不同播期与密度对小麦生育特性及产量的影响
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摘要
播期、密度是小麦栽培中容易控制的因素,其对小麦生长发育及产量的形成起着关键性的影响。采用两因素二项D饱和最优试验设计,研究不同播期与密度对冬小麦品种陕麦159与西农9871生长发育、产量等的影响,为生产上选取不同品种最优的播期和密度提供理论参考。
结果显示播种期与播种密度通过影响小麦全生育期的长短,进一步影响小麦群体及个体发育。小麦群体生长与个体的发育将影响小麦根系生长状况、小麦株高及小麦穗发育状况,都会影响小麦产量。本研究得出以下主要结果:
(1)播期影响了小麦出苗所经历的天数。播期越晚出苗所需要的时间越长,出苗所需天数随着播种期的推迟有所增加。早播处理10月1日播种所经历的时间为7天,晚播小麦超过10月18日播种,出苗所需要时间为10天。晚播处理小麦整个生育期较早播处理有所延迟,但较早播处理全生育期减少19天。
(2)播期与播种密度对两品种小麦群体大小影响显著。播期为10月1日的早播处理小麦密度120万/hm2与密度270万/hm2在冬前总茎数与拔节期总茎数均极显著高于晚播处理。冬前小麦单株茎数早播处理极显著大于晚播处理。到了春季土壤解冻气温回暖小麦生长加快,分蘖数目增多,早播与晚播间单株茎数差距减小。10月11日与10月18日单株茎数与早播10月1日两处理间无显著差异,晚播10月25日两处理总茎数与单株茎数仍然较少。
(3)次生根数目随着生长进程增加。次生根在不同播期与密度间呈现出随着播期推迟而减少,随着密度增加而提高的变化趋势。早播高密度时次生根数目大于早播低密度时的数目,而晚播低密度时次生根数目大于高密度处理。在冬前陕麦159与西农9871,播期10月1日密度为270万/hm2的处理次生根数目为最大,极显著高于其它处理。晚播期10月25日密度为120万/hm2次生根数目为最低。早播处理次生根数目的优势一直保持延续,但随着生长进程,拔节期与灌浆期处理间次生根数目的差距不断减小。
(4)干物质积累量随着播期的推迟表现下降。拔节期之前干物质积累量在不同处理间差异比较大,灌浆期差异变小。早播情况下,相同播种期低密度处理,干物质积累量较大。而晚播情况下相同播种期高密度处理,干物质积累量较大。
(5)随着播种期的推迟小麦成穗数下降,随着播种密度的降低而下降。陕麦159与西农9871在处理为播期10月1日,密度270万/hm2时成穗数最多,处理为播期10月25日密度为120万/hm2时最少。小麦穗粒数随着播种密度的提高而减少,随着播种期的推迟也出现增加的趋势。本试验小麦千粒重随着播期的推迟先增加后下降,随着播种密度的降低而减少。陕麦159最大千粒重为播期10月11日播种密度180万/hm2时,千粒重44.7g。西农9871最大千粒重是处理为10月25日密度225万/hm2时千粒重为45.4g。小麦产量与播期、密度的关系密切。小麦产量呈现出随着播种期的推迟而减少,随着密度的降低而减少的趋势。陕麦159与西农9871两品种不同播期对产量影响表现基本一致,密度对产量影响反应不同。陕麦159播期10月1日密度120万/hm2时产量最高,实际产量为8100kg/hm2。西农9871播种期10月1日密度270万/hm2时产量最高,为实际产量9886kg /hm2。
小麦从播种到出苗所需要的积温是恒定的,推迟随着播期的推迟气温逐渐下降,日积温逐渐减少出苗所需天数增加,早播小麦处理萌发出苗所需积温条件充足。早播对于小麦成穗数有利,而晚播需要提高播种密度增加成穗数。降低播种密度对小麦形成较多穗粒数有利。小麦千粒重随着播期的推迟先增加后下降,随着播种密度的降低而减少,适期播种有利于形成较高的千粒重。小麦早播有利于群体产量的提高,大的播种密度有利于得到较高产量,尤其是晚播时通过增加播种密度,需要提高主茎数弥补晚播分蘖不足,依靠主茎成穗来增加产量。
Sowing date, density are factors more easily to control in wheat cultivation, but they plays a critical influence in wheat growth,in different varieties and cultural environment have various. We adopt optimum design of sowing date and density in experiment.Study influence on Shanmai159 and Xinong9871 of yield traits with different sowing and density.Intent to select the best sowing date and density to provide a theoretical reference..
