雷达测波反演算法及系统集成设计的研究
|
摘要
目前,海上舰船数量剧增,为达到避碰目的,所有军用和民用舰船都配备有X波段导航雷达。雷达扫描海面得到的“海杂波”图像含有丰富的海浪信息,可借用有效算法提取海浪的相关特征参数。借用导航雷达进行海洋遥感测量,相比其他设备具有便携、可靠、经济、安全、时空分辨率高等优点,所以近年来引起国内外学者的高度关注。目前,我国此项研究处于起步阶段,尚未研发成具有自主产权并可推广使用的监测设备。为提高我国近海和远洋海浪检测水平,以适应社会经济发展需要,本文对X波段导航雷达图像时间序列的海浪信息提取技术进行研究。
首先,借鉴国内外已知成果,在充分了解海浪信息反演原理的基础上,借鉴了已有海浪反演的流程,设计并实现了适合我国近海特性的海浪信息反演的算法。其次,利用Longuet-Higgins海浪模型,通过选用恰当的海浪谱和方向函数,模拟了三维随机海浪数据;同时分析了雷达成像的机制并利用模拟数据成功实现了图像的仿真。然后,对设计的海浪信息反演算法进行了检验,结果验证了本文所用算法的有效性,为海上实测数据的处理和设备研发奠定了基础。
另外,利用掌握的海上实测数据,分析并实现了海浪信息提取技术的流程,包括雷达图像的去噪修复、子图像序列的提取、海浪信息的反演等。初步开发了“X波段雷达时序图像测波数据处理系统”。
最后,依据我国近海的特点,对国外已有方法进行了探索性的改进,提出了利用多项式回归方法估算有效波高的新数学模型,给出了利用分段函数拟合提高反演精度的新算法。通过对比实验,验证了所给模型和算法的可行性和有效性。
At present, the number of vessels at sea flourishes very increasingly. In order to avoid them from collision, all of the military and civilian ships are equipped with X-band navigation radar. The‘sea clutter’derived from the X-band marine radar contains the most of information about the sea waves. The relevant characteristics of sea state parameters can be extracted from the‘sea clutter’by using a certain algorithm. Compared to other devices, using a X-band radar for ocean remote sensing measurements has more advantages, thus more and more ocean scholars have joined into the study of the technology. At present, the study of such a technology inland is still in the stage of a tracking study, so it is very important for us to put more efforts on the study. In this paper, a deep research on the technology has been done.
Based on the available papers, the algorithm of wave inversion has been extracted and implemented, and the numerical simulation of the sea waves and the X -band radar sea clutter has been done. By using the simulated radar images, the algorithm of wave inversion has been tested, and the results turn out good.
With the real radar images derived from BOHAI, the entire process of the wave inversion has been analyzed in detail, including the radar image denoising and restoration, the extraction of sub-image sequence, the retrieval of the wave information. And a software system for analyzing the X-band radar images has been designed.
Finally, according to the characteristics of China’s coastal waters, this paper exploratory improves the foreign countries methods in existence, proposes a new mathematical model with polynomial regression method to estimate the significant wave height, present a new algorithm with anti-sub-function fitting to improve inversion accuracy, and by comparing experiment, tests the feasibility and effectiveness of the given model and algorithm.
