稠油组分及乳化剂对油水界面性质影响的研究
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摘要
本文采用吸附色谱法对孤岛稠油和辽河稠油进行了极性四组分分离,并以核磁共振为基础,结合红外光谱、元素组成及平均分子量等数据,用改进的Brown-Ladner法对稠油及其组分进行结构分析,通过考察组分模拟油的油水界面张力和zeta电势,探求了稠油组分之间、乳化剂与稠油组分之间相互作用,以及稠油组分的组成结构与其界面化学性质之间的关系。
实验选用的孤岛稠油和辽河稠油都具有密度大、粘度大、凝点高、酸值高、碱氮值高等特点。两种稠油的胶质和沥青质总含量均超过40%,胶质、沥青质的酸值、碱氮值比较高,杂原子含量较高,环状结构较多,稠油中的极性物质主要集中在胶质、沥青质组分中,两种稠油的极性物质在各组分中的分布差别较大。
稠油及其组分组成结构的差异决定了稠油组分界面活性的不同。饱和分是界面惰性物质,芳香分基本没有界面活性,胶质、沥青质能降低空白模拟油的界面张力,是稠油中的主要界面活性物质。稠油极性组分的氢碳原子比越小,杂原子含量越高,酸值、碱氮值越高,其模拟油的油水界面张力越低,即组分的界面活性越强。对于辽河稠油和孤岛稠油的同一类极性组分,分子量越大,酸值、碱氮值越高,组分模拟油的油水界面张力越低,即组分界面活性越强。对于同种稠油的不同极性组分,芳香碳率、芳香环缩合程度越大,烷基支化度越小,界面活性越高。稠油及其极性组分在碱性条件下表现出较强的界面活性,即各极性组分中的酸性基团占有优势;水相NaCl浓度对稠油及其组分模拟油的油水界面张力影响较小,说明稠油中的界面活性组分绝大部分为油溶性物质。
当水相为去离子水时,稠油及其组分模拟乳状液的zeta电势为负值。随着稠油组分极性增大,zeta电势绝对值升高。在强酸强碱条件下,pH值对zeta电势的影响比在中性条件附近强烈,其绝对值降低幅度大。其中,强酸环境导致体系油水界面zeta电势绝对值的降幅达到60mV。水相中盐含量的增加导致zeta电势绝对值变小。
胶质、沥青质与饱和分、芳香分之间的相互作用强度不同。饱和分与胶质之间无明显的相互作用;饱和分的烷基支化度大,使饱和分-沥青质双组分模拟油中沥青质的溶解度降低,即饱和分和沥青质之间存在负的协同作用。芳香分的芳香度较高,对胶质、沥青质的溶解作用强;其烷基支化度小,分子体积小,易进入胶质、沥青质片状分子之间,部分拆散平面堆砌而成的聚集体,使胶质、沥青质结构单元数增多,即芳香分与胶质、沥青质都存在正的协同作用;胶质、沥青质分子之间由于分子间氢键的形成而存在协同作用。
在乳化过程中,乳化剂与稠油组分相互作用的强弱取决于稠油组分自身的界面活性,组分界面活性越高,乳化剂降低组分模拟油界面张力的能力越强。两种稠油的饱和分、芳香分基本没有界面活性,很难吸附在界面上与乳化剂发生相互作用。稠油、胶质、沥青质与阴离子乳化剂LAS之间存在正的协同作用;稠油、胶质、沥青质与非离子乳化剂OP-10之间存在负的协同作用。在中性及弱酸弱碱环境中阴离子乳化剂LAS与稠油极性组分间表现出较强的协同作用,使油水界面张力降低至2mN·m~(-1),zeta电势绝对值升高至120mV以上;一定浓度的NaCl能够促进乳化剂与稠油组分之间的相互作用,增强乳状液的稳定性。
Gudao and Liaohe heavy crudes were isolated to polar components by adsorption chromatograph. By means of the modified Brown-Ladner’s method, the average structural parameters of heavy crudes and their polar components were calculated based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy combined with infrared spectroscopy, ultimate analysis and average molecular weight determination. In order to search for the interaction between emulsifiers and heavy crude components, the relation between composition structure and interfacial properties of components, the oil-water interfacial tension and zeta potential of components simulated oil were studied.
Gudao and Liaohe heavy crudes with the characteristic of high density, high viscosity, high solidifying point, high acid number and basic nitrogen content are typical heavy crudes. In the series of components, resin and asphaltene have the characteristic of high content, high acid number and basic nitrogen content, more hetero atoms, more ring structure. Therefore, most of the polar substance of heavy crudes concentrated in resin and asphaltene.
