界面组装配位聚合物纳米结构材料

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作者：刘冰 论文级别：博士 学科专业名称：物理化学 中文关键词：配位聚合物 ; 界面组装 ; 纳米结构 ; 多卟啉阵列 英文关键词：Coordination polymer ; Interfacial assembly ; Nanostructure materials ; Multi-porphyrin arrays 学位年度：2008 导师：钱东金 学科代码：070304 学位授予单位：复旦大学 论文提交日期：2008-03-20

摘要

自上世纪60年代配位聚合物的概念被正式提出后,这种孕有巨大应用前景的新型化合物就一直受到成千上万研究者们的关注。配位聚合物是由过渡金属离子与有机配体通过配位键的作用,形成的一维(1D)、二维(2D)、或三维(3D)空间无限网络结构的聚合物或零维(0D)的寡聚物。配位聚合物除了可兼具金属离子和配体的性质之外,离子与配体之间的相互作用和聚合物中的空腔也都赋予了它更多的特殊性能。随着近年来分子材料和纳米科技的飞速发展,配位聚合物与分子组装和纳米技术的进一步交叉、融合为新型多功能材料的研发开启了又一扇新的大门。具有独特结构和性能的配位聚合物纳米材料,在光、电、磁学,催化,气体或溶剂分子的可逆吸附,分子/离子识别和交换,分子器件和分子机器的设计中都具有重要的研究意义和潜在的应用价值。
     本文旨在利用金属外层电子云构型差异与各种配体配位形式的不同,从分子层面设计构筑不同结构的配位聚合物纳米结构材料,并在气-液、固-液和液-液界面实现其组装。主要用于组装的是含吡啶基团的系列多齿配体如联吡啶,三吡啶基嗪类,四吡啶基卟啉等。在用超分子方法构建配位聚合物这一领域,科学家们也做了大量优秀的工作,但绝大多数都是使用溶液的方法进行合成,并利用X射线衍射等“宏观”的手段进行表征,缺乏微观形貌的直接观测和生长动力学方面的信息。本文中,配位聚合物纳米结构材料则是在两相界面这一独特的环境中进行组装。同其他方法相比,界面上具有流动性好、零缺陷等特点,无苛刻的反应条件和设备要求,是非常理想的组装媒介;同时,界面上得到配位聚合物并不溶于两相溶剂,所以非常容易实现产物的纯化和分离;此外,产物在离开界面后即停止反应,易于实现对于配位聚合物纳米晶生成的实时观测和表征;最后,通过调节反应相的浓度、反应时间等简单手段,即可实现对配位聚合物形貌的调控。界面组装的方法,为温和条件下组装配位聚合物纳米材料带来了新的思路,我们可以通过选择不同配位构型的过渡金属离子和不同取向的多齿配体分子,在两相界面设计构筑更多具有特殊结构的功能性配位聚合物纳米材料。
     根据实验中配体的选择,本文的研究内容主要分为两大部分,第一部分探讨了含有功能性配体四吡啶基卟啉(TPyP)的配位聚合物纳米晶在界面的组装及其在异相可控催化方面的初步应用,第二部分主要研究了含手性配体的配位聚合物、双金属配位聚合物的界面组装。具体内容和结果如下:
     第一部分
     1.以水-氯仿界面为组装环境,利用水相中过渡金属离子(Cd~(2+)、Ag~+、Hg~(2+)、PtCl_4~(2-),PtCl_6~(2-))和有机相中TPyP配体间的配位作用,在液-液界面处设计组装了一系列金属-多卟啉配位聚合物阵列纳米晶。使用Langmuir-Blodgett(LB)技术将所得的金属-多卟啉阵列纳米晶转移到各种固体基板上并进行表征。透射电镜(TEM)测试给出了金属-多卟啉配位聚合物纳米晶的形貌和生长过程动力学信息:X射线薄膜衍射(XRD)、电子衍射(ED)表征发现金属-多卟啉阵列纳米晶的在反应初期为单晶结构,后期则由于多个配位单元的结合、堆积形成了多晶结构;X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和紫外可见吸收光谱(UV-vis)的测试则确证了界面上的产物是金属离子和TPyP配体结合形成的金属-多卟啉阵列纳米晶。结果发现,金属-多卟啉阵列配位聚合物纳米晶的形貌与过渡金属离子核外电子云构型密切相关,八面体构型的Cd~(2+)、PtCl_6~(2-)和TPyP反应生成二维近正方结构,而四面体构型的Ag~+、Hg~(2+)和PtCl_4~(2-)与TPyP反应则生成一维棒状或线状结构。