首先,借鉴国内外已知成果,在充分了解海浪信息反演原理的基础上,借鉴了已有海浪反演的流程,设计并实现了适合我国近海特性的海浪信息反演的算法。其次,利用Longuet-Higgins海浪模型,通过选用恰当的海浪谱和方向函数,模拟了三维随机海浪数据;同时分析了雷达成像的机制并利用模拟数据成功实现了图像的仿真。然后,对设计的海浪信息反演算法进行了检验,结果验证了本文所用算法的有效性,为海上实测数据的处理和设备研发奠定了基础。
另外,利用掌握的海上实测数据,分析并实现了海浪信息提取技术的流程,包括雷达图像的去噪修复、子图像序列的提取、海浪信息的反演等。初步开发了“X波段雷达时序图像测波数据处理系统”。
最后,依据我国近海的特点,对国外已有方法进行了探索性的改进,提出了利用多项式回归方法估算有效波高的新数学模型,给出了利用分段函数拟合提高反演精度的新算法。通过对比实验,验证了所给模型和算法的可行性和有效性。
At present, the number of vessels at sea flourishes very increasingly. In order to avoid them from collision, all of the military and civilian ships are equipped with X-band navigation radar. The‘sea clutter’derived from the X-band marine radar contains the most of information about the sea waves. The relevant characteristics of sea state parameters can be extracted from the‘sea clutter’by using a certain algorithm. Compared to other devices, using a X-band radar for ocean remote sensing measurements has more advantages, thus more and more ocean scholars have joined into the study of the technology. At present, the study of such a technology inland is still in the stage of a tracking study, so it is very important for us to put more efforts on the study. In this paper, a deep research on the technology has been done.
Based on the available papers, the algorithm of wave inversion has been extracted and implemented, and the numerical simulation of the sea waves and the X -band radar sea clutter has been done. By using the simulated radar images, the algorithm of wave inversion has been tested, and the results turn out good.
With the real radar images derived from BOHAI, the entire process of the wave inversion has been analyzed in detail, including the radar image denoising and restoration, the extraction of sub-image sequence, the retrieval of the wave information. And a software system for analyzing the X-band radar images has been designed.
Finally, according to the characteristics of China’s coastal waters, this paper exploratory improves the foreign countries methods in existence, proposes a new mathematical model with polynomial regression method to estimate the significant wave height, present a new algorithm with anti-sub-function fitting to improve inversion accuracy, and by comparing experiment, tests the feasibility and effectiveness of the given model and algorithm.
引文
[1]蔡树群,张文静,王盛安,海洋环境观测技术研究进展[J],热带海洋学报,2007,(260):76~81
[2]苏纪兰,黄大吉,我国的海洋环境科技需求[J],海洋开发与管理,2006,(05)
[3]Ijima, T., T. Takahashi, and H. Sasaki, Application of radars to wave observations, Proc. Conf. Coastal Eng. 1964, 11th, 30(1): 10~22
[4]Wright, F. F., Wave observations by shipboard radar, Ocean Sci. Ocean Eng., 1965, 1:506~514
[5]Oudshoorn, H. M., The use of radar in hydrodynamic surveying, Proc. Conf. Coastal Eng, 1960, 7:59~76
[6]Willis, T. G., and H. Beaumont, Wave direction measurements using sea surveillance radar, Tech. Memo. TR 118, R. Aircraft Establishment, Farnbough, Great Britain, 1971
[7]Evmenov, V. W., Test of the radar method of defining ocean waves elements [J], Fluid Mech. Sov. Res, 1973, 2(5): 141~145
[8]Mattie M G, Harris D L, A system for using radar to record wave direction [A], in: Coastal Engineering Research [C], Fort Belvoir, USA, 1979: 79~150
[9]Hoogeboom, P., and W. Rosenthal, Directional wave spectra in radar images, paper presented at the International Geoscience and Remote Sening Symposium, IEEE Geosci. and Remote Sensing Soc., Munich, June 1~4, 1982
