铁路交通伤害的流行病学研究
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摘要
目的
研究铁路交通伤害中行车重大事故、大事故及道口事故的流行规律与发生趋势、损失及负担、可能的原因及危险因素；了解人们对铁路交通伤害的认识、态度及相关行为，为制订有效的铁路交通伤害预防策略与措施提供科学依据。
方法
从安全室的报表和现场调查分别收集数据，应用描述流行病学和数理统计模型来研究铁路交通伤害的流行病学特征、发生原因和危险因素，提供人群的铁路安全教育模式、铁路交通伤害的预防与控制意见。
结果
1．铁路行车重大事故、大事故的流行特征及危险因素：
1．1 1990～2000年全国共发生铁路重大、大事故317起，其中重大事故288起，大事故29起，事故数在11年间呈下降趋势。时间分布特点：以月份的圆形分布显示，总体中有平均方向，平均角(?)=202.63，相当于7月23日，标准差s=110.28，相当于4月20日。事故原因的月份分布是，自然灾害在7月份发生数(11起)明显高于其他月份(x~2=13.42，P=0.000)；失职在4月份发生数(14起)比其他月份高(x~2=10.85，P=0.001)。
1．2 主要发生地点是铁路沿线区间内189起(59.62％)、火车站101起(31.86％)。
1．3 主要责任者是机车乘务员43人次(37.72％)，工务段工人27人次(23.68％)，路外人员18人次(15.79％)。
1．4 事故的主要原因依次是失职(19.87％)、违章(18.61％)、设备故障(17.67％)与自然灾害(9.78％)。
1．5 事故的主要列车类型是货车212起(66.9％)，客车80起(25.2％)，和调车11起(3.5％)。
2．道口事故的流行特征及危险因素：
2．1 1963～2002年广东、湖南两省共发生铁路道口事故1017起，其中防止的事故583起，撞上的事故434起。撞上的事故数在1963～1980年间呈显著上升趋势，1994～2002年总体呈现下降趋势。时间分布特点：以事故在一天24小时中圆形分布情况表明，总体中有平均方向，平均角(?)=210.95，相当于14点3.81分，标准差s=91.99，相当于6点7.96分。
2．2事故多发地的特点是：正线道口（共 349起，占 84．92％）、繁忙干线（206
起，占52．96％）、广州工务段管辖内（262起，占25．76％）。
2．3主要责任者是，机动车司机（占56．09％）、行人（14．21％）和道口工（13．20％）。
2．4主要原因是，车辆抢道 307起（占 31．49％）、车辆熄火 21起（ZI．64％）、
车辆机械故障 129起门3．23％）。
2．5道口事故危险因素与线路分类、肇事分类、肇事车种和看守分类4个因素有
关联。
3．人群铁路交通伤害的知识、态度及发生相关行为与性别、工种、家庭成员、乘
火车频数、以前是否发生过伤害等因素相关联。
结论
1．1990～2000年我国铁路行车重大事故、大事故发生趋势呈下降势态。11年中
设备故障所致行车事故明显减少，自然灾害所致行车事故每二至3年一个高峰。事故
发生时间有向7月份集中的趋势。事故多发于铁路沿线区间内，以京广线多发。货车、
客车发生事故居多。
2．1963～1980年粤湘两省的道口事故数呈显著上升趋势，1994～2002年则呈下
降趋势。道口事故在24小时中的分布向14点集中；在一周中的分布向周三、周四集
中。两省事故多发的道口是与市区公路相交的道口。京广线上道口事故频发。
3．道口事故的危险因素中，车辆抢道的危险性高于车辆熄火。车辆机械故障；摩
托车的危险性高于货车；无人看守的危险性高于工务看守。
4．铁路交通伤害的相关行为存在性别差异，男性发生危险行为多，女性发生保护
性行为偏多。铁路职工发生危险行为及保护性行为均多于非铁路职工。曾经发生过铁
路交通伤害的人群对伤害有一定认识，但发生相关危险行为多于未发生过伤害的人
群，对伤害的态度比较消极。
5．以加强公众安全教育、改善机车、车辆及铁路线质量、完善道回安全设施为主
的综合措施，减少铁路交通伤害。
Objective
The paper studied the empidemiological status and risk factors of railroad injury, found out the knowledge, attitude and practice of railroad injury in public, evaluated the loss and burden of injury. The aim of this study is to supply the prevention of railroad injury.
Methods
The data were from report forms and survey. Combining descriptive epidemiology with mathematical model, we conducted the study on the status, causes and risk factors for railroad injury, provided the education mode of railroad security and put forward to preventive strategies and suggestions of railroad injury.