     2.在上述液-液界面反应系统中引入双齿配体4,4'-bipyridyl(BPy),将BPy和四齿配体TPyP按照一定的摩尔比混溶于氯仿相中,同水相中的Hg~(2+)离子在两相界面进行组装,得到了具有新颖梳状结构的Hg-TPyP/BPy复合配位微/纳米结构。使用TEM、能谱(EDX)、XPS和UV-vis对该复合配位聚合物微/纳米结构材料进行表征分析后发现:这种微,纳米梳是由Hg~(2+)离子和TPyP,BPy两种配体复合配位而成的,其主干长度与有机相中(M)TPyP和BPy两种配体的摩尔比有关,而分枝的形貌则受到反应时间的影响;XRD和ED结果表明这种微/纳米梳呈单晶态,并具有和Hg-BPy类似的晶体结构。另外,替换配体的对比实验说明联吡啶中N给体取向和配体的结构在构筑Hg-(M)TPyP/Hg-BPy配位聚合物微/纳米梳时起到至关重要的作用,而TPyP环间的中央金属离子则对微/纳米梳的形貌没有明显影响。
     3.沿用液-液界面复合配位体系,将三吡啶基三嗪(TPyTa)和TPyP按照一定的摩尔比混溶于氯仿相中,与Hg~(2+)在水-氯仿界面自组装得到了外径约80nm,壁厚15～25nm,长度则在十几微米的Hg-TPyP/Hg-TPyTa复合配位聚合物纳米管。对比实验表明,仅有TPyP和TPyTa的摩尔比范围在1:3～1:4时,才有这种配位聚合物纳米管生成,当两种配体的摩尔比小于1:3或大于1:4,或者仅单一配体与Hg~(2+)离子发生界面反应时,均没有发现这种具有管状结构的配位聚合物纳米晶。XPS和元素分析的结果给出配位聚合物纳米管的组成成分,ED结果则证明纳米管的晶体结构与Hg-TPyTa配位聚合物相类似。紫外可见光谱和荧光光谱进一步论证了Hg-TPyP/Hg-TPyTa配位聚合物纳米管是由两种配体复合配位产生的,最终我们认为这种纳米管的形成机理,与Hg~(2+)离子同两种配体构成的TPyP-Hg-TPyTa非平面配位单元有直接关系。
     4.使用经聚吡啶(PVP)修饰的石英基片,通过层层组装的方法,在固-液界面组装得到了Pd-FeTPyP配位聚合物多层膜,并用UV-vis吸收光谱监测了此多层膜的组装过程。由于金属卟啉经常用于各种有机化合物的催化反应,我们这里也利用Pd-FeTPyP配位聚合物网络中的FeTPyP为催化剂,H_2O_2为氧化剂来催化氧化环辛烯。实验表明组装在石英基片上的Pd-FeTPyP配位聚合物层层组装膜可以稳定的存在于有机溶剂,酸性、碱性溶液和高温的环境中,这种性质就使修饰有Pd-FeTPyP的石英基片不会对反应溶液体系进行二次污染,可以作为独特的“催化剂开关”使用。GC-MS的测试表明,当负载有Pd-FeTPyP的石英基片插入含环辛烯和H_2O_2的反应系统中时,氧化反应开始,生成了氧化环辛烯,当此催化剂基片取出时,氧化反应停止。通过插入和取出Pd-FeTPyP配位聚合物催化剂基片,即可控制氧化反应的“开”和“关”,并且,此基片还可以进行重复使用,催化剂也易于再生。此外,我们通过Beer-Lambert定律计算出FeTPyP在基片表面的覆盖度,并推算出此异相催化体系要比相同溶液条件下进行的催化氧化反应具有更高的催化效率。
     第二部分
