscb. Carbohydrate Research, 1983, 117: 201.
12. Cecilie SN, Drissa D, Terje EM. Isolation, partial characterization and immunomodulating activities of polysaccharides from Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. ex Walp. Journal of Eehnopharmacology, 2004, 91: 141.
13. Indranil C, Soumitra M, Malay P, Dilip R, Syed SI. Structural investigation of a water-soluble glucan from an edible mushroom, Astraeus hygrometricus. Carbohydrate Research, 2004, 339: 2249.
14. Zhao C, Li M, Luo Y, Wu W.. Isolation and structural characterization of an immunostimulating polysaccharide from fuzi, Aconitum carmichaeli. Carbohydrate Research, 2006, 341 : 485.
15. Lesley G, Julia LS, Stephen GW. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide for Acinetobacter baumannii serogroup O1. Carbohydrate Research, 1999, 319: 204.
16. Nina AK, George VZ, Ol'ga VB, Aleksander SS, Yuriy AK, Elena VK, Evgeniy SS. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Citrobacter braakii O7a, 3b, 1c. Carbohydrate Research, 2001, 333: 335.
17．崔亦华，崔英德，易国斌．应用广泛德天然多糖及其提取方法．广州化工，2002，30：7．
18. Hua YF, Zhang M, Fu CX, Chen ZH, Chan GYS. Structural characterization of a 2-O-acetylglucomannan from Dendrobium officinal stem. Carbohydrate Research, 2004, 339: 2219.
19. Bao XF, Wang Z, Fang JN, Li XY. Structural features of an immunostimulating and antioxidant acidic polysaccharide from the seeds of Cuscuta Chinensis. Planta Medica, 2002, 68: 237.
20. Cecilie SN, Drissa D, Terje EM. Isolation, partial characterization and immunomodulating activities of polysaccharides from Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. ex Walp. Journal of Eehnopharmacology, 2004, 91: 141.
21．王世林，郑光植，何静波，喻学俭，吴玉．黑节草多糖的研究．云南植物研究，1988，10(4)：389．
22．赵永灵，王世林，李晓玉．兜唇石斛多糖的研究．云南植物研究，1994，16(4)：392．
23. Wang XS, Dong Q, Zuo JP, Fang JN. Structure and potential immunological activity of a pectin from Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Carbohydrate Research, 2003, 338: 2393.
2．徐红，李晓波，王峥涛，胡军，徐珞珊，丁家宜．海南、广东省石斛属植物资源与种质保护研究．中国植物野生资源，1999，5：24．
3．吉占和．中国石斛属的初步研究．植物分类学报，1980，18：427．
4．卢炯林，高立献．河南石斛属植物的调查研究．武汉植物学研究，1991，9：148．
5．伍小燕．脉络宁注射液的临床应用．陕西中医，1996，17：285．
6．吕树进，吕树芸．石斛夜光丸新用．山东中医杂志，2000，19：438．
7．梁临芳．石斛夜光丸在非眼科疾患中的应用．中医药研究，1997，13：18．
8．胡天方．霍山石斛野生变为栽培的经验介绍．中药通报，1958，4：424．
9．王康正，范磊，高文远，肖培根．药用石斛栽培的研究概况．中国中药杂志，1998，3：340．
10．刘瑞驹，蒙爱东，邓锡青．铁皮石斛试管苗快速繁殖的研究．药学学报，1988，23：636．
11．张鹤英，于力文，蔡永萍，徐云鹃．栽培石斛茎SOD、POD和CAT活性及细胞膜脂质过氧化作用的研究．安徽农业大学学报，1997，24：306．
12．徐云鹃，于文力，叶嗣昌，任志祥，何云峙．霍山石斛种子试管苗的栽培．安徽农学院学报，1985，1：95．
13．徐云鹃，于文力，杨道麟．霍山石斛野生苗和试管移栽苗光合特性研究．安徽农学院学报，1991，18：45．
14．杨启焕，周明华．石斛栽培方法的初步研究．中药材，1986，9：7．
15．程式君．石斛属的引种栽培．植物引种驯化集刊，1985，4：59．
16．石友亭，杨联合，施子栗，段振离，韩莉，郝芬兰，解涛，齐丙申，于丙午．曲茎石斛放养研究．中国中药杂志，1995，20：149．
17．曾宋君，程式君，张京丽，赵逢畔．五种石斛兰的胚培养及其快速繁殖研究．园艺学报，1998．25：75．
18．屈济逸．铁皮石斛试管苗移栽技术与栽培管理．广西医学论文选编，1994，4：903．
19．顾慧芬，忻晓君，周文婷，赵辉．铁皮石斛试管苗快速生长与栽培研究及多糖含量测定．中成药，1999，21：658．
20．李铭宗．铁皮石斛的生物学特性和人工栽培．福建热带科技，1999，24：29．
21．许春萱，肿黎，杜献洲，何志强．人工栽培铁皮石斛中微量元素的测定．信阳师范学院学报(自然科学版)，2002，15：411．
22．付德聪，冯德祥，张绍云，王进红，张雪梅，史永锋，唐学明，叶华，张静，宇应伟．铁皮石斛集约化高产栽培技术研究．中草药，2003，34：177．
23．蒙爱东．铁皮石斛试管苗快速繁殖和栽培的研究ⅴ：基质、容器、苗龄和季节对移栽的影响．中国药学会西南五省区中药、天然药及民族药第八次学术会议广西论文汇编，1993，PP67．
24．倪勤武，来平凡，陈益平．富阳市野生铁皮石斛资源调查与驯化栽培研究．中医正骨，2005，17：21．
25．朱艳，秦民坚．促进铁皮石斛试管苗移栽成活的研究．中国野生植物资源，2004，23：62．
26．钟爱清，林云斌，林丛发．铁皮石斛栽培技术．福建农业，2006，5：20．
27．叶纪沟．铁皮石斛试管苗人工栽培的研究．中国药业，2001，10：53．
28．周萍，李泽文，王黅红．石斛高产稳产栽培技术的研究．中草药，1991，14：9．
29．陈玉琼，余家辉，胡生朝，韦恒德．贵州省赤水市金钗石斛的栽培及管理技术．遵义科技，2006，2：46．
30．李凤华，宋锡全，王承录，洪安必，郎洪梅．贵州几种野生石斛的引种栽培和繁殖技术．贵州师范大学学报，2002，20：5-8．
31．王用平．贵州赤水县石斛栽培方法．中草药通讯，1978，9：44．
32．张西玉．三种川产人工栽培石斛的多糖含量测定．乐山师范学院学报，2004，19：88．
33．李泉深，张明，金化勇．石斛无土栽培基质的初步研究．中国中药杂志，2000，25：23．
34．袁玉美．潞西市石斛种质资源及栽培技术．林业调查规划，2005，30：112-114．
35. Roy J, Banerjee N. Induction of callus and plant regeneration from shoot-tip explants of Dendrobium fimbriatum Lindl. Var. oculatum Hk. f. Scientia Horticulturae, 2003, 97: 333.
