西北传统农区农户的技术采用行为研究
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摘要
农业科学技术是反映农业生产领域发展规律的知识以及在生产中应用成果的总称。我国当前的农业技术发展正处于传统技术与现代技术共存的“二元技术”发展阶段,农业科技贡献率(48%)远低于发达国家的水平(60%～80%),这成为制约我国农业产业结构优化、提高农业生产效率、增加农产品国际竞争力的主要障碍。特别是在西部传统农业区,由于农业自然条件较差、农业劳动力素质较低、新技术覆盖面小等诸多不利因素的影响,农业经济的发展长期处于较低水平,这更需要利用先进的农业技术来“改造传统农业”。可实际上,我国每年大约6000～7000项农业科技创新成果中,只有30%(个别地区40%)得到转化。大量的农业科技创新成果被束之高阁,其原因就是长期以来自上而下的农业技术推广方式导致了农户技术需求与科研人员及技术推广人员对技术供给的认识脱节,即农业技术存在着有效需求与有效供给不协调的矛盾。为此,近年来,从农户视角研究技术创新、传播、采用的问题受到广泛的重视。本文以陕、甘、宁三个省(区)的调查资料为依据,从农户微观视角出发,在经济地理学、农业经济学、农户行为学等理论的指导下,运用多种方法,分析了西北传统农区农户的生产技术效率、农户技术需求意愿、影响农户技术采用动机和行为取向的因素、农户采用不同属性技术的行为差异、技术环境对农户技术采用行为的影响、技术供给主体与农户技术行为的关系以及农户采用技术的空间特征等问题。试图揭示西北传统农区农户技术采用行为的基本特征及其异质性,为农业技术供给主体更好地了解农户的需求,制定适宜的推广策略,构建科学的区域农业技术服务体系提供依据。论文主要研究结论如下：
1、西北传统农区的农业技术水平偏低是制约农业发展的重要因素。其中耕地资源稀缺成为影响农户提高技术效率的主要因素。农户往往通过增加劳动力和资金的投入来替代有限的耕地资源投入,从而出现了边际替代率递减的现象。对于具有公益性或投入成本较高(认知成本、学习成本、使用成本)的技术,如节水灌溉技术,农户往往需要较多的考虑、认知和观察试验过程,反映在生产中表现出要素配置不足,技术效率较低的现象。
2、农户对于新技术的需求意愿强烈,对新技术的认知具有资源诱导性的特点,同时也受到市场需求和风险的影响。从农户采用技术前的考虑因素来看,投入成本、家庭经济水平以及技术风险对农户的决策影响最大,从农户采用技术后的担心因素来看,技术效果、价格变化与产品销售前景对农户来说是影响决策的重要因素。此外,种植不同属性农作物以及采用不同属性技术的农户所考虑的决策因素存在差异。农户对于新技术的认知和决策过程具有“理性”的特征。
3、农户技术采用行为受到户主自身特征、家庭经济特征、技术属性以及技术环境的综合影响,这些因素对农户的采用决策具有推动或者阻碍作用。具体表现为：(1)农户技术采用行为受到户主年龄、户主受教育水平、兼业化程度、收入水平、耕地(果园)规模、劳动力数量等因素的显著影响。影响形式为技术采用率与影响因素呈现线性关系或者“U型”关系。(2)不同属性技术的采用率之间存在显著的差异,并且可以在已经采用技术的农户背景中表现出来。同时,不同属性农业技术的采用率所受不同影响因素的作用程度以及所产生的变化趋势也不同。(3)农户采用新技术会受到技术环境较大的影响,其中技术软环境对农户的影响作用大于硬环境的影响作用。此外,不同属性的新技术受环境因素的影响程度存在较大的差别。
4、西北传统农区的主要技术供给主体为政府部门、企业、科研单位以及农民合作组织。其中,农技站在农户了解技术信息、获取技术,接受培训等几个方面处于主导地位,对农户技术采用的影响较大,而科研单位主导的技术组织、企业主导的技术组织以及农民合作组织的技术供给作用处于辅助地位。从农户对不同技术供给主体存在问题的反映来看,农技部门存在技术力量薄弱、技术推广人员水平较低、技术推广模式简单、技术传播和反馈渠道不畅以及技术推广存在行政强制等问题。企业主导的技术服务模式存在违约风险较高、生产成本较高、农户与企业间的协议不完善等问题。科研单位的技术服务模式存在服务次数少、技术难度大、缺乏与专家沟通机制等问题。农民合作组织存在组织水平低、管理不完善、运行成本过大、技术服务单一、衔接市场不足等问题。
5、农业技术扩散的空间分布具有较强的规律性可循,有形的农业技术和无形的农业知识在扩散过程中均存在“邻近效应”和“规模等级效应”。具体表现为,距离越远,技术扩散的效果越小；农业生产规模越大,技术扩散的效果越大；技术水平越低,农户接受新技术的积极性就越高。从不同属性的技术来看,易于掌握、见效较快的技术容易受到距离和规模因子的影响。相对于有形农业技术,农业知识的传播更容易受到这两种效应的影响。
The agricultural techniques are the general reflection about the laws of development and the application achievement of agricultural production. Currently, our countries'agricultural technology development is in the coexistence of traditional techniques and modern technology which is called "dual technology" stage of development. In this condition, the contribution rate of agricultural scientific and technological progress (48%) is far below the level of developed countries (60-80%). It is becomes the main obstacle restricting the optimization of agricultural structure, the improvement of agricultural productivity and the increasing of international competitiveness of agricultural products in our country. Especially in the western tradition agricultural region, many adverse factors such as the harsh natural conditions of agriculture, low labor force quality, small coverage