The results showed that sowing date and planting density influenced the length of growth progress, further affecting to wheat groups and individual development. They will affect the wheat root growth, plant height and development of Spike, the ultimate impact to wheat production.
(1) Sowing and planting density affect the process of wheat growth,and density had little effect . Sowing the later emergence of the longer time required, the number of days required for germination with the delay of sowing date increased. Sowing at october 1,the days of emergence was 7 days,and sowing exceed october 18 requiring 10 days.Later sowing delayed progress of wheat growth, but it reduced the growth progress by 19 days.
(2)Sowing date and planting density significantly effected on the size of the two wheat groups .Two treatments of wheat that sown at 1 October the total number of stems in the winter and before the jointing stage were significantly higher than the late sowing . Before winter the number of stems per plant in early sowing was significantly greater than the late sowing. With the temperatures rising,and soil thawing in spring, the number of tiller faster increase, early sowing and late sowing reduced the gap between the number of stems per plant. The number of stems per plant between the two treatments at 11 October and 18 October was no significant difference with 1 October .25 October the total number of stems per plant stem number is still small.
(3) The number of secondary roots increased with the growth process. Secondary roots at different sowing dates and densities showing a decrease with delayed sowing, with the density increasing trend of improvement. The number of secondary root of high density is greater than low density in early sowing, while low-density is greater than high-density treatment. Before winter Shanmai159 and Xinong9871, on 1 October density 2.7 million / hm2 are get the largest number of secondary roots, significantly higher than other treatments. 25 October density of 120 million / hm2 was the lowest number of secondary roots. The early sowing maintained the advantages of secondary roots, but with the growth process, in jointing stage and filling the gap between the number of secondary roots decreasing.
(4) Dry matter accumulation performance decreased with the sowing delayed. Before the jointing stage dry matter accumulation relatively large difference between treatments, the differences became smaller in filling stage. Early sowing cases, low density accumulate moer dry matter than high density. In late sowing high density accumulate more dry matter than low density.
(5) With the delay of sowing ,stems into the spikes fall, with the lower planting density decreased. Shanmai159 and Xinong9871 in October 1, density of 2.7million / hm2 into a spike great and the 25 October sowing density was 1.2 million / hm2 is less. As the planting density of wheat grain increased the number of reduced, with the delay of sowing date also appears on the rise. With this study, grain weight of wheat sowing increased the delay of the first down, with the reduction in planting density reduced. Shaanxi wheat grain weight for the 159 largest of the 11 October broadcast seeding density 1.8 million / hm2, the grain weight 44.7g. Wesfarmers 9871 grain weight is the biggest deal for the 25 October density 2.25 million / hm2 when the grain weight is 45.4g. Wheat yield and sowing date, density close. Wheat showing a decrease with the delay of sowing date, with the decrease of the density decline. Shanmai 159 and wheat varieties Xinong 9871 two different sowing dates on yield consistent performance and density on yield response different. Shanmai159 sowing October 1ofdensity 120 million / hm2 when the highest yield, the actual yield 8100kg/hm2. Xinong9871,1October sowing density of 2.7 million / hm2 when the highest yield for the production 9886 kg / hm2.