36. Mujib A, Jana BK. Clonal propagation of Dendrobium madame pompadour through apical meristem culture. Advances in plant sciences, 1994, 7:340
37. Nayak NR, Rath SP, Patnaik S. In vitro propagation of three epiphytic orchids, Cymbidium (L.) Sw., Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) Fisch, and Dendrobium moschatum (Buch-Ham) Sw. through thidiazuron-induced high freuquency shoot proliferation. Scientia Horticultuae, 1997, 71: 243.
38. Yasugi S, Shinto H. Formation of multiple shoots and regenerated plantlets by culture of pseudobulb segment in nobile type Dendrobium. Shokubutau Soshike Baiyo, 1994, 11: 153.
39. Sinha P, Hossain MZ, Roy SK. Invitro mass propagation of Dendrobiwn goudii cv. Pinwathana through seed culture. Bangladesh Joumal of botany, 2002, 31: 73.
40. Nayak NR, Sahoo S, Patnaik S, Rath SP. Establishment of thin cross section (TCS) culture method for rappid micropropagation of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. and Dendrobium nobile lindl. (Orchidaceae). Scientia Horticulturae, 2002, 94: 107.
41. Saiprasad GVS, Raghureer P, Khetarpal S, Chandra R. Effect of various polyamines on production of protorm-like bodies in orchid Dendrobium 'Sonia'. Scientia Horticulturae, 2004, 100: 161.
42. Martin KP, Madassery J. Rapid in vitro propagation of Dendrobium hybrids through direct shoot formation from foliar explants and protocorm-like bodies. Scientia Horticulturae, 2006, 108: 95.
43．包雪生，顺庆生，陈立钻．中国药用石斛．上海医科大学出版社和复旦大学出版社，2001，5．
44. Chia TF, Chan YS, Chua NH. The firefly luciferase gene as a non-invasive reporter for Dendrobium transformation. Plant Journal, 1994, 6: 441.
45. Ravomdra BM, Gamgadjar SM, Nataraja K. Micropropagation of Dendrobium nobile from shoot tip sections. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2005, 162: 473.
46．徐云鹃，于力文．霍山石斛种子的萌发和试管苗的培养．安徽农学院学报，1984，11：48．
47．周月坤，王伏雄．兜唇石斛幼叶再生植株的研究．植物学集刊，1989，12：123．
48．杨联河，王倩嵘，石拓，何俊彦，胡沽荃．曲茎石斛组织培养研究．中国中药杂志，1998，23：658．
49．周钟信，宁厚圃，周建宇．石斛(Dendrobium nobile)离体再生及其器官发生的解剖学观察．天津农学院学报，1997，4：11．
50．刘晔，张治国．铁皮石斛试管苗壮苗培养基的研究．中国中药杂志，1998，23：654．
51．李小军，刘石泉，潘维陵，沈世缘，周根余．香蕉提取物对霍山石斛试管苗壮苗的影响．江苏大学学报，2004，25：469．
52．温云飞，鲁润龙，谢子立．霍山石斛快速繁殖和花芽诱导．植物生理学通讯，1999，35：296．
53．王光远，许智宏，蔡德发，蔡南海．铁皮石斛的离体开花．中国科学(C辑)，1997，27：229．
54．王光远，刘培，许智宏．石斛离体培养中ABA对诱导花芽形成的影响．植物学报，1995，37：374．
55．卢文芸，唐金刚，乙引，严志坚．五种药用石斛快速繁殖的研究．种子，2005，24：23．
56．高培元，陈健妙，甘铨．金钗石斛的茎段组织培养与植株再生．中草药，2002，33：1031．
57．张艳，范俊安，李泉森，叶代峻．金钗石斛培养初步研究．时珍国医国药，2001，12：189．
58．陈庭，叶庆生，刘伟．金钗石斛类原球茎诱导及增殖的正交试验．华南农业大学学报，2005．26：60．
59．孙廷，杨玉珍，胡如善，孙天洲．金钗石斛的组织培养和快繁技术．河南科技大学学报，2004a，24：35．
60．孙廷，杨玉珍，胡如善，孙天洲．金钗石斛的组织培养和快繁技术．西北农业学报，2004b，13：13．
61．孙廷，杨玉珍，陶杰，胡述晓．金钗石斛的组织培养和快繁技术．山东农业大学学报，2005．36：47．
62．陈仕江，张明，金仕勇，刘丛军，丑敏霞．GA_3、6-BA对金钗石斛生长发育及生物碱含量的影响．植物资源与环境学报，2004，13：7．
63．黄蒙宇，蒋波，杨存亮，詹源庆，甘秀刚．金钗石斛老茎诱导无菌苗的初步研究．玉林师范学院学报，2004，25：76．
64．宋锡全，宋琴曲．金钗石斛茎段培养再生绿色植株．贵州师范大学学报，2003，21：80．
65. Kanjilal B, De Sarker D, Mitra J, Oatta KB. Stem disc culture: development of a rapid mass propagation method for Dendrobium moschatum (Bueh.—Gan.) Swartz—An endangered orchid. Current Science, 1999, 77: 497.
66. Vellupillai M, Swarup S, Goh CJ. Histological and protein changes during early stages of seed germination in the orchid, Dendrobium crumenatum. Journal of Horticultural Science, 1997, 72: 941.
67．周俊辉，钟雪锋，蔡丁稳．铁皮石斛的组织培养与快速繁殖研究．仲恺农业技术学院学报，2005，18：23．
68．周江明．不同有机物对铁皮石斛试管苗生长发育的影响．中国农学通报，2005，21：49．
69．张伟，陈坤．药用石斛的组织培养及管理研究．南阳师范学院学报，2004，3：41．
70．蒋林，丁平，郑迎冬．添加剂对铁皮石斛组织培养和快速繁殖的影响．中药材，2003，26：539．
71．朱艳，秦民坚．铁皮石斛茎段诱导丛生芽的研究．中国野生植物资源，2003，22：56．
72．李小军，刘石泉，路群，余庆波，周根余．香蕉提取物对霍山石斛原球茎增殖的影响．上海师范大学学报，2004，33：74．
73．胡如善，孙廷，杨玉珍．霍山石斛的离体培养研究．江苏农业大学学报，2005，4：72．
74．谭云，叶庆生，刘伟．霍山石斛(Dendrobium huoshanense)的组织培养．植物学通报，2005，22：58．
75．傅玉兰，谷凤，胡传明，周润梅，黄剑华．霍山石斛组培快繁技术研究．安徽农业科学，2004，32：522．
76．王亦菲，陆瑞菊，孙月芳，周润梅，黄剑华．霍山石斛细胞再生物的诱导和培养．上海农业学报，2004，20：8．
77．吴明纲，康春风，鲁润龙．霍山石斛带节间的茎段在IBA／NAA诱导下的组织培养．中国科学技术大学学报，2001，31：624．
78．徐红，刘峻，王峥涛，徐德然，丁家宜．鼓槌石斛组织培养研究．中国中药杂志，2001，26：304．
79．张延伟，康翼川．石斛内生真菌的研究概述．山地农业生物学报，2005，24(5)：438．
80．李满飞，徐国钧，平田义正，丹羽正武．中药石斛类多糖的含量测定．中草药，1990，21：442．
81．毛秀华，金家兴，刘作易，毛堂芬．环草石斛种子萌发培养的研究．贵州农业科学，2004．32：48．
82．卢文芸，张宇斌，唐正刚，乙引，严志坚．环草石斛(D. loddigesii Rolfe．)快速繁殖研究．贵州师范大学学报，2004，22：15．
83．白美发，吴彤林，黄敏，赵同贵．粉花石斛组织培养快速繁殖．种子，2004，23：44．
84．毛堂芬，刘作易，金家兴，朱国胜，李飞，吴明开．环草石斛试管苗壮苗培养的研究．种子，2005，24：21．
85．丁长春．齿瓣石斛的胚培养技术及其快速繁殖研究．热带农业科技，2004，27(3)：10-11．
86．常俊，丁小余，保曙琳，刘冬扬，货佳，唐凤，丁秉中．喇叭唇石斛组织培养的研究．中国中药杂志，2004，29：313．
87．史永锋，付开聪，张宇，沈栋侠，姚德兴．束花石斛快繁育苗技术的研究．中草药，2005，36：438-441．
88．杨念，陈之林，段俊，曾宋君．羚羊石斛的离体快速繁殖．植物生理学通讯，2006，42：248．
89．林济君．小美石斛茎段培养的研究．中国农学通报，2006，22：292．
90．王世林，郑光植，何静波，喻学俭，吴玉．黑节草多糖的研究．云南植物研究，1988，10：389．
91．赵永灵，王世林，李晓玉．兜唇石斛多糖的研究．云南植物研究，1994，16：392．
92. Hua YF, Zhang M, Fu CX, Chen ZH, Chan GYS. Structural characterization of a 2-O-acetylglucomannan from Dendrobium officinale stem. Carbohydrate Research, 2004, 339: 2219.