of new technology made the agricultural economy has being at the low level for a long term, it is mostly requires to make use of advanced agricultural technology to transforming the traditional agriculture. In fact, our country, every year, only has 30% approximately in 6000-7000 agricultures technology innovation being changed. The reason about a large number of agricultural science and technology innovation is laid aside and neglected is that the long-standing top-down agricultural extension approach led the needs of farmers and the supply information of extension workers has a gap, which cause the effective demand for agricultural technology conflict with the effective supply. Therefore, the study of technological innovation, spreading and adopting form the perspective of farmer's requirement has been accepting a widely attention around the world recently. This paper based on the investigation data in Shaanxi Gansu and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, under the guidance of theory such as economic geography, agricultural economics, study of farmer behavior, using of various methods, analyzed several question about the farmer's technology adoption. Those questions mainly include the farmer's technical efficiency of production, the will of farmer's technology needs, the factors which affect the motivation and behavior of farmer's technology adoption, the difference in farmer's adoption of agricultural technology with variant attributes, the technology environment's impact on the farmer's adoption of new technology, the relationship between the main technology supplier with the farmers and the spatial characteristics of farmer adopting technology. At last, this research tries to reveal the characteristics and differences in technology adoption behavior of farmers in Northwest area, and provide evidence to help the technology supplier better understanding the need of farmers as well as making appropriate technology promotion strategies. It also can give same advice for building a scientific system of regional agricultural technical service.
The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The low level of agricultural technology is an important factor restricting agricultural development in Northwest area. The scarcity of arable land becomes the major factor affect a farmer to improve the technology efficiency. As a result, Farmers often replaces the limited arable land by increasing the input of labor and capital, then it cause the phenomenon of diminishing marginal rate of substitution. For the technology with public properties or higher input costs (cognitive costs, learning costs, using cost), such as the Water-saving irrigation technology, farmers often need more time in consideration, understanding and observing, thus, it can be shown by the elements configured deficiency, the low technical efficiency and many other appearances.