From sowing to emergence the accumulated temperature is constantly, with the sowing delayed the temperature decreased gradually,wheat need more time to germinate, early sowing have a sufficient temperature condition. Early sowing favorable of formate valid spike, and late sowing need to increase the planting density to increased spike. Reduce the planting density are more favorable on formation wheat grain number. Wheat grain-weight with the increase of the delayed sowing after the first drop, with the reduce density is decrease, proper planting conducive to the formation of a higher grain-weight. Early sowing favorable of increase wheat yield, high density favorable of obtain a great production, especial when late sowing, need to increase the number of main stem into spike to compensation lack tiller, relying on the main stem into spike to increase production
结果显示播种期与播种密度通过影响小麦全生育期的长短,进一步影响小麦群体及个体发育。小麦群体生长与个体的发育将影响小麦根系生长状况、小麦株高及小麦穗发育状况,都会影响小麦产量。本研究得出以下主要结果:
(1)播期影响了小麦出苗所经历的天数。播期越晚出苗所需要的时间越长,出苗所需天数随着播种期的推迟有所增加。早播处理10月1日播种所经历的时间为7天,晚播小麦超过10月18日播种,出苗所需要时间为10天。晚播处理小麦整个生育期较早播处理有所延迟,但较早播处理全生育期减少19天。
(2)播期与播种密度对两品种小麦群体大小影响显著。播期为10月1日的早播处理小麦密度120万/hm2与密度270万/hm2在冬前总茎数与拔节期总茎数均极显著高于晚播处理。冬前小麦单株茎数早播处理极显著大于晚播处理。到了春季土壤解冻气温回暖小麦生长加快,分蘖数目增多,早播与晚播间单株茎数差距减小。10月11日与10月18日单株茎数与早播10月1日两处理间无显著差异,晚播10月25日两处理总茎数与单株茎数仍然较少。
(3)次生根数目随着生长进程增加。次生根在不同播期与密度间呈现出随着播期推迟而减少,随着密度增加而提高的变化趋势。早播高密度时次生根数目大于早播低密度时的数目,而晚播低密度时次生根数目大于高密度处理。在冬前陕麦159与西农9871,播期10月1日密度为270万/hm2的处理次生根数目为最大,极显著高于其它处理。晚播期10月25日密度为120万/hm2次生根数目为最低。早播处理次生根数目的优势一直保持延续,但随着生长进程,拔节期与灌浆期处理间次生根数目的差距不断减小。
(4)干物质积累量随着播期的推迟表现下降。拔节期之前干物质积累量在不同处理间差异比较大,灌浆期差异变小。早播情况下,相同播种期低密度处理,干物质积累量较大。而晚播情况下相同播种期高密度处理,干物质积累量较大。
(5)随着播种期的推迟小麦成穗数下降,随着播种密度的降低而下降。陕麦159与西农9871在处理为播期10月1日,密度270万/hm2时成穗数最多,处理为播期10月25日密度为120万/hm2时最少。小麦穗粒数随着播种密度的提高而减少,随着播种期的推迟也出现增加的趋势。本试验小麦千粒重随着播期的推迟先增加后下降,随着播种密度的降低而减少。陕麦159最大千粒重为播期10月11日播种密度180万/hm2时,千粒重44.7g。西农9871最大千粒重是处理为10月25日密度225万/hm2时千粒重为45.4g。小麦产量与播期、密度的关系密切。小麦产量呈现出随着播种期的推迟而减少,随着密度的降低而减少的趋势。陕麦159与西农9871两品种不同播期对产量影响表现基本一致,密度对产量影响反应不同。陕麦159播期10月1日密度120万/hm2时产量最高,实际产量为8100kg/hm2。西农9871播种期10月1日密度270万/hm2时产量最高,为实际产量9886kg /hm2。
小麦从播种到出苗所需要的积温是恒定的,推迟随着播期的推迟气温逐渐下降,日积温逐渐减少出苗所需天数增加,早播小麦处理萌发出苗所需积温条件充足。早播对于小麦成穗数有利,而晚播需要提高播种密度增加成穗数。降低播种密度对小麦形成较多穗粒数有利。小麦千粒重随着播期的推迟先增加后下降,随着播种密度的降低而减少,适期播种有利于形成较高的千粒重。小麦早播有利于群体产量的提高,大的播种密度有利于得到较高产量,尤其是晚播时通过增加播种密度,需要提高主茎数弥补晚播分蘖不足,依靠主茎成穗来增加产量。
Sowing date, density are factors more easily to control in wheat cultivation, but they plays a critical influence in wheat growth,in different varieties and cultural environment have various. We adopt optimum design of sowing date and density in experiment.Study influence on Shanmai159 and Xinong9871 of yield traits with different sowing and density.Intent to select the best sowing date and density to provide a theoretical reference..