93．马国祥，徐国钧，徐珞珊，王峥涛．反相高效液相色谱法测定18种石斛类生药中chrysotoxene，erianin及chrysotoxine的含量．中国药科大学学报，1994，25：103．
94. Yamaki M, Honda C. The stilbenoids from Dendrobium plicatile. Phytochemistry, 1996, 43: 207.
95. Lee YH, Park JD, Back NI, Kim SI, Ahn BZ. In-vitro and in-vivo antitumoral phenanthrenes from the aerial parts ofDendrobium nobile. Planta Medica, 1995, 61: 178.
96．马国祥，徐国钧，徐珞珊，王峥涛，菊池彻．鼓槌石斛化学成分的研究．药学学报，1994，29：763．
97. 马国祥. Chemical constituents of Dendrobium chryseum. Journal of Chinese Pharmacological Science, 1998, 7: 52.
98. Majumder PL, Sen RC. Structure of moscatin- a new phenanthrene derivative from the orchid Dendrobium moscatum. Indian Journal Of Chemistry Section B-organic Chemistry Including Medicial Chemistry, 1987, 26: 18.
99. Majumder PL, Pal S. Rotundatin, a new 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene derivative from Dendrobium rotundatum. Phytochemistry, 1992, 31: 3225.
100. Majumder PL, Sen RC. Moseatilin, a bibenzyl derivative from the orchid Dendrobiura-moscatum. Phytoehemistry, 1987, 26:2121.
101. Majumder PL, Pal S. Cumulatin and tdstin, 2 bibenzyl derivatives from the orchids Dendrobium-cumulatum and bulbophylium-triste. Phytochemistry, 1993, 32:1561.
102. One M Ito Y, Masudea C, Kaga H, Nohara T. Antioxidative constituents from Dendrobii Herba (stems ofDendrobium spp.). Food Sci. Technol., 1995, 1: 115.
103. Miyazawa M, Shimamura H, Nakamura S, Sugiura W, Kosaka H, Kameoka H. Moscatilin from Dendrobium nobile, a naturally occurring bibenzyl compound with potential antimutagenic activity. Journal of Agricultural And Food Chemistry, 1999, 47: 2163.
104. Miyazawa M, Shimamura H, Nakamura S, Kameoka H. Antimutagenic activity of gigantol from Dendrobium nobile. Journal Of Agricultural And Food Chemistry, 1997, 45: 2849.
105. Mphyllum PL, Majumder PL, Chatterjee SC. Crepidatin, a bibenzyl derivative from the orchids Dendrobium cumulatum. Phytochemistry, 1988, 28: 1986.
106. Veerraju P, Rao NSP, Rao LJ, Rao KVJ, Rao PRM. Amoenumin, A9,10-dihydro-5h-phenanthro-(4,5-B,C,D)-pyran From Dendrobium-amoenum. Phytoehemistry, 1989, 28: 950.
107．林木秀干．中药石斛生物碱的研究．金石斛考及生物碱测定．药学杂志，1932，52：996．
108．林木秀干．中药金石斛生物碱的研究．石斛碱的研究．药学杂志，1932，52：1049．
109. Okarnoto T, Natsume M, Onaka T, Uchimaru F, Shimizu M. Structure of dendroxine-third alkaloid from Dendrobium nobile. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1966, 14: 672.
110. Liu QF, Zhao WM. A new dendrobine-type alkaloid from Dendrobium nobile. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2003, 14: 278.
111. Wang HK, Wang XK, Zhao TF, Che CT. Dendrobine and 3-hydroxy-2-oxodendrobine from Dendrobium-nobile. Jourual Of Natural Products, 1985, 48: 796.
112. Talapatra B, Mukhopadhyay P, Chaudhury P, Talapatra SK. Denbinobin, a new phenanthraquinone from Dendrobium-nobile lindl (Orchidaceae). Indian Journal Of Chemistry Section B-Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry, 1982, 21: 386.
113. Hedman K, Leander K. Ies on orchidaceae alkaloids .27. quaternary-salts of Dendrobine type from Dendrobium nobile lindl. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1972, 26: 3177.
114. Okamoto T, Natsume M, Onaka T, Shimizu M, Uchimaru F. Future studies on alkaloidal constituents of Dendrobium nobile (orchidaceae)-structure determination of 4-hydroxy-dendroxine and nobilomethylene. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1972, 20: 418.
115. Okamoto T, Natsume M, Onaka T, Uchimaru F, Shimizu M. Structure of Dendroxine-third alkaloid from Dendrobium nobile. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1966, 14: 672.
116. Okamoto T, Natsume M, Onaka T, Uchimaru F, Shimizu M. Structure of Dendroxine (6-Oxydendrobine) and 6-Oxydendroxine-Fourth and Fifth alkaloid from Dendrobium nobile. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1966, 14: 676.
117. Onaka T, Kamata S, Maeda T, Kawazoe Y, Natsume M, Okamoto T, Uchimaru F, Shimizu M. Structure of nobilonine. 2nd alkaloid from Dendrobium nobile. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1965, 13: 745.
118. Elander M, Leander K, Rosenblo J, Ruusae. Studies onorchidaceae alkaloids 32 crepidine, crepidamine and dendrocrepine, 3 alkaloids from Dendrobium Crepidatum lindl. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1973, 27: 1907.
119. Kierkega P, Pilotti AM, Leander K. Studies on orchidaceae alkaloids 20 constitution and relative configuration of crepidine, an alkaloid from Dendrobium Crepidatum lindl. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1970, 24: 3757.