     1.合成了具有手性单元的配体R(S)-binaphthyl-bis(amidopyridyl)(R(S)BNBP)并将其铺展在K_2PdCl_4亚相表面,在气-液界面构筑了Pd-R(S)BNBP配位聚合物单层膜。π-A等温线的测试发现,RBNBP和SBNBP分子表现出了十分类似的单分子膜行为:在纯水表面,两者均不可形成稳定的单分子膜,而在K_2PdCl_4亚相,均形成了稳定的Pd-R(S)BNBP配位聚合物,单分子占有面积也均为1.2nm~2。对沉积有Pd-R(S)BNBP配位聚合物LB膜的固体基片进行了XPS的表征,确证了配位聚合物的元素组成。TEM测试发现界面上形成的Pd-R(S)BNBP配位聚合物是由大量粒径在20 nm左右的纳米点构成的,随着表面压的增大,这些纳米点进一步堆积、连接形成长度在几百纳米的纳米线结构。圆二色性光谱测试发现,相对处于溶液状态中的R(S)BNBP分子,Pd-R(S)BNBP配位聚合物LB膜的CD光谱有所变化,这可能与Pd-R(S)BNBP配位聚合物在气液界面的多种排列结构有关。
     2.根据文献中的方法合成了配体4'-(4-pyddyl)-2,2':6',2”-terpyridine(pyterpy),使用pyterpy和Fe(BF_4]_2进一步反应生成了配合物配体Fe(pyterpy)_2[BF_4]_2。将Fe(pyterpy)_2[BF_4]_2铺展在CdCl_2亚相表面,通过配合物配体中的两个对位吡啶基与Cd~(2+)离子间的配位作用,在气-液界面组装得到了Cd-Fe(pyterpy)_2双金属配位聚合物。π-A和A-t等温线的测试发现,在纯水亚相表面Fe(pyterpy)_2[BF_4]_2并不能够形成稳定的单分子膜,而在CdCl_2亚相上形成的这种双金属配位聚合物则十分稳定。将气-液界面得到的配位聚合物通过LB技术沉积到固体基片后,进行了XPS、UV-vis吸收光谱和TEM的测试,结果表明Cd-Fe(pyterpy)_2具有所预期的组分和双金属结构。用此双金属配位聚合物修饰电极进行的循环伏安测试显示了膜中Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ)良好的可逆氧化还原过程,通过分析还得知聚合物中的Fe(Ⅱ)被氧化为Fe(Ⅲ)时,Cd-Fe(pyterpy)_2依然可以保持这种双金属配位的结构。
Coordination polymers are compounds with infinite one-,two-,and three-dimensional (1D,2D,and 3D) networks constructed from metal ions as connectors and ligands as linkers.They were first named in 1960s,since then great efforts have been made to design,synthesize,and assemble the coordination building blocks with desired architectural,physical,and chemical properties.Not only the inorganic-organic hybrid but also the porous structures make coordination polymers become one kind of unique functional materials toward wide applications of catalysis, chirality,conductivity,luminescence,magnetism,non-linear optics,porosity or zeolitic behavior,and molecular devices.
