姿态可变辐射虚拟人建模研究
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摘要
辐射虚拟人模型是进行辐射模拟的重要条件,因此研究辐射虚拟人模型的建模方法具有重要意义。目前主流的辐射虚拟人模型是层析式模型,但绝大多数模型都是站姿的——这不符合实际情况,因为实际辐射场景中人可能处于各种不同的姿态。因此本文提出研究姿态可变辐射虚拟人的建模方法,主要内容包括:
(1)全面调研了辐射虚拟人模型建模的相关研究,分析了发展姿态可变辐射虚拟人的意义和困难,并在此基础上提出发展多层结构的姿态可变辐射虚拟人,该模型的主要特点是结合了人体动画技术和层析式辐射虚拟人模型。
(2)提出了一种表示姿态可变辐射虚拟人的方法——基于逻辑结构和物理结构的两级结构法:在对姿态可变辐射虚拟人的功能、表示原则进行归纳和总结的基础上提出用物理结构和逻辑结构来表示姿态可变辐射虚拟人。逻辑结构是姿态可变辐射虚拟人的功能的抽象,物理结构是逻辑结构的具体实现。两级结构法将姿态可变辐射虚拟人的功能和实现相分离,该方法的优点是既涵盖了姿态可变辐射虚拟人的全部功能又可以根据实际情况灵活地进行建模。
(3)实现了姿态可变辐射虚拟人的骨架系统:借鉴人体动画领域的H-Anim(Humanoid Animation)标准的相关技术,建立了姿态可变辐射虚拟人的骨架系统,并通过旋转骨架系统中的关节实现了姿态可变辐射虚拟人的姿态变换。
(4)实现了虚拟人模型的器官的变形:将虚拟人的骨架系统与传统自由变形方法相结合,实现了基于骨架操纵的自由变形算法,并在此基础上实现了虚拟人在姿态变换时的器官的变形。
Radiation Virtual Human (RVH) is an important condition for radiation simulation, so it is of great significance to research modeling method of RVH. The current mainstream RVH is the Tomographic Model, most of which are in standing posture. This does not meet the actual situation, because in actual scene of radiation human may be in different postures. Therefore, this dissertation researches on modeling method of Posture-Variable Radiation Virtual Human (PVRVH) and the main work of this dissertation goes as follow:
(1) Related research of RVH is investigated comprehensively. By analyzing the significance and difficulties in developing PVRVH, this dissertation proposed the multi-layer-structure PVRVH. The main characteristic of this model is combination of technical of human animation and tomographic models
(2) Two-Layer-Structure Method which presents PVRVH is proposed. Based on the functions and representation principles of PVRVH which are concluded and summarized, PVRVH represented by physical structure and logical structure is proposed in this dissertation. Logical structure is the abstraction of functions of PVRVH and the physical structure is a concrete implementation of logical structure. By separating the functions and implementation of PVRVH, Two-Layer-Structure Method can cover all functions of PVRVH and be modeled flexibly according to actual situation.
(3) Skeleton system of PVRVH is implemented by drawing on relevant technique in H-Anim standards of Human Animation field. Posture transform of PVRVH is implemented by rotating joints in skeleton system.
(4) Organ deformation of PVRVH is implemented. Combining with both skeleton system of PVRVH and traditional FFD method, Skeleton-Manipulation based FFD algorithm is proposed and organ deformation of PVRVH is implemented based on this algorithm.