120. Ekevag U, Elander M, Gawell L, Leander K, Luning B. Studies on orchidaceae alkaloids .33. 2 new alkaloids, N-cis and N-trans-cinnamoylnorcuskhygrine from Dendrobium Chrysanthum wall. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1973, 27: 1982.
121. Granelli I, Leander K, Luning B. Studies on orchidaceae alkaloids .16. a new alkaloid, 2-hydroxydendrobine, from Dendrobium Findlayanum Par ET Rchb F. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1970, 24: 1209.
122. Blomqvis L, Leander K, Luning B, Rosenblo J. Studies on orchidaceae alkaloids .29. absolute configuration of Dendroprimine, an alkaloid from Dendrobium Primulinum lindl. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1972, 26: 3203.
123. Luning B, Leander K. Studies on orchidaceae alkaloids .3. alkaloids in Dendrobium Primulininum lindl and Dendrobium Chrysanthum wall. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1965, 19: 1607.
124. Blomqvis L, Brandang S, Gawell L, Leander K, Luning B. Studies on orchidaceae alkaloids .37. Dendrowardine, a quaternary alkaloid from Dendrobium Wardianum WR. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1973, 27: 1439.
125. Chen KK, Chen AL. Analysis of total alkaloids in Dendrobium nobile lindl. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1935, 111: 653.
126．丁亚平，杨道麟，吴庆生，于力文，徐云．安徽霍山三种石斛总生物碱的测定及其分布规律研究。安徽农业大学学报，1994，21：503．
127. Talapatra SK, Bhaumik A, Talapatra B. On the chemistry of Indian orchidaceae plants .6. denfigenin, A diosgenin derivative from Dendrobium-fimbriatum. Phytochemistry, 1992, 31: 2431.
128. Talapatra SK, Chakrabarti S, Policy M, Paul P, Porel A, Mandal K, Bhanmk A, Shambu DE, Mishra Krishnendu. Chemical constituents of medicinal plants: Part Ⅲ. Indian J Chem Sect B., 1992,31: 133.
129．王宪楷，赵同方．石斛属植物的化学成分与中药石斛．药学通报，1986，21：666．
130. Majumder PL, Chakraborti J. Chemical-constituents of the orchid Dendrobium-farmer-further evidence for the revised structure of dengibsin. Journal Of The Indian Chemical Society, 1989, 66: 834.
131. Talapatra Sk, Bose S, Mallik AK, Talapatra B. On the chemistry of Indian orchidaceae plants .3. dendroflorin, a new fluorenone derivative from Dendrobiura densiflorum Wall. Journal Of The Indian Chemical Society, 1984, 61: 1010.
132. Behr D. Studies on Orchidaceae glycosides part 6. Three steroid glycosides of the stigmastrare type from Dendrobium ochreatum. Phytochemistry, 1976, 15: 1403.
133. Talapatra SK, Bose S, Mallik Ak, Talapatra B. On the chemistry of Indian orchidaceae plants .2. dengibsin and dengibsinin, the 1st natural fluorenone derivatives from Dendrobium-gibsonii lindl. Tetrahedron, 1985, 41: 2765.
134. Ma GX, Wang ZT, Xu LS, Xu GL. A new fluorenone derivative from Dendrobium chrysotoxum. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1998, 7: 59.
135．吴庆生，杨道麟，于力文，徐云．中药霍山石斛的微量元素分析和TE图谱鉴定．微量元素与健康研究，1995，12：31．
136．吴庆生，丁亚平，杨道麟，于力文，檀华蓉，徐云．安徽霍山三种石斛中游离氨基酸分析．安徽农业科学，1995，23：268．
137. Zhang GN, Zhong LY, Bligh SWA, Guo YL. Bi-bicyelie and bi-tricyelic compounds from Dendrobium thyrsiflorum. Phytochemistry, 2006, 66: 1113.
138. Honda C, Yamaki M. Phenanthrenes from Dendrobiumplicatile. Phytochemistry, 2000, 53: 987.
139. Fan C, Wang W, Wang Y, Qin G, Zhao W. Chemical constituents from Dendrobium densiflorum. Phytochemistry, 2001, 57: 1255.
140. Yang L, Qin LH, Bligh SWA, Bashall A, Zhang CF, Zhang M, Wang ZT, Xu LS. A new phenanthrene with a spirolactone from Dendrobium chrysanthum and its anti-inflammatory activities. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 2006, 14: 3496.
141. Zhang X, Gao H, Wang NL, Yao XS. Three new bibenzyl derivatives from Dendrobium nobile. Journal of Asian Natural Product, 2006, 8: 113.
142. Ye Q, Qin G, Zhao W. Immunomodulatory sesquiterpene glycosides from Dendrobium nobile. Phytochemistry, 2002, 61: 885.
143．赵武，张玉琴，李杰．植物多糖的提取物导致有丝分裂反应的分析．中华微生物学和免疫学杂志，1992，11：381．
144. Zhao CS, Liu QF, Halaweish F, Shao BP, Ye YQ, Zhao WM. Copacamphane, picrotoxane, and alloaromadendrane sesquiterpene glycosides and phenolic glycosides from Dendrobiurn moniliforme. Journal Of Natural Products, 2003, 66: 1140.
145. Ye QH, Qin GW, Zhao WM. Immunomodulatory sesquiterpene glycosides from Dendrobium nobile. Phytochemistry, 2002, 61: 885.
146. Zhao WM, Ye QH, Tan XJ, Jiang HL, Li XY, Chen KX, Kinghom AD. Three new sesquiterpene glycosides from Dendrobiurn nobile with immunomodulatory activity. Joumal Of Natural Products, 2001, 64:1196.
147．罗慧玲，蔡体育，陈巧伦，梅承恩，李永强，黄民权．石斛多糖增强脐带血和肿瘤病人外周血LAK细胞体外杀伤作用的研究．癌症，2000，19：1124．
148．杨涛，梁康，张昌颖．四种中草药对大鼠半乳糖性白内障防治效用的研究．北京医科大学学报，1991，23：97．
149．杨涛，梁康，侯纬敏，张昌颖．四种中草药对大鼠半乳糖性白内障相关酶活性的影响．生物化学杂志，1991，7：731．
150．张洁，李祥，鲁润龙，刘兢．铜皮石斛水提液诱导HL-60细胞凋亡的研究．癌症，2001，20：956．
151．马国祥，徐国钧，徐珞珊，王伯先．鼓槌石斛及其化学成分的抗肿瘤活性作用．中国药科大学学报，1994，25：188．
152. Lin TH, Chang SJ, Chen CC, Wang JP, Tsao LT. Two phenanthraquinones from Dendrobium monilifrome. Journal Of Natural Products, 2001, 64: 1084.
153. Fan CQ, Wang W, Wang YP, Qin GW, Zhao WM. Chemical constituents from Dendrobium densiflorum. Phytochemistry, 2001, 57: 1255.
154. Chen CC, Wu LG, Ko FN, Teng CM. Antiplatelet aggregation principles of Dendrobium-loddiges. Journal Of Natural Products, 1994, 57: 1271.