[10]Ziemer, F., W. Rosenthal, and H. Carlson, Measurements of directional wave spectra by ship radar. IAPSO Symposium, General Assembly Int. Assoc. for Phys. Sci.of the Oceans. Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany,1983
[11]Atanassov V, Rosenthal W, Ziemer F, Removal of ambiguity of two-dimensional power spectra obtained by processing ship radar images of ocean waves[J], Journal of Geophysical Research, 1985, 90(C1):1061~1068
[12]Young I. R., Rosenthal W. and Ziemer F., A three dimensional analysis of marine radar images for the determination of ocean waves directionality and surface currents [J], Journal of Geophysical Research, 1985, 90(C1):1049~1059
[13]Ziemer F., and Rosenthal W.,Measurement of Two dimensional Wave Energy Spectra during SAXON-FPN’90 [A], in: Proceeding of the Conference on Ocean’93 [C], Published by IEEE, 1993: 326~331
[14]Ziemer F., Rosenthal W., Richter K. and Schrader D.,Two-Dimensional Wave Field Measurements as Sea Truth for ERS-1 SAR [A], in: ERS-1 Geophysical Validati [C], Penhors, Bretagne, France, 1992: 35~40
[15]Ziemer F., Giinther H., A system to monitor ocean wave fields [A], in: Proceedings of OCEANS'94 [C], Brest, France, 1994: 13~16
[16]Ziemer F., An instrument for the survey of the directionality of the ocean wave field [J], in: Proceeding of WMO/IOC Workshop on Operational Ocean Monitoring Using Surface Based Radars, Geneva, Switzerland, 1995, 32: 81~87
[17]Dittmer J., Use of marine radars for real time wave field survey and Speeding up Transmission/Processing [A], in: Proceedings of the WMO/IOC Workshop on operational ocean monitoring using surface based radars [C], Geneva,1995: 133~138
[18]Nieto J. C., Borge, Reichert I. C., etal, Use of nautical radar as a wave monitoring instrumentt [J], Coastal Engineering, 1999, 37: 331~342
[19]Gnanlie, Microwave Radar Directional Wave Measurements-MIRES Results [A], in: Proceedings of the WMG/IOC Workshop on Operational Ocean Monitoring using Surface Based Radars [C], WMO report no 32, WMO/TD-No. 649, Geneva
[20]齐占辉,宋占杰,张锁平,朱光文,X波段雷达在海面动力环境监测中的应用研究[J],海洋技术,2009,(01)
[21]崔利民,合宜军,X波段船用雷达观测海洋动力环境要素仿真研究[J],海洋科学,2009,33(11):73~77
[22]李继刚,王剑,陈诚,周涛,X波段导航雷达测波系统的设计与研究[J],海洋技术,Vol.25(2):15~18
[23]任福安,邵秘华,孙延维,船载雷达观测海浪的研究[J],海洋学报,2006,28(5):152~156
[24]王福友,何宜军,卢志忠,袁赣南,唐艳红,基于X波段雷达图像序列反演海洋表面流的算法研究[J],测绘学报,2009,(05)
[25]冯向波,严以新,高家俊,吴立中,X波段雷达近岸影像波谱分析[J],海洋工程,2010,(01)
[26]Crombie D. D., Doppler spectrum of sea echo at 13.56 Mc/s, Nature, 1955, 175:681~682
[27]Wright J. W., Backscattering from capillary waves with application to sea clutter, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 1966, AP-14:749~754
[28]Rune Gangeskar, Ocean current estimated from X-band radar sea surface images, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 2002, Vol.40(4):783~792
[29]Valwnzuela G. R., Theories for the interaction of electromagnetic and oceanic waves, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1978, 13:61~68
[30]Fung A. K., Lee K. K., A semi-empirical sea-spectrum model for scattering coefficient estimation, IEEE Trans Oceanic Engin., 1982, 7(4):166~176
[31]Ziemer F.and Rosenthal F.W., On the transfer function of a shipborne radar for imaging ocean waves, Proc., IGARSS’87 Symp., Ann Arbor, Michigan, May, 1987
[32] Savchenko A. K., Measurement of some sea-surface parameters by X-band coherent radar [J], Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics, 1988, 31: 461~465