2. Farmers'will of requiring new technologies is very strong. Meanwhile, farmers' awareness of new technologies is not only induced by the resources endowment, but also affected by the market demand and risks. In General, we found that the input costs, the level of domestic economic and technical risks are factors what farmers take into account the most before adopting a technology, while the technical effects, the price and sales prospects are factors about what farmers are most concerned after adopting a technology. Furthermore, Farmers who grow different crops and using different technologies are affected by different factors in decision-making. Farmers usually have the "rational" characteristic in new technique cognition and decision process.
3. The farmers'technology adoption behavior is affected comprehensively by their own characteristics, family economic characteristics, technology attributes and technical environment. These factors may promote or hinder farmers'decision-making process. It can be specificly performed by that:(1) the farmers'technology adoption behavior is remarkable affected by the head of household age, the head of household's educational level, the concurrently industry degree, the family income level, the arable land scale and labor force quantity. The technology adoption rates and impact factors display the linearity relationship or "U" type relationship. (2) The differences in technical attributes can influence the adoption behavior of farmers, which can be showed out by the technology adoption rates and the farmer's characteristic who adopt the new technology. At the same time, the technology adoption rate is also different in the change trend and degree affected by different factors. (3) The technology environmental factors have great influence on farmers to adopt new technology, and the soft environment's impact is greater than the hard environment. Meanwhile, there is a big difference between the behaviors in farmer's adoption of new agricultural technologies with different attributes.
4. The main agriculture technology suppliers in northwest area are the government departments, enterprises, "R&D" institution and farmers cooperatives organization. Specifically, Agricultural technical service station dominate the impact of farmers understanding technical information, accessing to technology, training and other aspects, while the "R&D" institution, enterprise as well as farmers cooperatives organization are play an assisting role in meeting the technology needs of farmers. During the investigation, the farmers pointed out that the suppliers have many problems including:(1) the Agricultural technical services departments staff is not enough, the level of technology is low, the technology transfer way is simple, the technology propagation channel is not smooth and the administration forces is too strong. (2) Business services have the problems like high default risk, high production costs and the agreements between farmers and enterprises are imperfect. (3) The "R&D" institution's technical service meet the problems, such as service times is little, the technology is too hard to understanding, lacking of communication mechanisms and so on. (4) The farmers cooperatives organization's problem include that the organize level is low, the management is poor, the running costs are high, the technology service is simple and the market connect is not closely linked.
5. The spatial distribution of agricultural technology diffusion certainly has law to follow, the tangible and intangible agriculture technology's extending process all exist "Neighbourhood Effect" and "Scale Hierarchy Effect ". Generally speaking, the distance is more far away, the effect that the technology diffuses is smaller, the scale of agriculture production is bigger, the effect that the technology diffuses is bigger, technical level is more lower, the farmer's new technology adopting enthusiasm is higher. While from the point of technology with different attributes, the technology which is easier to grasp and has an obvious effect is vulnerable to the impact of distance and size. Competed with the tangible agricultural technologies, the dissemination of agricultural knowledge is more vulnerable to these two factors.