155．李满飞，徐国钧，吴厚铭，平田正义，李满飞．金钗石斛精油化学成分研究．有机化学，1991．11：219．
156．徐国钧，杭秉茜，李满飞．11种石斛对滕鼠离体肠管和小鼠胃肠道蠕动的影响．中草药，1988，19：21．
157．陈少夫，李宇权，吴亚丽，周卓，孔丽华．石斛对胃酸分泌及血清胃泌素、血浆生长抑制素浓度的影响．中国中药杂志，1995，20：181．
158．杨其光，王立安，王立志．霍山石斛未成熟种胚离体培养研究．中国中药杂志，1989， 14：19．
159．张治国，刘骅，王黎．铁皮石斛原球茎增殖的培养条件研究．中草药，1992，23：431．
160．黄民权，蔡体育，刘庆伦．铁皮石斛多糖对小白鼠细胞数和淋巴细胞移动抑制因子的影响．天然产物研究与开发，1996，8：39．
161．张光浓，毕志明，王峥涛，徐珞珊，徐国钧．石斛属植物化学成分研究进展．中草药，2003，34：附5．
162．郁美娟，孟庆华，黄德音，赵亚平．石斛属植物有效成分及药理作用研究．中草药，2003．25：918．
163. Morita H, Fujiwara M, Yoshida N. New pocrotoxinin-type and dendrobine-type sesquiterpenoids from Dendrobium Snowflake 'red star'. Tetrahedron, 2000, 56: 5801.
1. Dicosmo F, Misawa M. Plant cell and tissue culture: alternatives for metabolite production. Biotechnology, Advances, 1995, 13: 425.
2．徐云鹃，于力文．霍山石斛种子试管苗的培养．植物生理学通讯，1984，25：35．
3．谭云，叶庆生，刘伟．霍山石斛(Dendrobium huoshanense)的组织培养．植物学通报，2005，22：58．
4．王亦菲，陆瑞菊，孙月芳，周润梅，黄剑华．霍山石斛细胞再生物的诱导和培养．上海农业学报，2004，20：8．
5．徐云鹃，于文力，杨道麟，翟立业，程扶九，吴庆生．霍山石斛野生苗和试管移栽苗光合特性研究．安徽农学院学报，1991，18：45．
6．吴明纲，康春凤，鲁润龙．霍山石斛带节间的茎段在IBA／NAA诱导下的组织培养．中国科学技术大学学报，2001，31：624．
7．胡如善，孙廷，杨玉珍．霍山石斛的离体培养研究．江苏农业科学，2005，4：72．
8．李小军，刘石泉，路群，余庆波，周根余．香蕉提取物对霍山石斛原球茎增殖的影响．上海师范大学学报，2004，33：74．
9. Luisa CC, Luis G, Cristina O, Jose CG, Sara A. RAPD assessment for identification of clonal identity and genetic stability of in vitro propagated chestnut hybrids. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 2004, 77: 23.
10．詹忠根，徐程，张铭．兰科植物原球茎的形态建成．种子，2002，5：36．
11. Colli S., Kerbauy GB. Direct root tip conversion of Catasetum into protocorm-like bodies: Effects of auxin and cytokinin. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 1993, 33: 39.
12. Chang C., Chang WC. Plant regeneration from callus culture of Cybidium ensifolium var. misericors. Plant Cell Reports, 1998, 17: 251.
13. Ishii Y, Takamura T, Goi M. Callus induction and somatic embryogenesis of Phalaenopsis. Plant Cell Reports, 1998, 17: 446.
14. Roy J, Banerjee N. Induction of callus and plant regeneration from shoot-tip explants of Dendrobium fimbriatum Lindl. Var. oculatum Hk. f. Scientia Horticulturae, 2003, 97: 333.
15. Mujib A, Jana BK. Clonal propagation of Dendrobium madame pompadour through apical meristem culture. Advances in Plant Sciences, 1994, 7:340
16. Yasugi S, Shinto H. Formation of multiple shoots and regenerated plantlets by culture of pseudobulb segment in nobile type Dendrobium. Shokubutau Soshike Baiyo, 1994, 11: 153.
17. Nayak NR, Sahoo S, Rath SP. Establishment of thin cross section (TCS) culture method for rappid micropropagation of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. and Dendrobium nobile lindl. (Orchidaceae). Scientia Horticulturae, 2002, 94: 107.
18. Martin KP, Madassery J. Rapid in vitro propagation of Dendrobium hybrids through direct shoot formation from foliar explants and protocorm-like bodies. Scientia Horticulturae, 2006, 108: 95.
19. Murashige T, Skoog F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissues cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, 1962, 15: 473.
20. Gamborg OL, Miller RA, Ojiama K. Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells. Experimental Cell Research, 1968, 50: 151.
21．朱至清，王敬驹，孙敬三，徐振，伊先初，朱三根，毕风云．通过氮源试验建立一种较好的水稻培养基N6．中国科学(B辑)，1975，17：484．
22. Dubios M. Colormetric method for the determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 1956, 24: 235.
23. Tel-Zur N, Bbbo S, Myslabodsky D, Mizrahi Y. Modified CTAB procedure for DNA isolation from epiphytic cacti of the genera Hylocereus and Selenicereus (Cactaceae). Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 1999, 17: 249.
24．杨联河，王倩嵘，石拓，何俊彦，胡洁荃．曲茎石斛组织培养研究．中国中药杂志，1998，23：658．
25．张明，夏鸿西，朱利泉．石斛组织培养研究进展。中国中药杂志，2000，25(6)：323．
26. Kerns HR, Meyer MJR. Tissue culture propagation of acer X freemanii using thidiazuron to stimulate shoot tip proliferation. Hortscience, 1986, 21 (5): 209.
27. Lam Chan LT, Lee S. Inflorescence culture of some tropical orchid varieties Singapore. Journal of Primary Industries, 1996, 24: 35.
28．曾宋君，程式君．石斛的试管苗快速繁殖．中药材，1996，19(10)：490．
29. Bruce MI, Zwar JA. Cytokinin activity of some substituted urea and thioureas. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 1966, 165: 245.
30．张铭，朱峰，魏小勇，罗紫娟．铁皮石斛种胚萌发和原球茎质量控制．浙江大学学报，2000．27：92．
31．张治国，刘骅，王黎．铁皮石斛原球茎增殖的培养条件研究．中草药，1992，23：431．
32. Liu SQ, Zhou GY, Li XJ. Advances in molecular marking of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and its applications in the authentication of traditional Chinese drug (TCD). Lishizhen Medicine and Material Medica Research, 2004, 15: 431.
33. Cheng KT, Su CH, Chang HC, Huang JY. Differentiation of genuines and counterfeits of Cordyceps species using random amplified polymorphic DNA. Planta Medica, 1998, 64: 451.
34. Zhang Kalin YB, Leung HW, Yeung HW, Wong Ricky NS. Differentiation of Lycium Species using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA. Planta Medica, 2001, 67: 379.
35. Zhang YB, Ngan FN, Wang ZT, Ng TB, But PPH, Shaw PC, Wang J. Random primed polymerase chain reaction differentiates Codonopsis pilosula from different localities. Planta Medica, 1999, 65: 157.