(1)全面调研了辐射虚拟人模型建模的相关研究,分析了发展姿态可变辐射虚拟人的意义和困难,并在此基础上提出发展多层结构的姿态可变辐射虚拟人,该模型的主要特点是结合了人体动画技术和层析式辐射虚拟人模型。
(2)提出了一种表示姿态可变辐射虚拟人的方法——基于逻辑结构和物理结构的两级结构法:在对姿态可变辐射虚拟人的功能、表示原则进行归纳和总结的基础上提出用物理结构和逻辑结构来表示姿态可变辐射虚拟人。逻辑结构是姿态可变辐射虚拟人的功能的抽象,物理结构是逻辑结构的具体实现。两级结构法将姿态可变辐射虚拟人的功能和实现相分离,该方法的优点是既涵盖了姿态可变辐射虚拟人的全部功能又可以根据实际情况灵活地进行建模。
(3)实现了姿态可变辐射虚拟人的骨架系统:借鉴人体动画领域的H-Anim(Humanoid Animation)标准的相关技术,建立了姿态可变辐射虚拟人的骨架系统,并通过旋转骨架系统中的关节实现了姿态可变辐射虚拟人的姿态变换。
(4)实现了虚拟人模型的器官的变形:将虚拟人的骨架系统与传统自由变形方法相结合,实现了基于骨架操纵的自由变形算法,并在此基础上实现了虚拟人在姿态变换时的器官的变形。
Radiation Virtual Human (RVH) is an important condition for radiation simulation, so it is of great significance to research modeling method of RVH. The current mainstream RVH is the Tomographic Model, most of which are in standing posture. This does not meet the actual situation, because in actual scene of radiation human may be in different postures. Therefore, this dissertation researches on modeling method of Posture-Variable Radiation Virtual Human (PVRVH) and the main work of this dissertation goes as follow:
(1) Related research of RVH is investigated comprehensively. By analyzing the significance and difficulties in developing PVRVH, this dissertation proposed the multi-layer-structure PVRVH. The main characteristic of this model is combination of technical of human animation and tomographic models
(2) Two-Layer-Structure Method which presents PVRVH is proposed. Based on the functions and representation principles of PVRVH which are concluded and summarized, PVRVH represented by physical structure and logical structure is proposed in this dissertation. Logical structure is the abstraction of functions of PVRVH and the physical structure is a concrete implementation of logical structure. By separating the functions and implementation of PVRVH, Two-Layer-Structure Method can cover all functions of PVRVH and be modeled flexibly according to actual situation.
(3) Skeleton system of PVRVH is implemented by drawing on relevant technique in H-Anim standards of Human Animation field. Posture transform of PVRVH is implemented by rotating joints in skeleton system.
(4) Organ deformation of PVRVH is implemented. Combining with both skeleton system of PVRVH and traditional FFD method, Skeleton-Manipulation based FFD algorithm is proposed and organ deformation of PVRVH is implemented based on this algorithm.
引文
[1] R. P. Findlay and P. J. Dimbylow, B. Effects of posture on FDTD calculations of specific absorption rate in a Voxel model of the human model [J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2005, 50(16), 3825–3835.
[2] Findlay, R. P., A. K. Lee, et al. (2009). "FDTD calculations of SAR for child voxel models in different postures between 10 MHz and 3 GHz."[J]. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2009, 135(4): 226-231.
[3] Segars WP. Development and application of the new dynamic NURBS-based Cardiac-Torso (NCAT) phantom [D]. Chapel Hill: Univ. North Carol, 2001.
[4]丁爱平.基于可变形BREP模型的Monte Carlo人体自动建模方法研究及软件系统发展[D].中国等离子体物理研究所. 2009
[5] Johnson, P., C. Lee, et al. The influence of patient size on dose conversion coefficients: a hybrid phantom study for adult cardiac catheterization [J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2009, 54(12): 3613-3629.
[6] Zhang, J. Y., Y. H. Na, et al. RPI-AM and RPI-AF, a pair of mesh-based, size-adjustable adult male and female computational phantoms using ICRP-89 parameters and their calculations for organ doses from monoenergetic photon beams [J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2009, 54(19): 5885-5908.
[7] Dimbylow P J, Fine resolution calculation of SAR in the human body for frequencies up to 3 GHz [J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2002, 47(16): 2835–2846.
[8] Allen S J, Adair E R, Mylacraine K S, Hurt W and Ziriax J, Empirical and theoretical dosimetry in support of whole body resonant radio frequency (RF) exposure seated human volunteers at 220 MHz [J], Bioelectromagnetics, 2005, 26(6): 440–447.
[9] Dimbylow P , Resonance behavior of whole-body averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) in the female Voxel model, NAOMI[J], Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2005,50(17): 4035–4063.
[10] Trevor W Dawson, Kris Caputa and Maria A Stuchly. Numerical evaluation of 60 MHz magnetic induction in the human body in complex occupational environments [J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 1999, 44(4): 1025–1040.
[11] Nagaoka, T. and S. Watanabe. Postured voxel-based human models for electromagnetic dosimetry[J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2008, 53(24): 7047-7061.
[12] Yair Kurzion, Roni Yagel. Interactive Space Deformation With Hardware-Assisted Rendering [J]. Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE, 1997, 17(5): 66-77.
[13] Nikhil Gagvani, D.Silver ect. Volume Animation using the Skeleton Tree[C]. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE symposium on Volume Visualization. North Carolina, Nuited States, 1998: 47-53.
[14] V.Singh, D.Silver and N.Cornea; Real-Time Volume Manipulation; Volume Graphics[C]. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE TVCG Workshop, Tokyo, Japan, 2003: 45-51.