The study of interfacial activity of heavy crudes and components showed that, saturate is inertia in the interface, aromatic has no interfacial activity, resin and asphaltene are the main interfacial active agents in heavy crudes. Resin and asphaltene have following characteristic: little H/C ratio, more hetero atoms, high acid number and basic nitrogen content, all of these lead to the high interfacial activity of polar components, decreased the interfacial tension of their simulated oil. For same component of different oils, the one whose average molecular weight, acid number and basic nitrogen content are higher, has stronger interfacial activity. For different polar components of the same oil, the one with larger aromatic factors and condensation index of aromatic ring, smaller branchiness index, has stronger interfacial activity. Heavy crudes and polar components were more active in the alkalic condition, this comes to the conclusion that acidic groups are prevailing in heavy crudes and polar components. Concentration of sodium chloride in aqueous phase made only a small contribution to the interfacial tension, this suggest that most of the interfacial active agents in heavy crudes are oil-soluble.
When water phase was pure water, the zeta potential of heavy crudes and components simulated emulsions were negative and their absolute values increased with the polarity of components in oil phase. In the strong acidic and alkalic conditions, the zeta potential of simulated emulsion has a greater decrease more than that under neutral condition. Under strong acidic environment, the zeta potential reduced by 60mV. The absolute value of zeta potential were decreased by the addition of salt.
With a larger branchiness index, saturate decreased the solubility of asphaltene in the saturate-asphaltene simulated oil, so there was negative synergetic effect between saturate and asphaltene. With larger aromatic factor and condensation index of aromatic ring, aromatic had a larger aromaticity, it could increase the solubility of resin and asphaltene; Thanks to the low branchiness index and small molecular volume, aromatic molecule could insert into resin and asphaltene aggregate and break them, and the number of structural unit increased, so there were positive synergetic effect between aromatic and resin, aromatic and asphaltene; The synergetic effect between resin and asphaltene derived from the hydrogen-bonding energy.
In the process of emulsify, the higher the polarity of component, the stronger the intermolecular force between component and emulsifier. The interaction between component and emulsifier lied on the interfacial activity of components, and the higher interfacial activity is, the stronger interaction is. Saturate and aromatic, which hadn’t interfacial activity, hardly adsorb on the interface, and had no chance to interact with emulsifiers. Resin and asphaltene, which had many heteroatom groups, could get to the interface and interact with emulsifier there. In the neutral, weak acidic and weak alkalic conditions, the interaction between component and anionic emulsifier was stronger, and the interfacial tension of simulated oil reduced to 2mN·m~(-1),the zeta potential increased to 120mV. The addition of salt could increase the interaction between component and anionic emulsifier, and the stability of emulsion was enhanced.
实验选用的孤岛稠油和辽河稠油都具有密度大、粘度大、凝点高、酸值高、碱氮值高等特点。两种稠油的胶质和沥青质总含量均超过40%,胶质、沥青质的酸值、碱氮值比较高,杂原子含量较高,环状结构较多,稠油中的极性物质主要集中在胶质、沥青质组分中,两种稠油的极性物质在各组分中的分布差别较大。
稠油及其组分组成结构的差异决定了稠油组分界面活性的不同。饱和分是界面惰性物质,芳香分基本没有界面活性,胶质、沥青质能降低空白模拟油的界面张力,是稠油中的主要界面活性物质。稠油极性组分的氢碳原子比越小,杂原子含量越高,酸值、碱氮值越高,其模拟油的油水界面张力越低,即组分的界面活性越强。对于辽河稠油和孤岛稠油的同一类极性组分,分子量越大,酸值、碱氮值越高,组分模拟油的油水界面张力越低,即组分界面活性越强。对于同种稠油的不同极性组分,芳香碳率、芳香环缩合程度越大,烷基支化度越小,界面活性越高。稠油及其极性组分在碱性条件下表现出较强的界面活性,即各极性组分中的酸性基团占有优势;水相NaCl浓度对稠油及其组分模拟油的油水界面张力影响较小,说明稠油中的界面活性组分绝大部分为油溶性物质。
当水相为去离子水时,稠油及其组分模拟乳状液的zeta电势为负值。随着稠油组分极性增大,zeta电势绝对值升高。在强酸强碱条件下,pH值对zeta电势的影响比在中性条件附近强烈,其绝对值降低幅度大。其中,强酸环境导致体系油水界面zeta电势绝对值的降幅达到60mV。水相中盐含量的增加导致zeta电势绝对值变小。
胶质、沥青质与饱和分、芳香分之间的相互作用强度不同。饱和分与胶质之间无明显的相互作用;饱和分的烷基支化度大,使饱和分-沥青质双组分模拟油中沥青质的溶解度降低,即饱和分和沥青质之间存在负的协同作用。芳香分的芳香度较高,对胶质、沥青质的溶解作用强;其烷基支化度小,分子体积小,易进入胶质、沥青质片状分子之间,部分拆散平面堆砌而成的聚集体,使胶质、沥青质结构单元数增多,即芳香分与胶质、沥青质都存在正的协同作用;胶质、沥青质分子之间由于分子间氢键的形成而存在协同作用。
在乳化过程中,乳化剂与稠油组分相互作用的强弱取决于稠油组分自身的界面活性,组分界面活性越高,乳化剂降低组分模拟油界面张力的能力越强。两种稠油的饱和分、芳香分基本没有界面活性,很难吸附在界面上与乳化剂发生相互作用。稠油、胶质、沥青质与阴离子乳化剂LAS之间存在正的协同作用;稠油、胶质、沥青质与非离子乳化剂OP-10之间存在负的协同作用。在中性及弱酸弱碱环境中阴离子乳化剂LAS与稠油极性组分间表现出较强的协同作用,使油水界面张力降低至2mN·m~(-1),zeta电势绝对值升高至120mV以上;一定浓度的NaCl能够促进乳化剂与稠油组分之间的相互作用,增强乳状液的稳定性。