36．刘石泉，余庆波，李小军，周根余．霍山石斛种内遗传稳定性的RAPD初探．中草药，2005，36：427．
37．刘石泉，李小军，余庆波，周根余．铁皮石斛不同生长阶段遗传稳定性的RAPD分析．上海师范大学学报，2005，34：72
38．张建新．食品质量安全技术标准法规应用指南．北京：科学技术出版社．PP 296．
1. Qiu ZH, JONES K, Wylie M, Jia Q, Orndorff S. Modified Aloe barbadensis polysaccharide with immunoregulatory activity. Planta Madica, 2000, 66: 152.
2. Liu MQ, Li JZ, Kong FZ, Lin JY, Yang G. Induction of immunomodulating cytokines by a new polysaccharide-peptide complex from culture mycelia of Lentinus edodes. Immunopharmacology, 1998, 40: 187.
3. Liu F, Ooi VEC, Fung MC Analysis of immunomodulating cytokine mRNA in the mouse induced by Mushroom polysaecharides. Life Science, 1999, 64: 1005.
4. Bao XF, Wang Z, Fang JN. Structural features of an immunostimulating and antioxidant acidic polysaccharide from the seeds of Cuscuta chinensis. Planta Madica, 2002, 68: 237.
5. Dubios M. Colormetdc method for the determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 1956, 24: 235.
6. Bradford M M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 1976, 72: 248.
7. Han CW, Imamura M, Hashino S. Differential effects of the immunosuppre ssants cyclosporine A, FK506 and KM2210 on eytokine gene expression. Bone Marrow Transplant, 1995, 15: 733.
8. Nicolas F, Gerard B, Werner R. Comparison of eytokine measurements using ELISA, ELISPOT and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. J. Immunological Methods, 1997, 204: 57.
9．赵永灵，王世林，李晓玉．兜唇石斛多糖的研究．云南植物研究，1994，16：392．
10．黄民权，蔡体育，刘庆伦．铁皮石斛多糖对小白鼠细胞数和淋巴细胞移动抑制因子的影响．天然产物研究与开发，1996，8：39．
11．赵达武，张玉琴，李洁．植物多糖的提取物导致有丝分裂反应的分析．中华微生物学和免疫学杂志，1992，11：381．
12．罗慧玲，蔡体育，陈巧伦，梅承恩，李永强，黄民权．石斛多糖增强脐带血和肿瘤病人外周血LAK细胞体外杀伤作用的研究．癌症，2000，19：1124．
13. Cho JY, Kim AR, Yoo ES, Baik KU and Park MH. Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng differentially regulate lymphocyte proliferation. Planta Medica, 2002, 68: 497.
14. Hsieh CS, Macatonia SE, Tripp CS, Wolf SF, O'Garra A, Murphy KM. Development of TH1 CD4+ T cells through IL-12 produced by Listeria-induced macrophages. Science, 1993, 260: 547.
15. Dig, he AS, Richards E, Old LJ, Schreiber RD. Enhanced in vivo growth and resistance to rejection of tumor cells expressing dominant negative IFN-γreceptors. Immunity, 1994, 1: 447.
16. Schreiber RD, Celada A, Buchmeier N. The role of interferon-γin the induction of activated macrophages. Annales de Institude Pasteur Immunologic, 1986, 137C: 203.
17. MacMicking J, Xie QW, Nathan C. Nitric oxide and macrophage function. Annual Review of Immunology, 15: 323.
18. Lanni JS, Lowe SW. P53-independent apoptosis induced by paclitax although an inderect mechanism. The Proceeding of the National Academy of Science, 1997, 94: 9679.
19. Thomson A. The Cytokine Handbook. Third Printing. San Diego: Academic Press Ltd, 1992, pp: 241-256.
20. Malorni W, Rainaldi G. Tumor necrosis factor α is a powerful apoptotic induce in lymphoid leukemic cells expression the P170 glucoprotein. Intional Journal of Cancer, 1996, 67: 238.
21. Rawadi G, Roman-Roman S, Castedo M, Dutilleul V, Susin S, Marchetti P, Geuskens M, Kroemer G. Effects of mycoplasma formentans on the myelomonocytic lineage. Journal of Immunology, 1996, 156: 670.
22. Volm M, Mattern J. Isolation of Dap3, a novel mediator of interferon-gamma induced cell death. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1995, 270: 27932.
23. Sveinbjinsson B, Rushfeldt C. Cytotoxic effect of cytokines on murine colon carcinoma cells involves TNF-mediated apoptosis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1997, 233: 270.
24. Geng YJ, Hellstrand K. Apoptotic death of human leukemic cells induced by vascular cells expressing nitric oxide syntheses in response to gamma-interferon and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Cancer Research, 1996, 56: 866.
25．任凌燕，范俊安，王昌华，张艳．金钗石斛组培品与野生品的形态组织学比较．中国中药杂志，2004，29：699．
1．魏小勇．铁皮石斛原球茎悬浮培养研究．现代中药研究与实践，2004，18：7．
2．宋经元，郭顺星，肖培根．铁皮石斛原球茎液体悬浮培养的研究．中草药，2004，35：1042．
3．李潮海，刘奎，连艳鲜．玉米碳氮代谢研究进展．河北农业大学学报，2000，34：318．
4. Huppe HC, Turpin DH. Appearance of novel glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isoform in Chlamidomonas reinhardtii and during growth on nitrate. Plant Physiology, 1996, 110:1431.
5. Foyer CH, Ferrario-Mery S, Huber SC. Regulation of carbon fluxes in the cytosol: coordination of sucrose synthesis, nitrate reduction and organic acid and amino acid biosynthesis. In: Lee-good RC, Sharkey TD, yon Caemmerer S (eds) Photosynthesis Physiology and Metabolism. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2000, pp 177.
6. Miller GL. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Annals of Chemistry, 1959, 31: 426.
7. Wetherbrum MW. Phenol-hypochlorie reaction for determination of ammonium, Analytical Chemistry, 1967, 39: 971.
8. Hecht U, Morhrh H. Factors controlling nitrate and ammonium in mustard Isinapsis alba seeding, Physiologia plantarum, 1990, 78: 379.
9. Matoh T, Ida S, Takahashi E. A rapid and sensitive assay for ferredoxin-development glutamate synthase. Bull Res. Inst. Food Sci. Kyoto Univ. 1980,43: 1.
10. Abenavoli MR, Sorgona A, Badiani M, Fuggi A. Coumarin inhibits the growth of carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Saint Valery) cells in suspension culture. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2003,160: 227.
11. Gazzarini S, Lejay L, Ninnemann O, Frommer WB, von WN. Three functional transporters for constitutive, diurnally regulated and starvation-induced uptake of ammonium into Arabidopsis roots. Plant Cell, 1999, 11: 937.
12. Buchanan BB, Gruissem W, Russell LJ. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, 2000.
13. Ashihara H, Horikosi T, Li XN, Sagishima K, Yamashita Y. Profiles of enzymes involved in glycolysis in Catharan-thus roseus cells in batch suspension culture. Journal of Plant Physiology, 1988,133: 38.
14. Masuda H, Toshimasa T and Sugawara S. Acid and alka-line invertases in suspension cultures of sugar beet cells. Plant Physiology, 1988,86: 312.
15. Van DEW, Van LA. Purification and proper-ties of a neutral invertase from the roots of Cichorium intybus. Physiologia Plantarum, 1995,93: 241.