Results
1. The epidemic features of train accidents:
1.1 There were 317 train accidents from 1990 to 2000 in China, and fatal accidents were 288, great ones 29. The trend of accidents was declining in these 11 years. Time distribution was: Circular distribution of month showed that there was a mean direction in population, mean angle a=202.63, equal to July 23, standard deviaton s=110.28, equal to April 20. The accidents cause in months showed that natural disaster in July was more than in other months( x 2=13.42, P=0.000), breach of duty in April was more than in other months( x 2=10.85,P=0.001).
1.2 The main sites of accidents were along the railway line (189,59.62%) and railway stations (101,31.86%).
1.3 The main responsible people were engine drivers (43,37.72%), track maintenance workers (27,23.68%) and non-railway-people (18,15.79%).
1.4 The main causes of accidents were breach of duty (19.87%), against rules and regulations (18.61%), facility failure (17.67%) and natural disaster (9.78%).
1.5 The most kinds of trains of accidents were freight train 212(66.9%), passenger train 80(25.2%), and dispatchtrain 11(3.5%).
2. The epidemic features and risk factors of grade crossing accidents:
2.1 There were 1017 grade crossing accidents from 1963 to 2002 in the two provinces
of Guangdong and Hunan, 583 were avoided and 434 were knocked into trains. The trend of accidents from 1963 to 1980 was ascending notably, and the trend from 1994 to 2002 was declining. Time distribution was: Circular distribution of 24 hours showed that there was a mean direction in population, mean angle a=210.95, equal to 3.81 past 14, standard deviaton s=91.99, equal to 7.96 past 6.
2.2 The main sites of accidents were major line crossings (349,84.92%), busy main lines (206,52.96%) and the track maintenance depot in Guangzhou (262,25.76%).
2.3 The main responsible people were motor drivers (56.09%), trespassers (14.21%) and track maintenance workers (13.20%).
2.4 The main causes of accidents were motor speedily crossing tracks (307,31.4%), motor dying out (211,21.64%), and motor failure (129,13.23%).
2.5 The risk factors of grade crossings were related with four factors which were line types, accident types, accident motor types and guard types.
3. The knowledge, attitude and practice of railroad injury in public were related with sex, type of work, family members, frequence of taking train, and whether or not meeting such injuries before.
Conclusions
1. The trend of train accidents from 1990 to 2000 was descending. Facility failure causing accidents was degressive, natural disaster had waves every 2 to 3 years. Accidents were concentrated to July. More accidents happened on the Beijing -- Guangzhou line. Freight trains and passenger trains were the most.
2. The trend of grade crossing accidents from 1963 to 1980 in two provinces of Guangdong and Hunan was ascending, and from 1994 to 2002 was descending. Grade crossing accidents were concentrated to 2 o'clock in the afternoon and Wednesday to Thursday. More accidents happended on the grade crossings which were main roads in cities also. More grade crossing accidents happened on the Beijing -- Guangzhou line.
3. The risk causes of train accidents were related to workers in locomotive maintenance and track maintenance, freight and passenger transport trains, along the railway lines.
4. The risk causes of grade crossings were shown that
研究铁路交通伤害中行车重大事故、大事故及道口事故的流行规律与发生趋势、损失及负担、可能的原因及危险因素；了解人们对铁路交通伤害的认识、态度及相关行为，为制订有效的铁路交通伤害预防策略与措施提供科学依据。
方法
从安全室的报表和现场调查分别收集数据，应用描述流行病学和数理统计模型来研究铁路交通伤害的流行病学特征、发生原因和危险因素，提供人群的铁路安全教育模式、铁路交通伤害的预防与控制意见。
结果
1．铁路行车重大事故、大事故的流行特征及危险因素：
1．1 1990～2000年全国共发生铁路重大、大事故317起，其中重大事故288起，大事故29起，事故数在11年间呈下降趋势。时间分布特点：以月份的圆形分布显示，总体中有平均方向，平均角(?)=202.63，相当于7月23日，标准差s=110.28，相当于4月20日。事故原因的月份分布是，自然灾害在7月份发生数(11起)明显高于其他月份(x~2=13.42，P=0.000)；失职在4月份发生数(14起)比其他月份高(x~2=10.85，P=0.001)。
