螺旋油楔滑动轴承空穴特性的理论与实验研究
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摘要
高速、超高速工况下,润滑油膜极易产生破裂,从而形成空穴。空穴的产生对滑动轴承工作性能的影响越来越成为人们普遍关注的问题。其中空穴的边界是研究焦点之一,油膜破裂边界和油膜再形成边界的确定是保证轴承在理想条件下运转的必要条件。基于这个出发点,以螺旋油楔滑动轴承为对象,采用理论与实验相结合的方法,研究了螺旋油楔滑动轴承的空穴特性,为高速滑动轴承的设计与应用奠定基础。
(1)以满足流量平衡的油膜破裂边界和再形成边界为基础,建立了将完整油膜区和空穴区统一起来的通用方程,并导出了通用方程的差分求解公式。
(2)理论研究了螺旋油楔滑动轴承的油膜破裂区形状、油膜破裂位置、油膜再形成位置以及油膜破裂面积,揭示了油腔螺旋角、转速、供油压力以及偏心率对汕膜空穴特性的影响规律。油腔螺旋角和偏心率是影响油膜破裂位置的两个至关重要的因素；转速、供油压力的改变对油膜破裂位置没有明显的影响。油膜再形成位置、汕膜破裂面积受油腔螺旋角、转速、供油压力和偏心率的影响较大。
(3)为了便于观察轴承空穴,对原有的高精度滑动轴承实验台进行了改进。实验中轴承材料为有机玻璃。对螺旋油楔滑动轴承的空穴特性进行了试验研究。采集了不同转速、供油压力下的油膜破裂区图像；测量了轴承端泄量、出油孔流量及平均温升；对实验结果进行处理,得到了油膜再形成位置及破裂面积与转速和供油压力的试验关系式,发现了油膜破裂位置不受转速和供油压力的影响。并与普通三腔滑动轴承的油膜破裂区域进行了试验对比,揭示了各自的空穴区特点。
(4)将本文推导的质量守恒边界与实验拟合边界分别进行了比较：采用两种边界所计算的油膜破裂位置差距不大；一个油腔的油膜再形成位置与实验比较接近,另两个油腔有一定的误差,主要是两个油腔位于实验台底部,测量时的误差所导致。油膜破裂面积的理论值与实验值误差较小。
(5)以质量守恒边界和实验拟合边界为基础,研究了不同结构和工作参数下,边界条件对轴承动静特性的影响规律,揭示了这种轴承的独有特性。结果显示：轴承油腔结构对轴承的静、动态特性的影响较为明显。采用两种边界所得结果有一定的误差,是由于数据测量和边界拟合的误差所致。
(6)研究了螺旋油楔滑动轴承的流体热动力。根据实验观察,油膜空穴区流体由两部分组成：油膜破裂与再形成之间的条形流以及粘附在轴颈表面的层流。因此,空穴区采用气液两相流共同存在的状态,即蒸汽和润滑油的混合物。空穴区的物理参数以两相流的平均特性来替代。完整油膜区采用润滑油的物理参数。将广义雷诺方程、油膜能量方程及轴瓦热传导方程联立,分析了油腔螺旋角以及供油压力、供油温度对轴承内表面温度的影响规律。结果显示：油腔螺旋角、供油温度对轴承内表面温度的影响比较大；供油压力的影响较小。
Under high speed and super-high speed conditions, the oil film is easy to crack and becomes cavitation. The existence of cavitation has a great effect on the work characteristics of journal bearing which brings out more and more attention. The boundary of cavitation is the best important, the decision of rupture boundary and reformation boundary of oil film is nessary to keep bearing working in a desirable conditon. Based on this, the cavitation characteristics of a spiral oil wedge journal bearing have been investigated theoretically and experimentally with a view to design and application of high speed journal bearings.
Firstly, based on the rupture boundary and reformation boundary of oil film which is satisfied with the flowrate balance, the common equation which integrates the oil film region and cavitation region is established, and deduced the formulas by means of finite differential method.
Secondly, the rupture region shapes of oil film, rupture locations of oil film, reformation locations of oil film and rupture area of spiral oil wedge journal bearing are studied theoretically, And the influences of spiral angle of oil wedge, rotating speed and supply pressure on cavitation characteristics are investigated. The results show that spiral angle and eccentricity ratio have great influences on rupture location of oil film; the change of rotating speed and supply pressure has not an effect on rupture location; and rotating speed, supply pressure and eccentricity ratio have a great influenc on reformation location of oil film and rupture area of oil film.