16. Iraqi D, Tremblay FM. Analysis of carbohydrate metabo-lism enzymes and cellular contents of sugars and proteins during spruce somatic embryogenesis suggests a regulatory role of exogenous sucrose in embryo development. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2001, 52: 2301.
17. Winter H, Huber SC. Regulation of sucrose metabolism in higher plants: localization and regulation of activity of key enzymes. Critical Review in Plant Science, 2000,19: 31.
18. Venkataramana S, Naidu KM and Singh S. Invertases and growth factors dependent sucrose accumulation in sugarcane. Plant Science, 1991, 74: 65.
19. Frink CR, Waggoner PE, Ausubel JH. Nitrogen fertilizer: retrospect and prospect. The Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 1999, 96: 1175.
20. Bensaddek L, Gillet F, Saucedo JEN, Fliniaux M. The effect of nitrate and ammonium concentrations on growth and alkaloid accumulation of Atropa belladonna hairy roots. Journal of Biotechnology, 2001, 85: 35.
21. Lea PJ, Irealand RJ. Nitrogen metabolism in higher plants. In: Singh BK (ed) Plant Amino Acids. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1999, pp 1.
22. Chen RD. 1998. Plant NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase are predominantly localized in the cytosol. Planta, 207: 280-285.
23. Espsito S, Carillo P, Carfagna S. Ammonium metabolism stimulation of Glucose-6-P-dehydrogenase and phophoenolpyruvate carboxylase in young Barley roots. J Plant Physiology, 1998,153: 61.
24. Robinson SA, Stewart GR, Philips R. Regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase activity in relation to carbon limitation and protein catabolism in carrot cell suspension cultures. Plant Physiology, 1992,98: 1190.
25. Quesada A, Fernandez E. Expression of nitrate assimilation related genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Molecular Biology, 1994,24: 185.
26. Quesada A, Galvan A, Schnell RA, Lefebvre PA, Fernandez E. Five nitrate assimilation genes are clustered in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Molecular and General Genetics, 1993, 240: 387.
27. Murashige T, Skoog F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissues cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, 1962, 15: 473.
28. Dantas AK, Majada JP, Fernandez B and Canal MJ. Mineral nutrition in carnation tissue cultures under different venti-lation conditions. Plant Growth Regulation, 2001,33: 237.
29. Dussert V JL, Rival A, Noirot M and Medel JB. Nutrient uptake and growth of in vitro coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) calluses. Plant Science, 1995,106: 185.
30. Morard P, Fulcheri C and Henry M. Kinetics of mineral nutrient uptake by Saponaria offycinalis L. suspension cell cultures in different media. Plant Cell Reports, 1998,18: 260.
31. Crawford NM. Nitrate: nutrient and signal for plantgrowth. Plant Cell, 1995, 7: 859.
32. Stitt M. Nitrate regulation of metabolism and growth. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 1999,2: 178.
33. Trueman LJ, Richardson A and Forde BG Molecular cloning of higher plant homologues of the high-affinity nitrate transporters of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Aspergillus nidulans. Gene, 1996,175: 223.
34. Vidmar JJ, Zhuo D, Siddiqi MY, Schoerring JK, Touraine B, Glass ADM. Regulation of high affinity nitrate transporter genes and high affinity nitrate influx by nitrogen pools in plant roots. Plant Physiology, 2000, 123: 307.
35. Shin KS, Chakrabarty D, Ko JY, Han SS, Pack KY. Sucrose utilization and mineral nutrient uptake during hairy root growth of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in liquid cultures. Plant Growth Regulation, 2003, 39: 187.
36. Crawford NM, Glass DMA. Molecular and physiological aspect of nitrate uptake in plants. Trends in Plant Science, 1998,3: 389.
37. Cormier F, Crevier HA, Do CB. Effects of sucrose concentration on the accumulation of anthocyanins in grape (Vitis vinifera) cell suspension. Canadian Journal of Botany, 1990, 68: 1822.
38. Zhang W, Curtin C, Kikuchi M, Franco C. Integration of jasmonic acid and light irradiation for enhancement of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Vitis vinifera suspension cultures. Plant Science, 2002,162: 459.
39. Gabriella P, Barbara M, Nadia M, Simona R, Catia G, Marzia I and Franco FV. The effect of growth regulators and sucrose on anthocyanin production in Camptotheca acuminata cell cultures. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2005, 43: 293.
40. Wang GL, Shi RF, Fang HJ. Effects of medium and culture conditions on polysaccharide synthesis by suspension cell cultures of Gardenia jasminoids Eills. Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, 2001,17: 688.
1. Shimomura K, Yoshimatsu K, Jaziri M, Ishiimaru K. Traditional medicinal plant genetic resources and biotechnology applications. Plant Biotechnology in Agriculture and Plant Genetic Resources for Sustainability and Productivity. (Series: Biotechnology Intelligence Unit) 1997. pp. 209.
2. Collin HA. Secondary product formation in plant tissue cultures. Plant Growth Regulation, 2001,34: 119.
3. Dubios M. Colormetric method for the determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry. 1956, 24: 235.
4. Do CB, Cormier F. Accumulation of anthocyanins enhanced by a high osmotic potential in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cell suspensions. Plant Cell Reports, 1990, 9: 143.
5. Do CB, Cormier F. Accumulation of peonidin 3-glucoside enhanced by a high osmotic stress in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cell suspensions. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture, 1991,24: 49.
6. Komaraiah P, Kishor PB, Kavi CM, Magnusson KE, Mandenius CF. Enhancement of anthraquinone accumulation in Morinda citrifolia suspension cultures. Plant Science, 2005, 168: 1337.
7. Stepan-Sarkissian G, Fowler M.W. The Metabolism and Utilization of Carbohydrates by Suspension Cultures of Plant Cells. In Carbohydrate Metabolism in Plant Cells; Morgan, M. J., Ed.; Plenum Press: New York and London, 1986, pp 151.
8. Tremblay L, Tremblay FM. Maturation of black spruce somatic embryos: sucrose hydrolysis and resulting osmotic pressure of the medium. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1995, 42: 39.
9. Akalezi CO, Liu S, Li QS, Yu JT, Zhong JJ. Combined effects of initial sucrose concentration and inoculum size on cell growth and ginseng saponin production by suspension cultures of Panax ginseng. Process Biochemistry, 1999,34: 639.
10. Tsukasa M, Sakurai M. Effects of riboflavin and increased sucrose on anthocyanin production in suspended strawberry cell cultures. Plant Science, 1995,110: 147.
11. Wang HQ, Yu JT, Zhong JJ. Significant improvement of taxane production in suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis by sucrose feeding strategy. Process Biochemistry, 1999, 35: 479.
12. Frink CR, Waggoner PE, Ausubel JH. Nitrogen fertilizer: retrospect and prospect. The Proceeding of National Academy of Science USA , 1999,96: 1175.
13. Panda AK, Mishra S, Bisaria VS. Alkaloid production by plant cell suspension cultures of Holarrhena antidysenterica: I. Effect of major nutrients. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 1992,39: 1043.
14. Chen YC, Yi F, Cai M, Luo JX. Effects of amino acids, nitrate, and ammonium on the growth and taxol production in cell cultures of Taxus yunnanensis. Plant Growth Regulation, 2003,41: 265.