1．2 主要发生地点是铁路沿线区间内189起(59.62％)、火车站101起(31.86％)。
1．3 主要责任者是机车乘务员43人次(37.72％)，工务段工人27人次(23.68％)，路外人员18人次(15.79％)。
1．4 事故的主要原因依次是失职(19.87％)、违章(18.61％)、设备故障(17.67％)与自然灾害(9.78％)。
1．5 事故的主要列车类型是货车212起(66.9％)，客车80起(25.2％)，和调车11起(3.5％)。
2．道口事故的流行特征及危险因素：
2．1 1963～2002年广东、湖南两省共发生铁路道口事故1017起，其中防止的事故583起，撞上的事故434起。撞上的事故数在1963～1980年间呈显著上升趋势，1994～2002年总体呈现下降趋势。时间分布特点：以事故在一天24小时中圆形分布情况表明，总体中有平均方向，平均角(?)=210.95，相当于14点3.81分，标准差s=91.99，相当于6点7.96分。
2．2事故多发地的特点是：正线道口（共 349起，占 84．92％）、繁忙干线（206
起，占52．96％）、广州工务段管辖内（262起，占25．76％）。
2．3主要责任者是，机动车司机（占56．09％）、行人（14．21％）和道口工（13．20％）。
2．4主要原因是，车辆抢道 307起（占 31．49％）、车辆熄火 21起（ZI．64％）、
车辆机械故障 129起门3．23％）。
2．5道口事故危险因素与线路分类、肇事分类、肇事车种和看守分类4个因素有
关联。
3．人群铁路交通伤害的知识、态度及发生相关行为与性别、工种、家庭成员、乘
火车频数、以前是否发生过伤害等因素相关联。
结论
1．1990～2000年我国铁路行车重大事故、大事故发生趋势呈下降势态。11年中
设备故障所致行车事故明显减少，自然灾害所致行车事故每二至3年一个高峰。事故
发生时间有向7月份集中的趋势。事故多发于铁路沿线区间内，以京广线多发。货车、
客车发生事故居多。
2．1963～1980年粤湘两省的道口事故数呈显著上升趋势，1994～2002年则呈下
降趋势。道口事故在24小时中的分布向14点集中；在一周中的分布向周三、周四集
中。两省事故多发的道口是与市区公路相交的道口。京广线上道口事故频发。
3．道口事故的危险因素中，车辆抢道的危险性高于车辆熄火。车辆机械故障；摩
托车的危险性高于货车；无人看守的危险性高于工务看守。
4．铁路交通伤害的相关行为存在性别差异，男性发生危险行为多，女性发生保护
性行为偏多。铁路职工发生危险行为及保护性行为均多于非铁路职工。曾经发生过铁
路交通伤害的人群对伤害有一定认识，但发生相关危险行为多于未发生过伤害的人
群，对伤害的态度比较消极。
5．以加强公众安全教育、改善机车、车辆及铁路线质量、完善道回安全设施为主
的综合措施，减少铁路交通伤害。
Objective
The paper studied the empidemiological status and risk factors of railroad injury, found out the knowledge, attitude and practice of railroad injury in public, evaluated the loss and burden of injury. The aim of this study is to supply the prevention of railroad injury.
Methods
The data were from report forms and survey. Combining descriptive epidemiology with mathematical model, we conducted the study on the status, causes and risk factors for railroad injury, provided the education mode of railroad security and put forward to preventive strategies and suggestions of railroad injury.
Results
1. The epidemic features of train accidents:
1.1 There were 317 train accidents from 1990 to 2000 in China, and fatal accidents were 288, great ones 29. The trend of accidents was declining in these 11 years. Time distribution was: Circular distribution of month showed that there was a mean direction in population, mean angle a=202.63, equal to July 23, standard deviaton s=110.28, equal to April 20. The accidents cause in months showed that natural disaster in July was more than in other months( x 2=13.42, P=0.000), breach of duty in April was more than in other months( x 2=10.85,P=0.001).
1.2 The main sites of accidents were along the railway line (189,59.62%) and railway stations (101,31.86%).
1.3 The main responsible people were engine drivers (43,37.72%), track maintenance workers (27,23.68%) and non-railway-people (18,15.79%).
1.4 The main causes of accidents were breach of duty (19.87%), against rules and regulations (18.61%), facility failure (17.67%) and natural disaster (9.78%).
1.5 The most kinds of trains of accidents were freight train 212(66.9%), passenger train 80(25.2%), and dispatchtrain 11(3.5%).
2. The epidemic features and risk factors of grade crossing accidents:
2.1 There were 1017 grade crossing accidents from 1963 to 2002 in the two provinces
of Guangdong and Hunan, 583 were avoided and 434 were knocked into trains. The trend of accidents from 1963 to 1980 was ascending notably, and the trend from 1994 to 2002 was declining. Time distribution was: Circular distribution of 24 hours showed that there was a mean direction in population, mean angle a=210.95, equal to 3.81 past 14, standard deviaton s=91.99, equal to 7.96 past 6.
2.2 The main sites of accidents were major line crossings (349,84.92%), busy main lines (206,52.96%) and the track maintenance depot in Guangzhou (262,25.76%).
2.3 The main responsible people were motor drivers (56.09%), trespassers (14.21%) and track maintenance workers (13.20%).
