外加菌剂对养殖水体水质及其微生物群落结构的影响初探
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摘要
水产养殖是人为控制下繁殖、培育和收获水生动植物的生产活动。虽然全世界淡水、海水养殖都还有巨大的发展潜力,但目前遇到的水质污染问题已经非常严重且开始制约其自身发展。
本文构建了养殖水体模型,通过监测水质化学指标和16S rDNA-PCR技术,研究四株细菌对养殖水体水质的净化作用。具体研究如下：
(1)研究了光合细菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、干酪乳杆菌和短小芽孢杆菌这四种微生态菌剂对模型水质化学指标的影响。
研究发现四种菌剂对氮素的影响明显。在四株菌中,枯草芽孢杆菌和干酪乳杆菌会使得TN在实验全程高于CK；四株菌均能在不同程度下降低N02,相对相符均在45%以上；各菌在加入后对水体的N03-的变化趋势影响为先升后降,其中,光合细菌对NO3-的最高降幅可达90%；枯草芽孢杆菌和干酪乳杆菌在投菌后短期内会升高水体NH4+,但都会随即马上降低,并最终相对降幅分别达到在83.8%和73%。
对磷素影响效果,除枯草芽孢杆菌会升高水体中TP和SOP含量外,其它3株菌均能明显降低磷素含量,它们对TP的相对降幅均在55%以下。短小芽孢杆菌能有效降低SOP,最高可达到93.1%。
光合细菌和干酪乳杆菌会在短时间内增大pH的波动,但波动范围在3%以内；另外,除枯草芽孢杆菌对COD无影响外,其它3株菌均能不同程度的降低COD含量,其中光合细菌和短小芽孢杆菌对COD的降低能力最强。
(2)研究了光合细菌和枯草芽孢杆菌最适投菌浓度。
光合细菌的最适投菌浓度在104个菌/mL,此浓度下能很好的降低NO2-等氮素和COD；去除水体中氮素则应以104个菌/mL的浓度来投加枯草芽孢杆菌最适,但若以降低COD为主要目的则应以105个菌/mL浓度投加该菌剂最适。
(3)研究了104个菌/mL浓度下光合细菌对水体微生态种群丰富度的影响。
DGGE电泳图的分析结果显示,光合细菌能增加水体中微生物的种类；而种群丰富度曲线结果也显示,投加光合细菌菌剂能明显增加水体微生物种群多样性。从而增强水体自身的抗逆性和自我修复能力。
Aquaculture is under the control of human breeding, cultivation and harvest of aquatic animals and plants production. While the world fresh water and marine aquaculture still has such huge potential for development, but has encountered very serious water pollution problem and began to restrict its own development.
We build a model of aquaculture water; four strains of bacteria on the water quality of aquaculture water purification mechanism were studied by chemical indicators of water quality monitoring and 16S rDNA-PCR technology. Specific studies are as follows:
(1) The impacts of the four strains----photosynthetic bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus casei and Bacillus pumilus microbial agents on the aquaculture water quality have been studied separately.
Results show that the impact of four agents can affect nitrogen significantly. Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus casei will make the TN increased in the whole experiment; four strains in the varying degrees decreased NO2-, were relatively consistent 45% or more; after adding these four strains, the NO3- of water were all first increased then decreased, and photosynthetic bacteria NO3- maximum decline was about 90%; Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus casei in the investment increased water NH4+ shortly after dosing then immediately reduced and eventually reached the relative decline of 83.8% and 73% separately.
To the water phosphorus, in addition to the Bacillus subtilis experiment TP and SOP will be increased water content, the other 3 strains could reduce the phosphorus content, and their relative decline of TP were 55% less. Bacillus pumilus can effectively reduce the SOP, can reach 93.1%.
Photosynthetic bacteria and Lactobacillus casei enhanced the pH value fluctuation in a short time, and the range under 3%. In addition, with the exception of Bacillus subtilis had no effect on the COD, the other 3 strains could reduce the COD content of different degree, in which photosynthetic bacteria and Bacillus pumilus strongest reduction of COD.
(2) Got the optimal dosing concentration of photosynthetic bacteria and Bacillus subtilis.
Photosynthetic bacteria's, optimal dosing concentration is 104 bacteria/mL; when dosing concentration of Bacillus subtilis is 10 bacteria/mL were best for removal of nitrogen, but if the primary purpose is reducing COD it should be 105 bacteria/mL.
(3) The impact after dosing 104 bacteria/mL photosynthetic bacteria on the microbial population has been studied.
DGGE electrophoresis analysis showed that photosynthetic bacteria increased the types of microorganisms in water; and species richness curve also showed that adding photosynthetic bacteria can significantly increase the microbial diversity of water. Thereby, adding agents can enhance the water resistance and its ability to repair itself.