15. Bensaddek L, Gillet F, Saucedo J, Fliniaux M. The effect of nitrate and ammonium concentrations on growth and alkaloid accumulation of Atropa belladaonna hairy roots. Journal of Biotechnology, 2001, 85: 35.
16. Crawford NM. Nitrate: nutrient and signal for plant growth. Plant Cell, 1995, 7: 859-868.
17. Elena A, Gunter YS, Ovodov.. Effect of calcium, phosphate and nitrogen on cell growth and biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides by Silene vulgaris cell culture. Journal of Biotechnology. 2005,117: 385.
18. Konno H, Nakashima S, Maitani T, Katoh K. Alteration of pectic polysaccharides in cell walls, extracellular polysaccharides, and glycan-hydrolytic enzymes of growth-restricted carrot cells under calcium deficiency. Physiologia Plantarum, 1999,107: 287.
19. Wiren N, Gazzarrini S, Gojon A, Frommer WB. The molecular physiology of ammonium uptake and retrieval. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2000, 3: 254.
20. Karin B, Helga N. The controlling influence of ADP, ATP and Magnesium on the activities of adenylate kinase, ATP synthase, ADP/ATP translocator and the mitochondrial respiration in plant. Plant Science, 1997,128: 85.
21. Shier WT. Metals as toxins in plants. Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Reviews, 1994, 13: 205-216.
22. Welch RM. The biological significance of nickel. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 1981,31: 345.
23. Clairmont KB, Hugar WG, Davis EA. Manganese toxicity to chlorophyll synthesis in tobacco callus. Plant Physiology, 1986, 80: 291.
24. Bruland KW, Donat JR, Hutchins DA. Interactive influences of bioactive metals on biological production in oceanic waters. Limnol. Oceanogr, 1991,36: 1555.
25. Shier WT. Metals as toxins in plants. Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Review, 1994,13: 205.
26. Dodds JH, Roberts LW. Experiments in plant tissue culture, 2nd ed, University Press, Cambridge, 1985, pp. 42.
27. Foy CD, Chaney RL, White MC. The physiology of metal toxicity in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 1978,29: 511.
28. Chakravarty B, Srivastava S. Effect of cadmium and zinc on metal uptake and regeneration of tolerant plants in linseed. Agriculture Ecosystems Environment, 1997, 61: 45.
29. Li Y, Chen J, Lun SY, Rui XS. Efficient pyruvate production by a multi-vitamin auxotroph of Torulopsis glabrata: key role and optimization of vitamin levels. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2001, 55: 680.
30. Lee MT, Chen WC, Chou CC. Medium improvement by orthogonal array designs for cholesterol oxidase production by Rhodococcus equi No.23. Process Biochemistry, 1997, 32: 697.
31. Srinvasan V, Ryu DDY. Improvement of shikonin productivity in Lithospermum erythrorhizon cell cultures by alternating carbon and nitrogen feeding strategy. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 1993, 42: 793.
32. Zhong JJ and Yoshida T. High-density cultivation of Perilla frutescens cell suspensions foranthocyanin production: Effects of sucrose concentration and inoculum size. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 1995,17: 1073.
33. Dong HD, Zhong JJ. Enhanced taxane productivity in bioreactor cultivation of Taxus chinensis cells by combining elicitation, sucrose feeding and ethylene incorporation. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 2002, 31: 116.
1. Franz G, Alban S. Structure-activity relationship of antithrombotic polysaccharide derivatives. International journal of Biological macromolecules, 1995, 17:311.
2．方积年，王顺春．香菇多糖的研究进展．中国药学杂志，1997，32：332．
3．刘翠平，董群，方积年．一种判定多糖中有无糖醛酸残基的简易新方法．中草药，2001，32：404．
4．徐任生主编．天然产物化学(第一版)．上海：科学出版社，1993，PP：112．
5．刘如林，杨春．小核菌多糖分子形貌的电镜研究M1．南开大学学报(自然科学版)，1995，28：68
6．白日霞，田文杰，郭全，李光浩，赵玉清，范圣第．红海藻多糖的提取和结构研究．天然产物研究与开发，1998，18(4)：40．
7. Alfred L, Leigh RE, Giuseppe I. The structure of a polysaecharide from infectious strains of Burkholderia Cepacia. Carbohydrate Research, 2001, 335: 45.
8. Needs PW, Swivendran RR. Avoiding oxidative degradation during sodium hydroxydimethyloidine-mediated carbohydrate methylation in dimethyl sulfoxide. Carbohydrate Reseach, 1993, 245: 1.
9．魏远安，方积年．高效凝胶渗透色谱法测定多糖纯度及分子量．药学学报，1989，24：532．
10．钱人元编．简分子勿时分子董洲定(第一版)．北京科学出版社，1958，PP：25．
11. Hara C, Kiho T, Ukai S. Branched (1→3)-β-D-gluean from a sodium carbonate extract of Dictyophora indusiata Fiscb. Carbohydrate Research, 1983, 117: 201.
12. Cecilie SN, Drissa D, Terje EM. Isolation, partial characterization and immunomodulating activities of polysaccharides from Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. ex Walp. Journal of Eehnopharmacology, 2004, 91: 141.
13. Indranil C, Soumitra M, Malay P, Dilip R, Syed SI. Structural investigation of a water-soluble glucan from an edible mushroom, Astraeus hygrometricus. Carbohydrate Research, 2004, 339: 2249.
14. Zhao C, Li M, Luo Y, Wu W.. Isolation and structural characterization of an immunostimulating polysaccharide from fuzi, Aconitum carmichaeli. Carbohydrate Research, 2006, 341 : 485.
15. Lesley G, Julia LS, Stephen GW. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide for Acinetobacter baumannii serogroup O1. Carbohydrate Research, 1999, 319: 204.
16. Nina AK, George VZ, Ol'ga VB, Aleksander SS, Yuriy AK, Elena VK, Evgeniy SS. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Citrobacter braakii O7a, 3b, 1c. Carbohydrate Research, 2001, 333: 335.
17．崔亦华，崔英德，易国斌．应用广泛德天然多糖及其提取方法．广州化工，2002，30：7．
18. Hua YF, Zhang M, Fu CX, Chen ZH, Chan GYS. Structural characterization of a 2-O-acetylglucomannan from Dendrobium officinal stem. Carbohydrate Research, 2004, 339: 2219.
19. Bao XF, Wang Z, Fang JN, Li XY. Structural features of an immunostimulating and antioxidant acidic polysaccharide from the seeds of Cuscuta Chinensis. Planta Medica, 2002, 68: 237.
20. Cecilie SN, Drissa D, Terje EM. Isolation, partial characterization and immunomodulating activities of polysaccharides from Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. ex Walp. Journal of Eehnopharmacology, 2004, 91: 141.
21．王世林，郑光植，何静波，喻学俭，吴玉．黑节草多糖的研究．云南植物研究，1988，10(4)：389．
22．赵永灵，王世林，李晓玉．兜唇石斛多糖的研究．云南植物研究，1994，16(4)：392．
23. Wang XS, Dong Q, Zuo JP, Fang JN. Structure and potential immunological activity of a pectin from Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Carbohydrate Research, 2003, 338: 2393.