2.4 The main causes of accidents were motor speedily crossing tracks (307,31.4%), motor dying out (211,21.64%), and motor failure (129,13.23%).
2.5 The risk factors of grade crossings were related with four factors which were line types, accident types, accident motor types and guard types.
3. The knowledge, attitude and practice of railroad injury in public were related with sex, type of work, family members, frequence of taking train, and whether or not meeting such injuries before.
Conclusions
1. The trend of train accidents from 1990 to 2000 was descending. Facility failure causing accidents was degressive, natural disaster had waves every 2 to 3 years. Accidents were concentrated to July. More accidents happened on the Beijing -- Guangzhou line. Freight trains and passenger trains were the most.
2. The trend of grade crossing accidents from 1963 to 1980 in two provinces of Guangdong and Hunan was ascending, and from 1994 to 2002 was descending. Grade crossing accidents were concentrated to 2 o'clock in the afternoon and Wednesday to Thursday. More accidents happended on the grade crossings which were main roads in cities also. More grade crossing accidents happened on the Beijing -- Guangzhou line.
3. The risk causes of train accidents were related to workers in locomotive maintenance and track maintenance, freight and passenger transport trains, along the railway lines.
4. The risk causes of grade crossings were shown that
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30 张锐，余善法，马良庆．机车司机职业紧张与行车安全的关系．劳动医学，1999；16(2)：76-78．
31 曹煜红，田俐，徐琨．电力机车驾驶作业对乘务员神经行为功能的影响．工业卫生与职业病，1999；25(1)：37-39．
32 张玲，谭麓湘，方章初，张野．机车乘务员心理健康状况与主要心理问题调查．实用预防医学，1999；6(3)：220．
33 Malt UF, Karlehagen S, Hoff H, Herrstroner U, Hildingson K, Tibell E, Leymann H. The effect of major railway accidents on the psychological health of train drivers--Ⅰ. Acute psychological response to accident. Journal Psychosom Research, 1993; 37(8): 793-805.
34 Karlehagen S, Malt UF, Hoff H, Tibell E, Herrstroner U, Hildingson K, Leymann H. The effect of major railway accidents on the psychological health of train drivers--Ⅱ. A longitudinal study of the one-year outcome after the accident. Journal Psychosom Res, 1993; 37(8): 807-817.
35 Graham D. Edkins, Clare M. Pollock. The influence of sustained attention on railway accidents. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1997; 29(4): 533-539.
36 Lars Bo Ilkjr, Tyge Lind. Passengers' Injuries Reflected Carriage Interior at the Railway Accident in Mundelstrup, Denmark. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 2001; 33: 285-288
37 Ivo Sternick, Roberto Dino Gomes, Maria Cristina Serra, Henrique N. Radwanski, Ivo Pitanguy. "Train surfers": analysis of 23 cases of electrical burns caused by high tension railway overhead cables. Burns, 2000; 26:470-473.
38 Meeker FL, Barr RA. An observational study of driver behavior at a protected railroad grade crossing as trains approach. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1989; 21(3): 255-262.
39 E. Tenkink, R. Van der Horst. Car driver behavior at flashing light railroad grade crossings. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1990; 22(3): 229-239.
40 Kejlaa G. Fatal accidents at train intersections in Denmark. Ugeskr Laeger, 1990; 152(1): 22-25.
41 彭明鑫．铁路道口安全管理探讨．江苏交通，2000；9：39-41．
42 Goldberg BA, Mootha RK, Lindsey RW. Train accidents involving pedestrians, motor vehicles, and motorcycles. American Journal of Orthopedics, 1998; 27(4):315-320.
43 Christopher J L Murray, Alan D Lopez. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet, 1997; 349: 1436-1442.
44 Hashem R. Al-Masaeid, Adel A. Al-Mashakbeh, Abdalla M. Qudah. Economic costs of traffic accidents in Jordan. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1999; 31(4): 347-357.
45 V Gitelman, A. S. Hakkert. The evaluation of road-rail crossing safety with limited accident statistics. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1997; 29(2): 171-179.
46 Nicholas John Ward, Gerald J. S. Wilde. Field observation of advance warning/advisory signage for passive railway crossings with restricted lateral sightline visibility: an experimental investigation. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1995; 27(2): 185-197.
47 Frank Meeker, Daniel Fox, Christopher Weber. A comparison of driver behavior at railroad grade crossings with two different protection systems. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1997; 29(1): 11-16.
48 Leonard B. Lerer, Richard Matzopoulos. Meeting the challenge of railway injury in a South African city. The Lancet, 1996; 348:664-666.
49 Richard Matzopoulos, Leonard B. Lerer. Hours to hell and back: a social epidemiology of railway injury in a South Africa city, 1890-1995. Social Sciences and Medicine, 1998; 47(1): 75-83.
