海—气二氧化碳交换速度和通量的遥感反演方法研究
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摘要
海-气CO_2通量是全球气候变化的重要控制因子之一，也是目前国际研究的热点。大量的现场实测和相关研究表明， CO_2交换速度不仅与风速有关，还与波浪、海-气边界层厚度、大气层化等密切相关。本文从遥感角度，针对海-气界面CO_2交换速度和通量的反演算法开展研究，利用高度计、散射计等卫星数据重点研究了CO_2交换速度和通量的现有计算方法的不确定性，以及波浪破碎、非破碎和波陡等不同因子对CO_2交换速度和通量的影响，取得如下主要进展：
（1）提出了一个利用高度计数据反演空气摩擦速度的新公式，并且利用26个不同的交换速度公式，使用高度计数据，计算了2000年的CO_2交换速度以及通量的不确定性。发现由于交换速度公式的不同导致了估算全球CO_2交换速度以及通量非常大的不确定性。全球月平均交换速度之间的最大差异为27.70cm h~(-1)，通量为6.24PgCyear~(-1)，4°纬度带平均的CO_2交换速度的最大差异是70.37cm h~(-1)，通量是0.58PgCyear~(-1)。计算得到经过面积加权以及施密特数校正之后的2000年全球平均交换速度是27.33±9.75cm h~(-1)，通量是2.77±1.02PgCyear~(-1)。
（2）使用一个与Ku-波段后向散射截面、有效波高和风速有关的函数，实现了对大范围、长时间序列交换速度的反演，同时考虑了风速以及波浪状态对交换速度的影响。计算了交换速度的全球分布以及季节变化，并进行了比对和分析；计算了19年CO_2海-气交换速度的变化趋势，有一个0.01cm h~(-1)每月的增速。计算得到经过面积加权以及施密特数校正之后的19年平均全球平均交换速度是36.14±1.62cm h~(-1)。
（3）通过对CO_2交换速度公式的比较和分析，提出了一个利用高度计数据计算交换速度的新公式，该公式利用白帽覆盖率来区分波浪破碎以及非破碎部分对交换速度的贡献。计算和分析了交换速度和通量的全球分布以及季节分布。计算了17年CO_2海-气交换速度和通量的变化趋势，分别有0.725cm h~(-1)和0.0068PgC每年的增速。计算得到经过面积加权以及施密特数校正之后的17年平均全球平均交换速度为21.26cm h~(-1)，通量为每年2.58PgC。
（4）提出了一个利用ERS-2散射计数据计算交换速度的新方法，新方法同时考虑了风速和波陡。波陡由ERS-2散射计数据通过神经网络方法获得。文中给出的新公式与已有的风速参数化公式一致性较好，已有风速公式的变化可以用波陡的变化来反映，这反映了不同波浪场对交换速度以及通量的影响，该模型解释了不确定性的部分原因。计算了交换速度和通量的全球分布以及季节分布并且分析了他们的分布规律。经过面积加权以及施密特数校正之后得到了全球平均交换速度为30cm h~(-1)，从大气进入海洋的净通量为1.77PgC。
Air-sea CO_2flux is one of the most important control factors on the global climate change,and is one of the hot spots of the international research. Based on a substantial amount ofliterature on air-sea CO_2transfer velocity and its environmental controls, it has been concludedthat CO_2transfer velocity is not only infected by the wind speed, but also related to the wave,thickness of the mixed layer and the atmospheric stratification. The thickness of the boundarylayer is a function of surface turbulent and diffusion coefficient and it is also affected by windspeed, fetch, wave age, wave steepness, whitecap, stability of the boundary layer and surfactant.In this paper, a study on the inversion algorithms of air-sea CO_2transfer velocity and flux fromsatellite data was carried out. Based on altimeter and scatterometer data, uncertainty of the CO_2transfer velocity and flux, the effects of the breaking and non-broken waves to CO_2transfervelocity and the effects of the wave steepness are investigated. The main results are followed:
(1) A new formula to retrieve air friction velocity using altimeter data was proposed. Usingdata from TOPEX/Poseidon for the entire year of2000and26different transfer velocityformulas, uncertainties in CO_2transfer velocity and flux were estimated. There are largeuncertainties in estimating CO_2transfer velocity and flux due to various transfer velocities.Maximum differences of global monthly mean values are27.70cm h~(-1)and6.41Pg C year~(-1)forgas transfer velocities and sea-air CO_2fluxes respectively among these26formulas. Maximumdifferences of4°zonal mean values are70.37cm h~(-1)and0.58Pg C year~(-1)for CO_2transfervelocities and sea-air CO_2flux respectively among these26formulas. The average global meanvalue for CO_2gas transfer velocities is27.33±9.75cm h~(-1), and the average total global netair-to-sea CO_2is2.77±1.02Pg C year~(-1)after area weighting and Schmidt number correction.