     In the present work,coordination polymer nanostructural materials were assembled at air-liquid,solid-liquid,and liquid-liquid interfaces.According to the geometric features of metal ions and multi-dentate ligands,we can achieve several kinds of coordination frameworks with different structures through the interfacial assembly. Metal ions such as Cd~(2+),Ag~+,Hg~(2+),and PdCl_4~(2-) were used as connectors and multi-dentate ligands containing pyridyl ligand such 4,4'-bipyridyl,tri(4-pyridyl)triazine, and tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin were used as linkers.Excellent works have been reported in the field of assembly coordination polymers,however,almost all of them focused on crystalline compounds and synthesized in solutions.The information of microscopic morphology and growth dynamics was lacking.Herein,the coordination polymer nanostructural materials were assembled at the interface in mild conditions.These interfaces provide defect-free junction,where the products are highly mobile and can rapidly achieve equilibrium.The coordination polymers assembled at the interface are unable to dissolve into solutions so that one can easily separate the products from the reactants.Furthermore,dynamics of the coordination polymer growth can be monitored by simply removing the products from the interface after appropriated reaction time.Finally,the structure of coordination polymer can be controlled by tailoring the interfacial reaction conditions such as reaction time, concentration of reagents,etc.Hence,the present interfacial assembly method could create a convenient route for construction of coordination polymers,leading to easily design and assembly unique coordination frameworks at the interface by selecting the connectors and linkers with different coordinate geometric features.
     This paper was divided into two major parts.In the first part,interfacial assembly of coordination polymer nanostructural materials containing porphyrin linkers were investigated.The second parts discussed the coordination polymers constructed by chiral ligand and metal-complex-like ligand at the air-water interface.
     PartⅠ.
     The water-chloroform interface was used as a mediator for assembly of metaltetrapyridylporphyrin (TPyP) coordination polymer nanocrystals,and the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method was used to transfer the nanocrystal layer to solid surfaces.The nanocrystal formation process and its frameworks were characterized by using transmission electron microscopy(TEM),electron diffraction(ED) and X-ray diffraction(XRD).It was found that single-/micro-crystals were formed at first,and then they grew into polycrystals.Moreover,X-ray photoelectron spectra(XPS) and UV-vis absorption spectra were used to analyze the composition and porphyrin arrangement of the nanocrystals.Rod-or wire-like nanocrystal frameworks could be formed by the interfacial coordination reaction of HgCl_2,AgNO_3 and K_2PtCl_4 with TPyP,and square nanocrystal formed by CdCl_2 and K_2PtCl_6 with TPyP.Based on the consideration of Hg~(2+),Ag~+ and PtCl_4~(2-)(tetrahedral) and of Cd~(2+) and PtCl_6~(2-) (octahedral) geometric features,it can be concluded that the frameworks of coordination polymers produced are dominant by the geometric features of the metal ions.
     Mixtures of 4,4'-bipyridyl(BPy) and TPyP chloroform solution were used for the liquid-liquid assembly with HgCl_2 aqueous solution,resulting in formation of comb-like micro-/nano-structural coordination polymers.Scan electron microscopic images revealed that the coordination polymer nanocombs assembled closely depended on the mixed molar ratios of TPyP to BPy in the reactants,as well as the interfacial reaction time.Both the XPS and energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) spectroscopic measurements confirmed that the as-prepared nanocombs were composed of Hg,Cl,C and N elements.When the 4,4'-bipyridyl ligand was replaced by its derivatives,2,2'-bipyridyl or 4,4'-trimethylenedipyridine,coordination polymer nanocombs could not be obtained.The central metal ions of TPyP had little influence on the nanocombs assembled.