[33]McLeish W., Ross D. B., Imaging radar observations of directional properties of ocean waves[J], Journal of Geophysical Research, 1983, 88(C7): 4407~4420
[34]Irvine D. E., Tilley D. G., Ocean wave directional spectra and wave-current interaction in the Agulhas from the shuttle imaging radar-B synthetic aperture radar[J], Journal of Geophysical Research, 1988, 93(C12):15389~15401
[35] Hessner K., Nieto J. C., Reichert K., Estimation of the significant wave height with X-band nautical radars[A], In: Proc of the 18th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Artic Engineering[C],Germany:1999, 1~8
[36]Nieto J. C. Borge, Use of nautical radar to study wave fields, German Aerospace Center Remote Sensing Technology Institute, 2nd WORKSHOP ON WATER WAVES Berlin, February 2002
[37]陶尧森,船舶耐波性,上海交通大学出版社,1985
[38]邹建武,祝明波,董巍,海浪建模方法综述[J],舰船电子工程,2010,(11)
[39]俞聿修,随机波浪及其工程应用[M],大连:理工大学出版社,1992
[40]Nieto Borge J. C., Rodriguez G. R. and Gonzalez P. I., Inversion of marine radar images for surface wave analysis, Journal of atmospheric and oceanic technology, Vol.21:1291~1300
[41]孙皓,基于X波段导航雷达海面回波图像预处理的研究[D],天津大学,2009
[2]苏纪兰,黄大吉,我国的海洋环境科技需求[J],海洋开发与管理,2006,(05)
[3]Ijima, T., T. Takahashi, and H. Sasaki, Application of radars to wave observations, Proc. Conf. Coastal Eng. 1964, 11th, 30(1): 10~22
[4]Wright, F. F., Wave observations by shipboard radar, Ocean Sci. Ocean Eng., 1965, 1:506~514
[5]Oudshoorn, H. M., The use of radar in hydrodynamic surveying, Proc. Conf. Coastal Eng, 1960, 7:59~76
[6]Willis, T. G., and H. Beaumont, Wave direction measurements using sea surveillance radar, Tech. Memo. TR 118, R. Aircraft Establishment, Farnbough, Great Britain, 1971
[7]Evmenov, V. W., Test of the radar method of defining ocean waves elements [J], Fluid Mech. Sov. Res, 1973, 2(5): 141~145
[8]Mattie M G, Harris D L, A system for using radar to record wave direction [A], in: Coastal Engineering Research [C], Fort Belvoir, USA, 1979: 79~150
[9]Hoogeboom, P., and W. Rosenthal, Directional wave spectra in radar images, paper presented at the International Geoscience and Remote Sening Symposium, IEEE Geosci. and Remote Sensing Soc., Munich, June 1~4, 1982
[10]Ziemer, F., W. Rosenthal, and H. Carlson, Measurements of directional wave spectra by ship radar. IAPSO Symposium, General Assembly Int. Assoc. for Phys. Sci.of the Oceans. Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany,1983
[11]Atanassov V, Rosenthal W, Ziemer F, Removal of ambiguity of two-dimensional power spectra obtained by processing ship radar images of ocean waves[J], Journal of Geophysical Research, 1985, 90(C1):1061~1068
[12]Young I. R., Rosenthal W. and Ziemer F., A three dimensional analysis of marine radar images for the determination of ocean waves directionality and surface currents [J], Journal of Geophysical Research, 1985, 90(C1):1049~1059
[13]Ziemer F., and Rosenthal W.,Measurement of Two dimensional Wave Energy Spectra during SAXON-FPN’90 [A], in: Proceeding of the Conference on Ocean’93 [C], Published by IEEE, 1993: 326~331
[14]Ziemer F., Rosenthal W., Richter K. and Schrader D.,Two-Dimensional Wave Field Measurements as Sea Truth for ERS-1 SAR [A], in: ERS-1 Geophysical Validati [C], Penhors, Bretagne, France, 1992: 35~40
[15]Ziemer F., Giinther H., A system to monitor ocean wave fields [A], in: Proceedings of OCEANS'94 [C], Brest, France, 1994: 13~16