[15] Thomas W. Sederberg Scott R. Parry. Free-Form Deformation of Solid Geometric Models[C]. Proceedings of the 13th annual conference, Penn Plaza, Suite 701 New York NY USA, 1986: 151-160.
[16]吴小毛,马利庄,顾宝军.计算机动画中人体建模与皮肤变形技术的研究现状与展望[J].中国图像图形学报, 2007, 12(4): 555-573
[17] Chadwick J E, Haumann D R, Parent R E. Layered Construction for Deformable Animated Characters [J]. Computer Graphics, 1989, 23(3): 243-252.
[18] Web3D Consortium, Inc. ISO/IEC 19774:2006. http://www.web3d.org/x3d/specifications/ISO-IEC-19774-HumanoidAnimation/.(2011-04-16)
[19] Gagvani N, Silver D. Animating volumetric models [J]. Graphical Models, 2001, 63(6): 443~458.
[20] Patrick Min, binvox 3D mesh voxelizer, (2003-11-09) http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~min/binvox/,(2011-04-16)
[21] Zaidi, H., B. M. W. Tsui. Review of Computational Anthropomorphic Anatomical and Physiological Models [J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2009, 97 (12): 1938-1953.
[22]齐林,王连知,张喜学,等.电离辐射防护标准的发展与现状[J].医学理论与实践,2001,14(8):740-742.
[23] H.Zaidi and X.G. Xu,“Computational Anthropomorphic Models of the Human Anatomy: The Path to Realistic Monte Carlo Modeling in Medical Imaging”[J]. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 2006,9: 274-302.
[24] Xu X, Eckerman KF. Handbook of Anatomical Models for Radiation Dosimetry[M]. Taylor & Francis, 1st Ed. September 1, 2009.
[25] HABIB Z, XU X G. Computational Anthropomorphic Models of the Human Anatomy: The Path to Realistic Monte Carlo Modeling in Radiological Sciences[J]. Annual Review Biomedical Engineering, 2007,9: 471-500.
[26] Xu XG, Chao TC, Bozkurt A. VIP-MAN: An Image-Based Whole-body Adult Male Model Constructed from Color Photographs of the Visible Human Project for Multi-Particle Monte Carlo Calculations[J]. Heath Phys, 2000, 78(5):476-486.
[27] Binquan Zhang, Jizeng Ma, et al. CNMAN: a Chinese adult male voxel phantom constructed from color photographs of a visible anatomical data set [J]. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2007, 124(2): 130-136.
[28] Guozhi Zhang, Qian Liu and Qingming Luo. Monte Carlo simulations for external neutron dosimetry based on the visible Chinese human phantom [J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2007, 52(24): 7367-7383.
[29] Becker J.,Zankl M.,Petoussi N. A software tool for modification of human voxel models used for application in radiation protection[J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2007, 8(2): 63-83.
[30] W. S. Snyder, M. R. Ford, G. G. Warner, and H. L. Fisher, MIRD Pamphlet No.5: Estimates of absorbed fractions for monoenergetic photon sources uniformly distributed in various organs of a heterogeneous phantom [J]. Nuclear Medicine, 1969, 10(3): 5-52.
[31] L. G. Bouchet, W .E. Bolch, H. P. Blanco, B. W .Wessels, J. A. Siegel, D. A. Rajon, I. Clairand, and G. Sgouros.“MIRD Pamphlet No 19: Absorbed Fractions and Radionuclide S Values for Six Age-Dependent Multi Region Models of the Kidney”[J]. Nuclear Medicine, 2003, 44(12): 1113-1147.
[32] M.G.Stabin, E.Watson, M.Cristy, J.Ryman, K.Eckerman, J.Davis, D.Marshall, and K. Gehlen,“Mathematical Models and Specific Absorbed Fractions of Photon Energy in the Non-Pregnant Adult Female and at the End of Each Trimester of Pregnancy”. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL/TM-12907,1995
[33] R. Kramer, M. Zankl, G. Williams, and D. G,“The calculation of dose from external photon exposures using reference human phantoms and Monte Carlo methods, Part1: The male(ADAM) and female(EVA) adult mathematical phantoms”[J]. Physics in Medicine, 1982, 31(4): 449-452.
[34] Xia S H, Wang Z Q. Recent advances on virtual human synthesis [J]. Sci China Ser F-Inf Sci, 2009, 52(5): 741–757
[35]唐泽圣等.三维数据场可视化[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 1999.20-46.