The results showed that sowing date and planting density influenced the length of growth progress, further affecting to wheat groups and individual development. They will affect the wheat root growth, plant height and development of Spike, the ultimate impact to wheat production.
(1) Sowing and planting density affect the process of wheat growth,and density had little effect . Sowing the later emergence of the longer time required, the number of days required for germination with the delay of sowing date increased. Sowing at october 1,the days of emergence was 7 days,and sowing exceed october 18 requiring 10 days.Later sowing delayed progress of wheat growth, but it reduced the growth progress by 19 days.
(2)Sowing date and planting density significantly effected on the size of the two wheat groups .Two treatments of wheat that sown at 1 October the total number of stems in the winter and before the jointing stage were significantly higher than the late sowing . Before winter the number of stems per plant in early sowing was significantly greater than the late sowing. With the temperatures rising,and soil thawing in spring, the number of tiller faster increase, early sowing and late sowing reduced the gap between the number of stems per plant. The number of stems per plant between the two treatments at 11 October and 18 October was no significant difference with 1 October .25 October the total number of stems per plant stem number is still small.
(3) The number of secondary roots increased with the growth process. Secondary roots at different sowing dates and densities showing a decrease with delayed sowing, with the density increasing trend of improvement. The number of secondary root of high density is greater than low density in early sowing, while low-density is greater than high-density treatment. Before winter Shanmai159 and Xinong9871, on 1 October density 2.7 million / hm2 are get the largest number of secondary roots, significantly higher than other treatments. 25 October density of 120 million / hm2 was the lowest number of secondary roots. The early sowing maintained the advantages of secondary roots, but with the growth process, in jointing stage and filling the gap between the number of secondary roots decreasing.
(4) Dry matter accumulation performance decreased with the sowing delayed. Before the jointing stage dry matter accumulation relatively large difference between treatments, the differences became smaller in filling stage. Early sowing cases, low density accumulate moer dry matter than high density. In late sowing high density accumulate more dry matter than low density.
(5) With the delay of sowing ,stems into the spikes fall, with the lower planting density decreased. Shanmai159 and Xinong9871 in October 1, density of 2.7million / hm2 into a spike great and the 25 October sowing density was 1.2 million / hm2 is less. As the planting density of wheat grain increased the number of reduced, with the delay of sowing date also appears on the rise. With this study, grain weight of wheat sowing increased the delay of the first down, with the reduction in planting density reduced. Shaanxi wheat grain weight for the 159 largest of the 11 October broadcast seeding density 1.8 million / hm2, the grain weight 44.7g. Wesfarmers 9871 grain weight is the biggest deal for the 25 October density 2.25 million / hm2 when the grain weight is 45.4g. Wheat yield and sowing date, density close. Wheat showing a decrease with the delay of sowing date, with the decrease of the density decline. Shanmai 159 and wheat varieties Xinong 9871 two different sowing dates on yield consistent performance and density on yield response different. Shanmai159 sowing October 1ofdensity 120 million / hm2 when the highest yield, the actual yield 8100kg/hm2. Xinong9871,1October sowing density of 2.7 million / hm2 when the highest yield for the production 9886 kg / hm2.
From sowing to emergence the accumulated temperature is constantly, with the sowing delayed the temperature decreased gradually,wheat need more time to germinate, early sowing have a sufficient temperature condition. Early sowing favorable of formate valid spike, and late sowing need to increase the planting density to increased spike. Reduce the planting density are more favorable on formation wheat grain number. Wheat grain-weight with the increase of the delayed sowing after the first drop, with the reduce density is decrease, proper planting conducive to the formation of a higher grain-weight. Early sowing favorable of increase wheat yield, high density favorable of obtain a great production, especial when late sowing, need to increase the number of main stem into spike to compensation lack tiller, relying on the main stem into spike to increase production
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