Thirdly, the original journal bearing experiment table is improved in order to observe the cavitation. The material of journal bearing is synthetic glass. Then takes some pictures of spiral oil wedge journal bearings under different rotating speeds and supply pressures and measures the oil flowrate of the journal bearings and outlet holes of spiral oil wedge journal bearing and temperature rise of the lubricant. Finally, obtains the relations of reformation location of oil film and rupture area of oil film with the rotating speed of the shaft and supply pressure and finds that rotating speed and supply pressure have not an effect on rupture location of oil film. And compared with common three wedge journal bearing in the experiment, and reveals the cavitation characteristic of each.
The experimental fitting boundary is compared with JFO boundary and shows the rupture location of oil film under two boundarys is almost identical, the reformation location of one oil wedge is the same with experiment result and the reformation of the other has a great gap, the main reason is that two oil wedge locates the bottom of experiment table and has some errors in the measurement. The error between the theoretical result and the experimental result of rupture area of oil film is more less.
Based on JFO boundary and experimental fitting boundary, the effects of the bearing configuration and work parameters on the bearing performances are researches and reveals unique characteristic of the bearing. The results show the configuration of oil wedge of spiral oil wedge journal bearing has a great influence on the static and dynamic performances, there are some errors between JFO boundary and experimental fitting boundary that are caused by measurement and fitting of boundary condition.
Finally, thermohydrodynamic analysis of spiral oil wedge journal bearing is carried out. Based on the experiment, the lubricant flow in the cavitated region consists of two parts:narrow oil streamers extending over the gap and between the film rupture and reformation boundaries. There is a two-phase flow in the cavities region, it is assumed that a homogenous mixture of vapor and lubricant exists in the cavitated zone and the physical parameters are substituted with a mean physical properties.of two phase flow. In uncavitated part the physical parameters of lubricant is with oil. Using finite differetial method, the generalized Reynolds equation, energy equation of oil film and heat conduction equation of the bush are solved. Then the effects of spiral angle of oil wedge, supply pressure and supply oil temperature on the bush inner surface temperature distribution of spiral oil wedge journal bearing arc investigated. And the results indicate that spiral angle and supply oil temperature have a great effect on the bush inner surface temperature, but contrarily, supply pressure has a little effect.
This work is supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2009CB724404)
(1)以满足流量平衡的油膜破裂边界和再形成边界为基础,建立了将完整油膜区和空穴区统一起来的通用方程,并导出了通用方程的差分求解公式。
(2)理论研究了螺旋油楔滑动轴承的油膜破裂区形状、油膜破裂位置、油膜再形成位置以及油膜破裂面积,揭示了油腔螺旋角、转速、供油压力以及偏心率对汕膜空穴特性的影响规律。油腔螺旋角和偏心率是影响油膜破裂位置的两个至关重要的因素；转速、供油压力的改变对油膜破裂位置没有明显的影响。油膜再形成位置、汕膜破裂面积受油腔螺旋角、转速、供油压力和偏心率的影响较大。
(3)为了便于观察轴承空穴,对原有的高精度滑动轴承实验台进行了改进。实验中轴承材料为有机玻璃。对螺旋油楔滑动轴承的空穴特性进行了试验研究。采集了不同转速、供油压力下的油膜破裂区图像；测量了轴承端泄量、出油孔流量及平均温升；对实验结果进行处理,得到了油膜再形成位置及破裂面积与转速和供油压力的试验关系式,发现了油膜破裂位置不受转速和供油压力的影响。并与普通三腔滑动轴承的油膜破裂区域进行了试验对比,揭示了各自的空穴区特点。
(4)将本文推导的质量守恒边界与实验拟合边界分别进行了比较：采用两种边界所计算的油膜破裂位置差距不大；一个油腔的油膜再形成位置与实验比较接近,另两个油腔有一定的误差,主要是两个油腔位于实验台底部,测量时的误差所导致。油膜破裂面积的理论值与实验值误差较小。
(5)以质量守恒边界和实验拟合边界为基础,研究了不同结构和工作参数下,边界条件对轴承动静特性的影响规律,揭示了这种轴承的独有特性。结果显示：轴承油腔结构对轴承的静、动态特性的影响较为明显。采用两种边界所得结果有一定的误差,是由于数据测量和边界拟合的误差所致。
(6)研究了螺旋油楔滑动轴承的流体热动力。根据实验观察,油膜空穴区流体由两部分组成：油膜破裂与再形成之间的条形流以及粘附在轴颈表面的层流。因此,空穴区采用气液两相流共同存在的状态,即蒸汽和润滑油的混合物。空穴区的物理参数以两相流的平均特性来替代。完整油膜区采用润滑油的物理参数。将广义雷诺方程、油膜能量方程及轴瓦热传导方程联立,分析了油腔螺旋角以及供油压力、供油温度对轴承内表面温度的影响规律。结果显示：油腔螺旋角、供油温度对轴承内表面温度的影响比较大；供油压力的影响较小。
Under high speed and super-high speed conditions, the oil film is easy to crack and becomes cavitation. The existence of cavitation has a great effect on the work characteristics of journal bearing which brings out more and more attention. The boundary of cavitation is the best important, the decision of rupture boundary and reformation boundary of oil film is nessary to keep bearing working in a desirable conditon. Based on this, the cavitation characteristics of a spiral oil wedge journal bearing have been investigated theoretically and experimentally with a view to design and application of high speed journal bearings.