[36] William M Hsu, John F. Hughes, Henry Kaufman. Direct Manipulation of Free-Form Deformations[C]. SIGGRAPH’92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, New York, NY, USA, 1992: 177-184.
[37] Henne M. A Constraint-based Skin Model for Human Figure Animation [D]. University of California, Santa Cruz, 1990.
[38]徐孟,孙守迁,潘云鹤.虚拟人运动控制技术的研究[J].系统仿真学报,2003. 15(3): 338-242.
[39] Wilhelms, J. and Van Gelder, A.“Anatomically based modeling”[C]. SIGGRAPH’97 Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, New York, NY, USA, ACM Press, 1997: 173-180.
[40] Nedel, L. and Thalmann, D.“Real time muscle deformations using mass-spring systems”[C]. Proceedings of Computer Graphics, Hannover, Germany, 1998: 156-165.
[41] Watt, Alan and Watt, Mark. Advanced Animation and Rendering Techniques [M]. ACM Press, New York, 1992: 395-413.
[2] Findlay, R. P., A. K. Lee, et al. (2009). "FDTD calculations of SAR for child voxel models in different postures between 10 MHz and 3 GHz."[J]. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2009, 135(4): 226-231.
[3] Segars WP. Development and application of the new dynamic NURBS-based Cardiac-Torso (NCAT) phantom [D]. Chapel Hill: Univ. North Carol, 2001.
[4]丁爱平.基于可变形BREP模型的Monte Carlo人体自动建模方法研究及软件系统发展[D].中国等离子体物理研究所. 2009
[5] Johnson, P., C. Lee, et al. The influence of patient size on dose conversion coefficients: a hybrid phantom study for adult cardiac catheterization [J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2009, 54(12): 3613-3629.
[6] Zhang, J. Y., Y. H. Na, et al. RPI-AM and RPI-AF, a pair of mesh-based, size-adjustable adult male and female computational phantoms using ICRP-89 parameters and their calculations for organ doses from monoenergetic photon beams [J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2009, 54(19): 5885-5908.
[7] Dimbylow P J, Fine resolution calculation of SAR in the human body for frequencies up to 3 GHz [J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2002, 47(16): 2835–2846.
[8] Allen S J, Adair E R, Mylacraine K S, Hurt W and Ziriax J, Empirical and theoretical dosimetry in support of whole body resonant radio frequency (RF) exposure seated human volunteers at 220 MHz [J], Bioelectromagnetics, 2005, 26(6): 440–447.
[9] Dimbylow P , Resonance behavior of whole-body averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) in the female Voxel model, NAOMI[J], Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2005,50(17): 4035–4063.
[10] Trevor W Dawson, Kris Caputa and Maria A Stuchly. Numerical evaluation of 60 MHz magnetic induction in the human body in complex occupational environments [J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 1999, 44(4): 1025–1040.
[11] Nagaoka, T. and S. Watanabe. Postured voxel-based human models for electromagnetic dosimetry[J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2008, 53(24): 7047-7061.
[12] Yair Kurzion, Roni Yagel. Interactive Space Deformation With Hardware-Assisted Rendering [J]. Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE, 1997, 17(5): 66-77.
[13] Nikhil Gagvani, D.Silver ect. Volume Animation using the Skeleton Tree[C]. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE symposium on Volume Visualization. North Carolina, Nuited States, 1998: 47-53.
[14] V.Singh, D.Silver and N.Cornea; Real-Time Volume Manipulation; Volume Graphics[C]. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE TVCG Workshop, Tokyo, Japan, 2003: 45-51.
[15] Thomas W. Sederberg Scott R. Parry. Free-Form Deformation of Solid Geometric Models[C]. Proceedings of the 13th annual conference, Penn Plaza, Suite 701 New York NY USA, 1986: 151-160.
[16]吴小毛,马利庄,顾宝军.计算机动画中人体建模与皮肤变形技术的研究现状与展望[J].中国图像图形学报, 2007, 12(4): 555-573
[17] Chadwick J E, Haumann D R, Parent R E. Layered Construction for Deformable Animated Characters [J]. Computer Graphics, 1989, 23(3): 243-252.
[18] Web3D Consortium, Inc. ISO/IEC 19774:2006. http://www.web3d.org/x3d/specifications/ISO-IEC-19774-HumanoidAnimation/.(2011-04-16)
[19] Gagvani N, Silver D. Animating volumetric models [J]. Graphical Models, 2001, 63(6): 443~458.