     BPy was replaced by ligand tris(4-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine(TPyTa) and mixed with TPyP in chloroform solution with different molar ratios as organic phase.The mixture was reacted with Hg~(2+) at the water-chloroform interface and unique coordination polymer nanotubes were obtained.TEM images revealed that the outer diameter of the nanotubes was about 60～80 nm and inner diameter about 30～40 nm.The wall thickness of the nanotube was about 15～25 nm.Furthermore,the nanotubular structure formed only when the molar ratios of TPyP/TPyTa were in the range of 1:3 to 1:4.When the molar ratios of TPyP/TPyTa were below 1:2 or above 1:6, tubular structures were not found.Composition of the Hg-TPyP/Hg-TPyTa nanotubes was estimated by XPS and elemental analysis.ED,UV-vis,and fluorescence spectra confirmed that the as-prepared nanotubes were composed of TPyP and BPy ligands. The formation mechanism of the tubular structure was considered by rolling the TPyTa-Hg-TPyP nonplanar coordination unit.
     Layer-by-layer(LBL) assembly of Iron(Ⅲ) 5,10,15,20-tetra-(4-pyridyl)porphyrin (FeTPyP)as linkers and PdCl_4~(2-) as connectors was performed at solid-liquid interface. The assembly process was in situ investigated by UV-vis absorption spectra.It was found that the Pd-FeTPyP LBL films were stable at acidic,alkaline,and organic solvent,these properties made it possible for a catalyst system because the metalloporphyrins are effective catalysts for selective oxidation of alkanes and alkenes under mild conditions.GC-MS measurement found when the Pd-FeTPyP LBL films modified substrate was immersed in the cyclooctene solution with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant,epoxidation of cyclooctene could be observed;when the substrates were removed,the reaction stopped.That is,the oxidation reaction is easily switched "on" and "off",just by immersing or removing the multiporphyrin arrays modified substrates in or from the reaction system.According to the Beer-Lambert rule,we calculated that the catalytic efficiency of Pd-FeTPyP LBL film was higher than that for the FeTPyP in solution.
     PartⅡ
     Chiral linkers R(S)-binaphthyl-bis(amidopyridyl)[R(S)BNBP]were synthesized and used for construction of coordination polymers films with PdCl_4~(2-) at the air-liquid interface.The surface pressure-area isotherms indicated that the RBNBP and SBNBP presented very similar monolayer behavior.That is,stable monolayers of Pd-R(S)BNBP coordination polymer could be formed on the K_2PdCl_4 subphase surface instead of pure water surface.XPS measurement confirmed the elemental composition of the Pd-R(S)BNBP coordination polymer LB films.TEM images revealed that the films were composed of large amount of closely packed round domains,which were then connected into nanowires under high surface pressures. Circular dichroism(CD) spectra indicated the signals appeared in the range of 300～340 nm for the R(S)BNBP solution,but were silent in the Pd-R(S)BNBP films.New CD signals at about 240 nm were found in the Pd-R(S)BNBP coordination polymers. This difference of the CD signals might be due to the different arrangement of R(S)BNBP in Pd-R(S)BNBP coordination polymer LB films compared with that in solutions.
     4'-(4-pyridyl)-2,2':6',2"-terpyridine(pyterpy) was synthesized and used to form a complex-like coordination linker of Fe(pyterpy)_2[BF_4]_2 with Fe(BF_4]_2.Then,an interfacial assembly of bimetallic coordination polymer of Cd-Fe(pyterpy)_2 was performed at the air-liquid interface.The surface pressure-area and area-time isotherms indicated that stable monolayers of Fe(pyterpy)_2[BF_4]_2 could be formed on the 0.1 mol/L CdCl_2 subphase surface after an interfacial coordination reaction over 12 h,though it was difficult to form stable monolayers on the pure water surface.By using the LB method,monolayers of the Cd-Fe(pyterpy)_2 coordination polymers were transferred on the substrate surfaces,and characterized by using the UV-vis,XPS,as well as TEM.The spectral data revealed that the LB film was composed of C,Cl,Cd, N and Fe elements,which was in agreement with the composition of the coordination polymer.Electrochemical measurements revealed a couple of reversible wave corresponding to the iron(Ⅱ)/iron(Ⅲ) reduction-oxidation process in the films of the bimetallic coordination polymers.

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