1、西北传统农区的农业技术水平偏低是制约农业发展的重要因素。其中耕地资源稀缺成为影响农户提高技术效率的主要因素。农户往往通过增加劳动力和资金的投入来替代有限的耕地资源投入,从而出现了边际替代率递减的现象。对于具有公益性或投入成本较高(认知成本、学习成本、使用成本)的技术,如节水灌溉技术,农户往往需要较多的考虑、认知和观察试验过程,反映在生产中表现出要素配置不足,技术效率较低的现象。
2、农户对于新技术的需求意愿强烈,对新技术的认知具有资源诱导性的特点,同时也受到市场需求和风险的影响。从农户采用技术前的考虑因素来看,投入成本、家庭经济水平以及技术风险对农户的决策影响最大,从农户采用技术后的担心因素来看,技术效果、价格变化与产品销售前景对农户来说是影响决策的重要因素。此外,种植不同属性农作物以及采用不同属性技术的农户所考虑的决策因素存在差异。农户对于新技术的认知和决策过程具有“理性”的特征。
3、农户技术采用行为受到户主自身特征、家庭经济特征、技术属性以及技术环境的综合影响,这些因素对农户的采用决策具有推动或者阻碍作用。具体表现为：(1)农户技术采用行为受到户主年龄、户主受教育水平、兼业化程度、收入水平、耕地(果园)规模、劳动力数量等因素的显著影响。影响形式为技术采用率与影响因素呈现线性关系或者“U型”关系。(2)不同属性技术的采用率之间存在显著的差异,并且可以在已经采用技术的农户背景中表现出来。同时,不同属性农业技术的采用率所受不同影响因素的作用程度以及所产生的变化趋势也不同。(3)农户采用新技术会受到技术环境较大的影响,其中技术软环境对农户的影响作用大于硬环境的影响作用。此外,不同属性的新技术受环境因素的影响程度存在较大的差别。
4、西北传统农区的主要技术供给主体为政府部门、企业、科研单位以及农民合作组织。其中,农技站在农户了解技术信息、获取技术,接受培训等几个方面处于主导地位,对农户技术采用的影响较大,而科研单位主导的技术组织、企业主导的技术组织以及农民合作组织的技术供给作用处于辅助地位。从农户对不同技术供给主体存在问题的反映来看,农技部门存在技术力量薄弱、技术推广人员水平较低、技术推广模式简单、技术传播和反馈渠道不畅以及技术推广存在行政强制等问题。企业主导的技术服务模式存在违约风险较高、生产成本较高、农户与企业间的协议不完善等问题。科研单位的技术服务模式存在服务次数少、技术难度大、缺乏与专家沟通机制等问题。农民合作组织存在组织水平低、管理不完善、运行成本过大、技术服务单一、衔接市场不足等问题。
5、农业技术扩散的空间分布具有较强的规律性可循,有形的农业技术和无形的农业知识在扩散过程中均存在“邻近效应”和“规模等级效应”。具体表现为,距离越远,技术扩散的效果越小；农业生产规模越大,技术扩散的效果越大；技术水平越低,农户接受新技术的积极性就越高。从不同属性的技术来看,易于掌握、见效较快的技术容易受到距离和规模因子的影响。相对于有形农业技术,农业知识的传播更容易受到这两种效应的影响。
The agricultural techniques are the general reflection about the laws of development and the application achievement of agricultural production. Currently, our countries'agricultural technology development is in the coexistence of traditional techniques and modern technology which is called "dual technology" stage of development. In this condition, the contribution rate of agricultural scientific and technological progress (48%) is far below the level of developed countries (60-80%). It is becomes the main obstacle restricting the optimization of agricultural structure, the improvement of agricultural productivity and the increasing of international competitiveness of agricultural products in our country. Especially in the western tradition agricultural region, many adverse factors such as the harsh natural conditions of agriculture, low labor force quality, small coverage of new technology made the agricultural economy has being at the low level for a long term, it is mostly requires to make use of advanced agricultural technology to transforming the traditional agriculture. In fact, our country, every year, only has 30% approximately in 6000-7000 agricultures technology innovation being changed. The reason about a large number of agricultural science and technology innovation is laid aside and neglected is that the long-standing top-down agricultural extension approach led the needs of farmers and the supply information of extension workers has a gap, which cause the effective demand for agricultural technology conflict with the effective supply. Therefore, the study of technological innovation, spreading and adopting form the perspective of farmer's requirement has been accepting a widely attention around the world recently. This paper based on the investigation data in Shaanxi Gansu and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, under the guidance of theory such as economic geography, agricultural economics, study of farmer behavior, using of various methods, analyzed several question about the farmer's technology adoption. Those questions mainly include the farmer's technical efficiency of production, the will of farmer's technology needs, the factors which affect the motivation and behavior of farmer's technology adoption, the difference in farmer's adoption of agricultural technology with variant attributes, the technology environment's impact on the farmer's adoption of new technology, the relationship between the main technology supplier with the farmers and the spatial characteristics of farmer adopting technology. At last, this research tries to reveal the characteristics and differences in technology adoption behavior of farmers in Northwest area, and provide evidence to help the technology supplier better understanding the need of farmers as well as making appropriate technology promotion strategies. It also can give same advice for building a scientific system of regional agricultural technical service.