50 Steven M. Rock. Impact of the Illinois child passenger protection act: a retrospective look. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1996; 28(4): 487-492.
51 Karl Kim, Lawrence Nitz, James Richardson, Lei Li. Personal and behavioral predictors of automobile crash and injury severity. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1995; 27(4): 469-481.
52 Ying C. MacNab. A Bayesian hierarchical model for accident and injury surveillance. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 2003; 35(1):91-102.
53 David J. Forkenbrock. Comparison of external costs of rail and truck freight transportation. Transportation Research Part A, 2001; 35: 321-337.
54 S. Spangenberg, K. L. Mikkelsen, P, Kines, J. Dyreborg, C. Baarts. The construction of the resund link between Denmark and Sweden: the effect of a multifaceted safety campaign. Safety Science, 2002; 40: 457-465.
55 Ross D. Austin, Jodi L. Carson. An alternative accident prediction model for highway-rail interfaces. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 2002; 34(1): 31-42.
56 Diana Guerin, David P. MacKinnon. An assessment of the California child passenger restraint requirement. + American Journal of Public Health, 1985; 75(2): 142-144.
57 Eva Sellstrm, Sven Bremberg, Anita Grling, Jan Olof Hrnquist. Risk of childhood injury: predictors of mothers perceptions. Scandinavian Journal Public Health, 2000; 28: 188-193.
58 J. Peter Cunliffe. Rail/Highway Safety: The Advent of High-Speed Rail Systems. Professional Safety, 1999; 44(2): 24-26.
59 Scott M. Dennis. Changes in railroad track accident rates. Journal of the Transportation Research Forum, 2000; 56(4): 161-174.
60 王声湧，胡毅玲．车祸流行病学．连志浩主编．流行病学进展．第八卷．北京：中国科技出版社，1995：96-116．
61 Agalar F, Cakmakci M, Kunt MM. Train-pedestrian accidents. European Journal of Emergency Medical, 2000; 7(2): 131-133.
62 Kligman MD, Knotts FB, Buderer NM, Kerwin AJ, Rodgers JF. Railway train versus motor vehicle collisions: a comparative study of injury severity and patterns. Journal of Trauma, 1999; 47(5): 928-931.
63 Tomczak PD, Buikstra JE. Analysis of blunt trauma injuries: vertical deceleration versus horizontal deceleration injuries. Journal of Forensic Science, 1999; 44(2): 253-262.
64 王声湧．我国伤害流行病学亟需开展．中华流行病学杂志，1997；18(3)：131-132．
65 王声湧．我国伤害预防与控制研究现况和展望．中华流行病学杂志，2000；21(5)：375-377．
66 Gitelman V, Hakkert AS. The evaluation of road-rail crossing safety with limited accident statistics. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1997; 29(2): 171-179.
67 Evans AW, Verlander NQ. Estimating the consequences of accidents: the case of automatic train protection in Britain. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1996; 28(2): 181-191.
68 Ward NJ, Wilde GJ. Field observation of advance warning/advisory signage for passive
railway crossings with restricted lateral sightline visibility: an experimental investigation. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1995; 27(2): 185-197.
69 Evans AW. Evaluating public transport and road safety measures. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1994; 26(4): 411-428.
70 Singer M, Anderson PP. Train accidents and orthopaedic morbidity. The Groote Schuur Hospital experience. South African Medical Journal, 1988; 73(2): 87-89.
71 Kevin D. Meeks, Leon S. Robertson. Study of road-rail crashes in Claremore, OK, and allocation of resources for preventive measures. Public Health Reports, 1993; 108(2): 248-251.
72 B. Alparslan, C. Dereboy, S. Savk, H. Kaynak, I. Dereboy, E. Cullu, I. Ozkan, S. Ayaz. The relationship of traffic accidents with personality traits. Journal of Safety Research, 2000; 31(4): 255-257.