本文构建了养殖水体模型,通过监测水质化学指标和16S rDNA-PCR技术,研究四株细菌对养殖水体水质的净化作用。具体研究如下：
(1)研究了光合细菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、干酪乳杆菌和短小芽孢杆菌这四种微生态菌剂对模型水质化学指标的影响。
研究发现四种菌剂对氮素的影响明显。在四株菌中,枯草芽孢杆菌和干酪乳杆菌会使得TN在实验全程高于CK；四株菌均能在不同程度下降低N02,相对相符均在45%以上；各菌在加入后对水体的N03-的变化趋势影响为先升后降,其中,光合细菌对NO3-的最高降幅可达90%；枯草芽孢杆菌和干酪乳杆菌在投菌后短期内会升高水体NH4+,但都会随即马上降低,并最终相对降幅分别达到在83.8%和73%。
对磷素影响效果,除枯草芽孢杆菌会升高水体中TP和SOP含量外,其它3株菌均能明显降低磷素含量,它们对TP的相对降幅均在55%以下。短小芽孢杆菌能有效降低SOP,最高可达到93.1%。
光合细菌和干酪乳杆菌会在短时间内增大pH的波动,但波动范围在3%以内；另外,除枯草芽孢杆菌对COD无影响外,其它3株菌均能不同程度的降低COD含量,其中光合细菌和短小芽孢杆菌对COD的降低能力最强。
(2)研究了光合细菌和枯草芽孢杆菌最适投菌浓度。
光合细菌的最适投菌浓度在104个菌/mL,此浓度下能很好的降低NO2-等氮素和COD；去除水体中氮素则应以104个菌/mL的浓度来投加枯草芽孢杆菌最适,但若以降低COD为主要目的则应以105个菌/mL浓度投加该菌剂最适。
(3)研究了104个菌/mL浓度下光合细菌对水体微生态种群丰富度的影响。
DGGE电泳图的分析结果显示,光合细菌能增加水体中微生物的种类；而种群丰富度曲线结果也显示,投加光合细菌菌剂能明显增加水体微生物种群多样性。从而增强水体自身的抗逆性和自我修复能力。
Aquaculture is under the control of human breeding, cultivation and harvest of aquatic animals and plants production. While the world fresh water and marine aquaculture still has such huge potential for development, but has encountered very serious water pollution problem and began to restrict its own development.
We build a model of aquaculture water; four strains of bacteria on the water quality of aquaculture water purification mechanism were studied by chemical indicators of water quality monitoring and 16S rDNA-PCR technology. Specific studies are as follows:
(1) The impacts of the four strains----photosynthetic bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus casei and Bacillus pumilus microbial agents on the aquaculture water quality have been studied separately.
Results show that the impact of four agents can affect nitrogen significantly. Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus casei will make the TN increased in the whole experiment; four strains in the varying degrees decreased NO2-, were relatively consistent 45% or more; after adding these four strains, the NO3- of water were all first increased then decreased, and photosynthetic bacteria NO3- maximum decline was about 90%; Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus casei in the investment increased water NH4+ shortly after dosing then immediately reduced and eventually reached the relative decline of 83.8% and 73% separately.
To the water phosphorus, in addition to the Bacillus subtilis experiment TP and SOP will be increased water content, the other 3 strains could reduce the phosphorus content, and their relative decline of TP were 55% less. Bacillus pumilus can effectively reduce the SOP, can reach 93.1%.
Photosynthetic bacteria and Lactobacillus casei enhanced the pH value fluctuation in a short time, and the range under 3%. In addition, with the exception of Bacillus subtilis had no effect on the COD, the other 3 strains could reduce the COD content of different degree, in which photosynthetic bacteria and Bacillus pumilus strongest reduction of COD.
(2) Got the optimal dosing concentration of photosynthetic bacteria and Bacillus subtilis.
Photosynthetic bacteria's, optimal dosing concentration is 104 bacteria/mL; when dosing concentration of Bacillus subtilis is 10 bacteria/mL were best for removal of nitrogen, but if the primary purpose is reducing COD it should be 105 bacteria/mL.
(3) The impact after dosing 104 bacteria/mL photosynthetic bacteria on the microbial population has been studied.
DGGE electrophoresis analysis showed that photosynthetic bacteria increased the types of microorganisms in water; and species richness curve also showed that adding photosynthetic bacteria can significantly increase the microbial diversity of water. Thereby, adding agents can enhance the water resistance and its ability to repair itself.
引文
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2.丁雷等.芽胞菌对养鱼水质影响的研究[J].淡水渔业,1999,29(10)：7-10.
3.方耀林.淡水鱼类种质资源人工生态库理化环境现状研究[J].淡水渔业.1998,28(3)：37-39.
4.傅利剑,郭丹钊,史春龙.碳源及碳氮比对异养反硝化微生物异养反硝化作用的影响[J].农村生态环境,2005,21(2)：42-45.
5.高明辉.亚硝酸盐在水生动物体内的吸收机制及蓄积的影响因素[J].南方水产,2008,4(4)：73-79.
6.顾宗濂.环境微生物工程[M].南京：南京大学出版社,1998.
7.国家环保局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法.第3版.北京：中国环境科学出版社,1989.
8.国家科技部·浅海滩涂资源开发[M]·北京：海洋出版社,1999.
9.何国民,卢婉娴,刘豫广,等·海湾网箱渔场老化特征分析[J]·中国水产科学,1997,4(5)：32-37.
10.何苗,张晓健.厌氧—缺氧/好氧工艺与常规活性污泥法处理焦化废水的比较[J].给水排水,1997,23(6)：31-33.
11.何望,杨品红,曾艳君.亚硝酸盐对河蟹蚤状幼体及蟹苗毒性试验[J].内陆水产,1997,7：5-6.
12.胡家文,姚维志.养殖水体富营养化及其防治[J].水利渔业,2005,25(6)：74-76.
13.胡菊香,吴生桂,邹清等.生物水净化剂对养殖池塘水质的调控作用初探[J].水利渔业,2003,23(6)：40-41.
14.计新丽等.海水养殖自身污染机制及其对环境的影响[J].海洋环境科学,2000,19(4)：66-71.
15.李长慧.光合细菌的营养价值及在养殖业中的应用[J].青海大学学报(自然科学版),2001,19(2)：34-35.
16.李军,杨秀山,彭永臻.微生物与水处理[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2002,378-380.
17.刘双江等.采用光合细菌控制水体中亚硝酸盐的研究[J].环境科学,1995,16(6)：21-23.
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