Firstly, based on the rupture boundary and reformation boundary of oil film which is satisfied with the flowrate balance, the common equation which integrates the oil film region and cavitation region is established, and deduced the formulas by means of finite differential method.
Secondly, the rupture region shapes of oil film, rupture locations of oil film, reformation locations of oil film and rupture area of spiral oil wedge journal bearing are studied theoretically, And the influences of spiral angle of oil wedge, rotating speed and supply pressure on cavitation characteristics are investigated. The results show that spiral angle and eccentricity ratio have great influences on rupture location of oil film; the change of rotating speed and supply pressure has not an effect on rupture location; and rotating speed, supply pressure and eccentricity ratio have a great influenc on reformation location of oil film and rupture area of oil film.
Thirdly, the original journal bearing experiment table is improved in order to observe the cavitation. The material of journal bearing is synthetic glass. Then takes some pictures of spiral oil wedge journal bearings under different rotating speeds and supply pressures and measures the oil flowrate of the journal bearings and outlet holes of spiral oil wedge journal bearing and temperature rise of the lubricant. Finally, obtains the relations of reformation location of oil film and rupture area of oil film with the rotating speed of the shaft and supply pressure and finds that rotating speed and supply pressure have not an effect on rupture location of oil film. And compared with common three wedge journal bearing in the experiment, and reveals the cavitation characteristic of each.
The experimental fitting boundary is compared with JFO boundary and shows the rupture location of oil film under two boundarys is almost identical, the reformation location of one oil wedge is the same with experiment result and the reformation of the other has a great gap, the main reason is that two oil wedge locates the bottom of experiment table and has some errors in the measurement. The error between the theoretical result and the experimental result of rupture area of oil film is more less.
Based on JFO boundary and experimental fitting boundary, the effects of the bearing configuration and work parameters on the bearing performances are researches and reveals unique characteristic of the bearing. The results show the configuration of oil wedge of spiral oil wedge journal bearing has a great influence on the static and dynamic performances, there are some errors between JFO boundary and experimental fitting boundary that are caused by measurement and fitting of boundary condition.
Finally, thermohydrodynamic analysis of spiral oil wedge journal bearing is carried out. Based on the experiment, the lubricant flow in the cavitated region consists of two parts:narrow oil streamers extending over the gap and between the film rupture and reformation boundaries. There is a two-phase flow in the cavities region, it is assumed that a homogenous mixture of vapor and lubricant exists in the cavitated zone and the physical parameters are substituted with a mean physical properties.of two phase flow. In uncavitated part the physical parameters of lubricant is with oil. Using finite differetial method, the generalized Reynolds equation, energy equation of oil film and heat conduction equation of the bush are solved. Then the effects of spiral angle of oil wedge, supply pressure and supply oil temperature on the bush inner surface temperature distribution of spiral oil wedge journal bearing arc investigated. And the results indicate that spiral angle and supply oil temperature have a great effect on the bush inner surface temperature, but contrarily, supply pressure has a little effect.
This work is supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2009CB724404)
引文
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