Gudao and Liaohe heavy crudes were isolated to polar components by adsorption chromatograph. By means of the modified Brown-Ladner’s method, the average structural parameters of heavy crudes and their polar components were calculated based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy combined with infrared spectroscopy, ultimate analysis and average molecular weight determination. In order to search for the interaction between emulsifiers and heavy crude components, the relation between composition structure and interfacial properties of components, the oil-water interfacial tension and zeta potential of components simulated oil were studied.
Gudao and Liaohe heavy crudes with the characteristic of high density, high viscosity, high solidifying point, high acid number and basic nitrogen content are typical heavy crudes. In the series of components, resin and asphaltene have the characteristic of high content, high acid number and basic nitrogen content, more hetero atoms, more ring structure. Therefore, most of the polar substance of heavy crudes concentrated in resin and asphaltene.
The study of interfacial activity of heavy crudes and components showed that, saturate is inertia in the interface, aromatic has no interfacial activity, resin and asphaltene are the main interfacial active agents in heavy crudes. Resin and asphaltene have following characteristic: little H/C ratio, more hetero atoms, high acid number and basic nitrogen content, all of these lead to the high interfacial activity of polar components, decreased the interfacial tension of their simulated oil. For same component of different oils, the one whose average molecular weight, acid number and basic nitrogen content are higher, has stronger interfacial activity. For different polar components of the same oil, the one with larger aromatic factors and condensation index of aromatic ring, smaller branchiness index, has stronger interfacial activity. Heavy crudes and polar components were more active in the alkalic condition, this comes to the conclusion that acidic groups are prevailing in heavy crudes and polar components. Concentration of sodium chloride in aqueous phase made only a small contribution to the interfacial tension, this suggest that most of the interfacial active agents in heavy crudes are oil-soluble.
When water phase was pure water, the zeta potential of heavy crudes and components simulated emulsions were negative and their absolute values increased with the polarity of components in oil phase. In the strong acidic and alkalic conditions, the zeta potential of simulated emulsion has a greater decrease more than that under neutral condition. Under strong acidic environment, the zeta potential reduced by 60mV. The absolute value of zeta potential were decreased by the addition of salt.
With a larger branchiness index, saturate decreased the solubility of asphaltene in the saturate-asphaltene simulated oil, so there was negative synergetic effect between saturate and asphaltene. With larger aromatic factor and condensation index of aromatic ring, aromatic had a larger aromaticity, it could increase the solubility of resin and asphaltene; Thanks to the low branchiness index and small molecular volume, aromatic molecule could insert into resin and asphaltene aggregate and break them, and the number of structural unit increased, so there were positive synergetic effect between aromatic and resin, aromatic and asphaltene; The synergetic effect between resin and asphaltene derived from the hydrogen-bonding energy.
In the process of emulsify, the higher the polarity of component, the stronger the intermolecular force between component and emulsifier. The interaction between component and emulsifier lied on the interfacial activity of components, and the higher interfacial activity is, the stronger interaction is. Saturate and aromatic, which hadn’t interfacial activity, hardly adsorb on the interface, and had no chance to interact with emulsifiers. Resin and asphaltene, which had many heteroatom groups, could get to the interface and interact with emulsifier there. In the neutral, weak acidic and weak alkalic conditions, the interaction between component and anionic emulsifier was stronger, and the interfacial tension of simulated oil reduced to 2mN·m~(-1),the zeta potential increased to 120mV. The addition of salt could increase the interaction between component and anionic emulsifier, and the stability of emulsion was enhanced.
引文
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