The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The low level of agricultural technology is an important factor restricting agricultural development in Northwest area. The scarcity of arable land becomes the major factor affect a farmer to improve the technology efficiency. As a result, Farmers often replaces the limited arable land by increasing the input of labor and capital, then it cause the phenomenon of diminishing marginal rate of substitution. For the technology with public properties or higher input costs (cognitive costs, learning costs, using cost), such as the Water-saving irrigation technology, farmers often need more time in consideration, understanding and observing, thus, it can be shown by the elements configured deficiency, the low technical efficiency and many other appearances.
2. Farmers'will of requiring new technologies is very strong. Meanwhile, farmers' awareness of new technologies is not only induced by the resources endowment, but also affected by the market demand and risks. In General, we found that the input costs, the level of domestic economic and technical risks are factors what farmers take into account the most before adopting a technology, while the technical effects, the price and sales prospects are factors about what farmers are most concerned after adopting a technology. Furthermore, Farmers who grow different crops and using different technologies are affected by different factors in decision-making. Farmers usually have the "rational" characteristic in new technique cognition and decision process.
3. The farmers'technology adoption behavior is affected comprehensively by their own characteristics, family economic characteristics, technology attributes and technical environment. These factors may promote or hinder farmers'decision-making process. It can be specificly performed by that:(1) the farmers'technology adoption behavior is remarkable affected by the head of household age, the head of household's educational level, the concurrently industry degree, the family income level, the arable land scale and labor force quantity. The technology adoption rates and impact factors display the linearity relationship or "U" type relationship. (2) The differences in technical attributes can influence the adoption behavior of farmers, which can be showed out by the technology adoption rates and the farmer's characteristic who adopt the new technology. At the same time, the technology adoption rate is also different in the change trend and degree affected by different factors. (3) The technology environmental factors have great influence on farmers to adopt new technology, and the soft environment's impact is greater than the hard environment. Meanwhile, there is a big difference between the behaviors in farmer's adoption of new agricultural technologies with different attributes.
4. The main agriculture technology suppliers in northwest area are the government departments, enterprises, "R&D" institution and farmers cooperatives organization. Specifically, Agricultural technical service station dominate the impact of farmers understanding technical information, accessing to technology, training and other aspects, while the "R&D" institution, enterprise as well as farmers cooperatives organization are play an assisting role in meeting the technology needs of farmers. During the investigation, the farmers pointed out that the suppliers have many problems including:(1) the Agricultural technical services departments staff is not enough, the level of technology is low, the technology transfer way is simple, the technology propagation channel is not smooth and the administration forces is too strong. (2) Business services have the problems like high default risk, high production costs and the agreements between farmers and enterprises are imperfect. (3) The "R&D" institution's technical service meet the problems, such as service times is little, the technology is too hard to understanding, lacking of communication mechanisms and so on. (4) The farmers cooperatives organization's problem include that the organize level is low, the management is poor, the running costs are high, the technology service is simple and the market connect is not closely linked.
5. The spatial distribution of agricultural technology diffusion certainly has law to follow, the tangible and intangible agriculture technology's extending process all exist "Neighbourhood Effect" and "Scale Hierarchy Effect ". Generally speaking, the distance is more far away, the effect that the technology diffuses is smaller, the scale of agriculture production is bigger, the effect that the technology diffuses is bigger, technical level is more lower, the farmer's new technology adopting enthusiasm is higher. While from the point of technology with different attributes, the technology which is easier to grasp and has an obvious effect is vulnerable to the impact of distance and size. Competed with the tangible agricultural technologies, the dissemination of agricultural knowledge is more vulnerable to these two factors.
引文
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