[16]Ziemer F., An instrument for the survey of the directionality of the ocean wave field [J], in: Proceeding of WMO/IOC Workshop on Operational Ocean Monitoring Using Surface Based Radars, Geneva, Switzerland, 1995, 32: 81~87
[17]Dittmer J., Use of marine radars for real time wave field survey and Speeding up Transmission/Processing [A], in: Proceedings of the WMO/IOC Workshop on operational ocean monitoring using surface based radars [C], Geneva,1995: 133~138
[18]Nieto J. C., Borge, Reichert I. C., etal, Use of nautical radar as a wave monitoring instrumentt [J], Coastal Engineering, 1999, 37: 331~342
[19]Gnanlie, Microwave Radar Directional Wave Measurements-MIRES Results [A], in: Proceedings of the WMG/IOC Workshop on Operational Ocean Monitoring using Surface Based Radars [C], WMO report no 32, WMO/TD-No. 649, Geneva
[20]齐占辉,宋占杰,张锁平,朱光文,X波段雷达在海面动力环境监测中的应用研究[J],海洋技术,2009,(01)
[21]崔利民,合宜军,X波段船用雷达观测海洋动力环境要素仿真研究[J],海洋科学,2009,33(11):73~77
[22]李继刚,王剑,陈诚,周涛,X波段导航雷达测波系统的设计与研究[J],海洋技术,Vol.25(2):15~18
[23]任福安,邵秘华,孙延维,船载雷达观测海浪的研究[J],海洋学报,2006,28(5):152~156
[24]王福友,何宜军,卢志忠,袁赣南,唐艳红,基于X波段雷达图像序列反演海洋表面流的算法研究[J],测绘学报,2009,(05)
[25]冯向波,严以新,高家俊,吴立中,X波段雷达近岸影像波谱分析[J],海洋工程,2010,(01)
[26]Crombie D. D., Doppler spectrum of sea echo at 13.56 Mc/s, Nature, 1955, 175:681~682
[27]Wright J. W., Backscattering from capillary waves with application to sea clutter, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 1966, AP-14:749~754
[28]Rune Gangeskar, Ocean current estimated from X-band radar sea surface images, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 2002, Vol.40(4):783~792
[29]Valwnzuela G. R., Theories for the interaction of electromagnetic and oceanic waves, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1978, 13:61~68
[30]Fung A. K., Lee K. K., A semi-empirical sea-spectrum model for scattering coefficient estimation, IEEE Trans Oceanic Engin., 1982, 7(4):166~176
[31]Ziemer F.and Rosenthal F.W., On the transfer function of a shipborne radar for imaging ocean waves, Proc., IGARSS’87 Symp., Ann Arbor, Michigan, May, 1987
[32] Savchenko A. K., Measurement of some sea-surface parameters by X-band coherent radar [J], Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics, 1988, 31: 461~465
[33]McLeish W., Ross D. B., Imaging radar observations of directional properties of ocean waves[J], Journal of Geophysical Research, 1983, 88(C7): 4407~4420
[34]Irvine D. E., Tilley D. G., Ocean wave directional spectra and wave-current interaction in the Agulhas from the shuttle imaging radar-B synthetic aperture radar[J], Journal of Geophysical Research, 1988, 93(C12):15389~15401
[35] Hessner K., Nieto J. C., Reichert K., Estimation of the significant wave height with X-band nautical radars[A], In: Proc of the 18th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Artic Engineering[C],Germany:1999, 1~8
[36]Nieto J. C. Borge, Use of nautical radar to study wave fields, German Aerospace Center Remote Sensing Technology Institute, 2nd WORKSHOP ON WATER WAVES Berlin, February 2002
[37]陶尧森,船舶耐波性,上海交通大学出版社,1985
[38]邹建武,祝明波,董巍,海浪建模方法综述[J],舰船电子工程,2010,(11)
[39]俞聿修,随机波浪及其工程应用[M],大连:理工大学出版社,1992
[40]Nieto Borge J. C., Rodriguez G. R. and Gonzalez P. I., Inversion of marine radar images for surface wave analysis, Journal of atmospheric and oceanic technology, Vol.21:1291~1300
[41]孙皓,基于X波段导航雷达海面回波图像预处理的研究[D],天津大学,2009