[20] Patrick Min, binvox 3D mesh voxelizer, (2003-11-09) http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~min/binvox/,(2011-04-16)
[21] Zaidi, H., B. M. W. Tsui. Review of Computational Anthropomorphic Anatomical and Physiological Models [J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2009, 97 (12): 1938-1953.
[22]齐林,王连知,张喜学,等.电离辐射防护标准的发展与现状[J].医学理论与实践,2001,14(8):740-742.
[23] H.Zaidi and X.G. Xu,“Computational Anthropomorphic Models of the Human Anatomy: The Path to Realistic Monte Carlo Modeling in Medical Imaging”[J]. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 2006,9: 274-302.
[24] Xu X, Eckerman KF. Handbook of Anatomical Models for Radiation Dosimetry[M]. Taylor & Francis, 1st Ed. September 1, 2009.
[25] HABIB Z, XU X G. Computational Anthropomorphic Models of the Human Anatomy: The Path to Realistic Monte Carlo Modeling in Radiological Sciences[J]. Annual Review Biomedical Engineering, 2007,9: 471-500.
[26] Xu XG, Chao TC, Bozkurt A. VIP-MAN: An Image-Based Whole-body Adult Male Model Constructed from Color Photographs of the Visible Human Project for Multi-Particle Monte Carlo Calculations[J]. Heath Phys, 2000, 78(5):476-486.
[27] Binquan Zhang, Jizeng Ma, et al. CNMAN: a Chinese adult male voxel phantom constructed from color photographs of a visible anatomical data set [J]. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2007, 124(2): 130-136.
[28] Guozhi Zhang, Qian Liu and Qingming Luo. Monte Carlo simulations for external neutron dosimetry based on the visible Chinese human phantom [J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2007, 52(24): 7367-7383.
[29] Becker J.,Zankl M.,Petoussi N. A software tool for modification of human voxel models used for application in radiation protection[J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2007, 8(2): 63-83.
[30] W. S. Snyder, M. R. Ford, G. G. Warner, and H. L. Fisher, MIRD Pamphlet No.5: Estimates of absorbed fractions for monoenergetic photon sources uniformly distributed in various organs of a heterogeneous phantom [J]. Nuclear Medicine, 1969, 10(3): 5-52.
[31] L. G. Bouchet, W .E. Bolch, H. P. Blanco, B. W .Wessels, J. A. Siegel, D. A. Rajon, I. Clairand, and G. Sgouros.“MIRD Pamphlet No 19: Absorbed Fractions and Radionuclide S Values for Six Age-Dependent Multi Region Models of the Kidney”[J]. Nuclear Medicine, 2003, 44(12): 1113-1147.
[32] M.G.Stabin, E.Watson, M.Cristy, J.Ryman, K.Eckerman, J.Davis, D.Marshall, and K. Gehlen,“Mathematical Models and Specific Absorbed Fractions of Photon Energy in the Non-Pregnant Adult Female and at the End of Each Trimester of Pregnancy”. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL/TM-12907,1995
[33] R. Kramer, M. Zankl, G. Williams, and D. G,“The calculation of dose from external photon exposures using reference human phantoms and Monte Carlo methods, Part1: The male(ADAM) and female(EVA) adult mathematical phantoms”[J]. Physics in Medicine, 1982, 31(4): 449-452.
[34] Xia S H, Wang Z Q. Recent advances on virtual human synthesis [J]. Sci China Ser F-Inf Sci, 2009, 52(5): 741–757
[35]唐泽圣等.三维数据场可视化[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 1999.20-46.
[36] William M Hsu, John F. Hughes, Henry Kaufman. Direct Manipulation of Free-Form Deformations[C]. SIGGRAPH’92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, New York, NY, USA, 1992: 177-184.
[37] Henne M. A Constraint-based Skin Model for Human Figure Animation [D]. University of California, Santa Cruz, 1990.
[38]徐孟,孙守迁,潘云鹤.虚拟人运动控制技术的研究[J].系统仿真学报,2003. 15(3): 338-242.
[39] Wilhelms, J. and Van Gelder, A.“Anatomically based modeling”[C]. SIGGRAPH’97 Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, New York, NY, USA, ACM Press, 1997: 173-180.
[40] Nedel, L. and Thalmann, D.“Real time muscle deformations using mass-spring systems”[C]. Proceedings of Computer Graphics, Hannover, Germany, 1998: 156-165.
[41] Watt, Alan and Watt, Mark. Advanced Animation and Rendering Techniques [M]. ACM Press, New York, 1992: 395-413.