73 王美艳译．铁路道口的分类．铁道技术监督，1999；2：39-40．
74 徐力强．道口猛于虎．劳动保护，1997，8：42．
75 欧世杰．线路状态检查和安全防护报警．铁道建筑，1997；7：36-37．
76 刘秀娟，严龙春，赵鹏．我国无人看守道口分级管理的研究．北方交通大学学报，1996；20(6)：666-671．
77 赵鹏，刘秀娟．我国道口安全管理几个基本理论问题的研究．北方交通大学学报，1996；20(6)：662-665．
78 马进，王声湧．铁路交通伤害流行病学研究．疾病控制杂志，2002；6(1)：68-70．
79 刘建新．加强铁路道口的安全．劳动保护科学技术，1996；16(4)：62-63．
80 于志利．铁路道口事故的FT分析与安全对策．铁道劳动安全卫生与环保．1997；24(4)：267-269．
81 周达生，朱伟民，沈定根．铁道车祸流行特征与成因初探．中华预防医学杂志，1991；25(1)：26-29．
82 王瑾，费晓洁，李秀英，张秀佩，潘颖，张霞．某铁路分局系统职工1991-1995年间意外伤害调查．劳动医学，2000；17(3)：187-188．
83 于志利．铁路行车作业安全模型与事故致因分析．铁道劳动安全卫生与环保，1998；25(2)：117-119．
84 王四德，叶玉华，王申清，郑天恩，符文琛．准高速铁路机车司机心理选拔指标的研究．铁道劳动安全卫生与环保，1995；22(1)：5-9．
85 任玉胜．对列车员实施心功能预测预报的尝试．铁道劳动安全卫生与环保，1995；22(3)：169-171．
86 张国山，周达生．铁道车祸的危险因素探讨——人的因素对车祸的影响．中华预防医学杂志，1991；25(5)：282-284．
87 张国山．南京铁路分局铁道车祸流行特征：行车事故的分布特征．南京铁道医学院学报，1991；10(3)：148-150．
88 叶龙，刘士奇．铁路机车乘务员视听学反应的研究．北方交通大学学报，1995；19(2)：242-245．
89 董仲德．应用事故致因理论，研究事故预防对策——关于防止铁路机车车辆伤害事故的探讨．中国安全科学学报，1995；5(4)：16-18．
90 黄克能．贵州省铁路、公路平交道口安全管理探讨．铁道运输与经济，1995；9：22-23．
91 任领华，李怀银，沈琰，赵晓芳．旅客列车乘务人员伤害流行病学调查．中华预防医学杂志，2000；54(1)：24．
92 李明，李荣．铁路职工伤害事故流行病学调查研究．中国职业医学，2002：29(1)：
37-38．
93 方积乾主编．医学统计学与电脑实验．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1997；第1版：314-319．
94 王克树，尹钟媚，陈令智．旅客列车乘务员心理卫生调查分析．旅行医学科学，2000；6(1)：39-40．
95 肖明．铁路旅行性精神障碍．旅行医学科学，1999；5(1)：31-34．
96 郭祖超主编．医用数理统计方法．北京：人民卫生出版社，1988；第3版：122-140．
97 王声涌，黄庆道主编．伤害的预防与控制．广州：广东省地图出版社，2001；第1版：32-129．
2 池桂波，王声湧，刘润幸．我国道路伤害与交通环境因素关系的流行病学分析．中华流行病学杂志，2000；21(5)：330-332．
3 Marshall J. Guinness Rail: the Records. Enfield: Guinness Superlatives, 1985; 180.
4 P·巴斯克特，R·韦勒主编，张建平译．灾害医学．北京：人民军医出版社，1992；第1版：448．
5 王正国主编．交通医学．天津：天津科学技术出版社，1997；第1版：16-187．
6 张鸿祺，周国泰，张愈主编．灾难医学．北京：北京医科大学，中国协和医科大学联合出版社，1993；第1版：844-869．
7 1998年全国伤亡事故情况．林业劳动安全，1999；3：38．
8 2000年全国伤亡事故情况．林业劳动安全，2001：2：14-15．
9 中华人民共和国铁道部．铁路行车事故处理规则．北京：中国铁道出版社，2000；第3版：29-36．
10 Kim Witte, William A. Donohue. Preventing vehicle crashes with trains at grade crossings: the risk seeker challenge. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 2000; 32(1): 127-139.
11 Some notable railroad disasters. World Almanac & Book of Facts, 2001; 253-254.
12 金磊．祝你一路平安——20世纪中国交通灾害回顾．中国统计，1999；9：39-40．
13 马进，王声湧，吴赤蓬．1990—2000年全国铁路交通伤害流行病学分析．中国公共卫生，2003；19(2)：177-178．
14 梁栋诗．铁路与道路立体交叉设置标准和平交道口安全防护标准．铁道标准设计，1998：4：38-40．
15 卢同坤．平交道口话安全．铁道运输与经济，1994；4：28．
16 Brenda Lobb, Niki Harre, Thomas Suddendorf. An Evaluation of a Suburban Railway Pedestrian Crossing Safety Programme. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 2001; 33:157-165
17 池桂波，工声湧．意外伤害的死亡率和潜在寿命损失年数的比较分析．中华流行病学杂志，1996；17(4)：195-198．
18 吕繁，曾光，钟天伦，肖勇．伤害家庭负担评价的方法学研究．中华流行病学杂志，2001；22(4)：246-248．
19 夏毅，龚幼龙，顾杏元，舒宝刚．上海市疾病负担研究．中国卫生统计，2000：17(4)：211-214．
20 张青献，张世英，梁红英，宁豪丁，朱浴晖，李学云，张雪．深圳市居民伤害流行特征和疾病负担调查．中华流行病学杂志，2001：22(4)：249-251．
21 白亚娜，张莉娜，赵迟，裴泓波，胡晓斌．4172例伤害住院病人直接经济负担趋势性分析．中国医院统计，2001；8(4)：221-222．
22 王伟，龚幼龙，姜庆五，陈家应，龚雪飞，张兵．城市居民的慢病现况及其经济负担研究．中国卫生资源，2001；4(5)：205-207．
23 刘岩．确保铁路道口安全的对策研究．铁道运输与经济，1994；3：26-28．
24 金会庆主编．车祸流行病学．北京：人民卫生出版社，2001：第1版：106-283．
25 周达生，姚媛媛，张国山，章少君，沈定根．安全型火车司机生理—心理模式探讨．南京铁道医学院学报，1997；16(1)：10-12．
26 王四德，叶玉华，郑天恩，彭占辉，刘士奇，叶龙．铁路机车司机作业稳定性研究．
铁道劳动安全卫生与环保，1995；22(2)：85-89．
27 叶龙，沈梅，傅俊凤，刘士奇．铁路行车安全与司机生理和心理素质关系的研究．中国安全科学学报，1997；7(6)：53-57．
28 刘士奇，叶龙，沈梅．机车乘务员智力水平与行车安全关系的研究．北方交通大学学报，1995：19(4)：509-513．
29 刘惠厚，丁健人，朱宏．火车司机心理卫生状况与行车安全的调查．中国公共卫生，1997；13(12)：738．
30 张锐，余善法，马良庆．机车司机职业紧张与行车安全的关系．劳动医学，1999；16(2)：76-78．
31 曹煜红，田俐，徐琨．电力机车驾驶作业对乘务员神经行为功能的影响．工业卫生与职业病，1999；25(1)：37-39．
32 张玲，谭麓湘，方章初，张野．机车乘务员心理健康状况与主要心理问题调查．实用预防医学，1999；6(3)：220．
33 Malt UF, Karlehagen S, Hoff H, Herrstroner U, Hildingson K, Tibell E, Leymann H. The effect of major railway accidents on the psychological health of train drivers--Ⅰ. Acute psychological response to accident. Journal Psychosom Research, 1993; 37(8): 793-805.
34 Karlehagen S, Malt UF, Hoff H, Tibell E, Herrstroner U, Hildingson K, Leymann H. The effect of major railway accidents on the psychological health of train drivers--Ⅱ. A longitudinal study of the one-year outcome after the accident. Journal Psychosom Res, 1993; 37(8): 807-817.
35 Graham D. Edkins, Clare M. Pollock. The influence of sustained attention on railway accidents. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1997; 29(4): 533-539.
36 Lars Bo Ilkjr, Tyge Lind. Passengers' Injuries Reflected Carriage Interior at the Railway Accident in Mundelstrup, Denmark. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 2001; 33: 285-288
37 Ivo Sternick, Roberto Dino Gomes, Maria Cristina Serra, Henrique N. Radwanski, Ivo Pitanguy. "Train surfers": analysis of 23 cases of electrical burns caused by high tension railway overhead cables. Burns, 2000; 26:470-473.
38 Meeker FL, Barr RA. An observational study of driver behavior at a protected railroad grade crossing as trains approach. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1989; 21(3): 255-262.
39 E. Tenkink, R. Van der Horst. Car driver behavior at flashing light railroad grade crossings. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1990; 22(3): 229-239.
40 Kejlaa G. Fatal accidents at train intersections in Denmark. Ugeskr Laeger, 1990; 152(1): 22-25.
41 彭明鑫．铁路道口安全管理探讨．江苏交通，2000；9：39-41．
42 Goldberg BA, Mootha RK, Lindsey RW. Train accidents involving pedestrians, motor vehicles, and motorcycles. American Journal of Orthopedics, 1998; 27(4):315-320.
43 Christopher J L Murray, Alan D Lopez. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet, 1997; 349: 1436-1442.
44 Hashem R. Al-Masaeid, Adel A. Al-Mashakbeh, Abdalla M. Qudah. Economic costs of traffic accidents in Jordan. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1999; 31(4): 347-357.
45 V Gitelman, A. S. Hakkert. The evaluation of road-rail crossing safety with limited accident statistics. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1997; 29(2): 171-179.
46 Nicholas John Ward, Gerald J. S. Wilde. Field observation of advance warning/advisory signage for passive railway crossings with restricted lateral sightline visibility: an experimental investigation. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1995; 27(2): 185-197.
47 Frank Meeker, Daniel Fox, Christopher Weber. A comparison of driver behavior at railroad grade crossings with two different protection systems. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1997; 29(1): 11-16.
48 Leonard B. Lerer, Richard Matzopoulos. Meeting the challenge of railway injury in a South African city. The Lancet, 1996; 348:664-666.
49 Richard Matzopoulos, Leonard B. Lerer. Hours to hell and back: a social epidemiology of railway injury in a South Africa city, 1890-1995. Social Sciences and Medicine, 1998; 47(1): 75-83.
50 Steven M. Rock. Impact of the Illinois child passenger protection act: a retrospective look. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1996; 28(4): 487-492.
51 Karl Kim, Lawrence Nitz, James Richardson, Lei Li. Personal and behavioral predictors of automobile crash and injury severity. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1995; 27(4): 469-481.
52 Ying C. MacNab. A Bayesian hierarchical model for accident and injury surveillance. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 2003; 35(1):91-102.
53 David J. Forkenbrock. Comparison of external costs of rail and truck freight transportation. Transportation Research Part A, 2001; 35: 321-337.
54 S. Spangenberg, K. L. Mikkelsen, P, Kines, J. Dyreborg, C. Baarts. The construction of the resund link between Denmark and Sweden: the effect of a multifaceted safety campaign. Safety Science, 2002; 40: 457-465.
55 Ross D. Austin, Jodi L. Carson. An alternative accident prediction model for highway-rail interfaces. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 2002; 34(1): 31-42.
56 Diana Guerin, David P. MacKinnon. An assessment of the California child passenger restraint requirement. + American Journal of Public Health, 1985; 75(2): 142-144.
57 Eva Sellstrm, Sven Bremberg, Anita Grling, Jan Olof Hrnquist. Risk of childhood injury: predictors of mothers perceptions. Scandinavian Journal Public Health, 2000; 28: 188-193.
58 J. Peter Cunliffe. Rail/Highway Safety: The Advent of High-Speed Rail Systems. Professional Safety, 1999; 44(2): 24-26.
59 Scott M. Dennis. Changes in railroad track accident rates. Journal of the Transportation Research Forum, 2000; 56(4): 161-174.
60 王声湧，胡毅玲．车祸流行病学．连志浩主编．流行病学进展．第八卷．北京：中国科技出版社，1995：96-116．
61 Agalar F, Cakmakci M, Kunt MM. Train-pedestrian accidents. European Journal of Emergency Medical, 2000; 7(2): 131-133.
62 Kligman MD, Knotts FB, Buderer NM, Kerwin AJ, Rodgers JF. Railway train versus motor vehicle collisions: a comparative study of injury severity and patterns. Journal of Trauma, 1999; 47(5): 928-931.
63 Tomczak PD, Buikstra JE. Analysis of blunt trauma injuries: vertical deceleration versus horizontal deceleration injuries. Journal of Forensic Science, 1999; 44(2): 253-262.
64 王声湧．我国伤害流行病学亟需开展．中华流行病学杂志，1997；18(3)：131-132．
65 王声湧．我国伤害预防与控制研究现况和展望．中华流行病学杂志，2000；21(5)：375-377．
66 Gitelman V, Hakkert AS. The evaluation of road-rail crossing safety with limited accident statistics. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1997; 29(2): 171-179.
67 Evans AW, Verlander NQ. Estimating the consequences of accidents: the case of automatic train protection in Britain. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1996; 28(2): 181-191.
68 Ward NJ, Wilde GJ. Field observation of advance warning/advisory signage for passive
railway crossings with restricted lateral sightline visibility: an experimental investigation. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1995; 27(2): 185-197.
69 Evans AW. Evaluating public transport and road safety measures. Accident: Analysis and Prevention, 1994; 26(4): 411-428.
70 Singer M, Anderson PP. Train accidents and orthopaedic morbidity. The Groote Schuur Hospital experience. South African Medical Journal, 1988; 73(2): 87-89.
71 Kevin D. Meeks, Leon S. Robertson. Study of road-rail crashes in Claremore, OK, and allocation of resources for preventive measures. Public Health Reports, 1993; 108(2): 248-251.
72 B. Alparslan, C. Dereboy, S. Savk, H. Kaynak, I. Dereboy, E. Cullu, I. Ozkan, S. Ayaz. The relationship of traffic accidents with personality traits. Journal of Safety Research, 2000; 31(4): 255-257.
73 王美艳译．铁路道口的分类．铁道技术监督，1999；2：39-40．
74 徐力强．道口猛于虎．劳动保护，1997，8：42．
75 欧世杰．线路状态检查和安全防护报警．铁道建筑，1997；7：36-37．
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