(2) Using a function of radar backscatter coefficient from Ku-band altimeter, significantwave height (SWH) and wind speed, the global, long time series air-sea CO_2transfer velocitywas calculated. Both the wind speed and wave state were taking into account. Globaldistributions and seasonal distributions of the air-sea CO_2transfer velocity were retrieved anddiscussed. The19-year increase rate of the air-sea transfer velocity was about0.01cm h~(-1)per month. The19-year averaged global, area-weighted, Schmidt number-corrected mean gastransfer velocity was36.14±1.62cm h~(-1).
(3) A new formula to retrieve CO_2transfer velocity using altimeter data was proposed.This formula distinguished the contributions of the wave breaking part and non-broken part totransfer velocity using whitecaps coverage. Global distributions and seasonal distributions of theair-sea CO_2transfer velocity and flux were retrieved from TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason altimeterdata from October1992to December2009using the combined algorithm. The increase rate ofthe air-sea transfer velocity and flux was about0.725cm h~(-1)per year and0.266PgC per year,respectively. The17-year averaged gobal, area-weighted, Schmidt number-corrected mean gastransfer velocity was21.26cm h~(-1). Average total CO_2flux from atmosphere to ocean during the17years was2.58PgC per year.
(4) Using the European Remote Sensing scatterometer (ERS-2) data from July1997toAugust1998, a new model of air-sea CO_2transfer velocity with surface wind speed and wavesteepness is proposed. Wave steepness (δ) was retrieved using a Neural Network (NN) modelfrom ERS-2scatterometer data, while the wind speed was directly derived by the ERS-2scatterometer. The new model agrees well with the formulations based on wind speed and thevariation in the wind speed dependent relationships presented in many previous studies can beexplained by this proposed relation with variation in wave steepness effect. This methodreflected the impact of the different wave fields to the CO_2transfer velocity and flux andexplained the reason of the uncertainty partly. Seasonally global maps of gas transfer velocityand flux were shown based on the new model and seasonal variations of the transfer velocity andflux during the1-year period were illustrated. The global mean gas transfer velocity is30cm h~(-1)after area-weighting and Schmidt number correction, while the total air to sea CO_2flux in thatyear was1.77PgC.
（1）提出了一个利用高度计数据反演空气摩擦速度的新公式，并且利用26个不同的交换速度公式，使用高度计数据，计算了2000年的CO_2交换速度以及通量的不确定性。发现由于交换速度公式的不同导致了估算全球CO_2交换速度以及通量非常大的不确定性。全球月平均交换速度之间的最大差异为27.70cm h~(-1)，通量为6.24PgCyear~(-1)，4°纬度带平均的CO_2交换速度的最大差异是70.37cm h~(-1)，通量是0.58PgCyear~(-1)。计算得到经过面积加权以及施密特数校正之后的2000年全球平均交换速度是27.33±9.75cm h~(-1)，通量是2.77±1.02PgCyear~(-1)。
（2）使用一个与Ku-波段后向散射截面、有效波高和风速有关的函数，实现了对大范围、长时间序列交换速度的反演，同时考虑了风速以及波浪状态对交换速度的影响。计算了交换速度的全球分布以及季节变化，并进行了比对和分析；计算了19年CO_2海-气交换速度的变化趋势，有一个0.01cm h~(-1)每月的增速。计算得到经过面积加权以及施密特数校正之后的19年平均全球平均交换速度是36.14±1.62cm h~(-1)。
（3）通过对CO_2交换速度公式的比较和分析，提出了一个利用高度计数据计算交换速度的新公式，该公式利用白帽覆盖率来区分波浪破碎以及非破碎部分对交换速度的贡献。计算和分析了交换速度和通量的全球分布以及季节分布。计算了17年CO_2海-气交换速度和通量的变化趋势，分别有0.725cm h~(-1)和0.0068PgC每年的增速。计算得到经过面积加权以及施密特数校正之后的17年平均全球平均交换速度为21.26cm h~(-1)，通量为每年2.58PgC。
（4）提出了一个利用ERS-2散射计数据计算交换速度的新方法，新方法同时考虑了风速和波陡。波陡由ERS-2散射计数据通过神经网络方法获得。文中给出的新公式与已有的风速参数化公式一致性较好，已有风速公式的变化可以用波陡的变化来反映，这反映了不同波浪场对交换速度以及通量的影响，该模型解释了不确定性的部分原因。计算了交换速度和通量的全球分布以及季节分布并且分析了他们的分布规律。经过面积加权以及施密特数校正之后得到了全球平均交换速度为30cm h~(-1)，从大气进入海洋的净通量为1.77PgC。
Air-sea CO_2flux is one of the most important control factors on the global climate change,and is one of the hot spots of the international research. Based on a substantial amount ofliterature on air-sea CO_2transfer velocity and its environmental controls, it has been concludedthat CO_2transfer velocity is not only infected by the wind speed, but also related to the wave,thickness of the mixed layer and the atmospheric stratification. The thickness of the boundarylayer is a function of surface turbulent and diffusion coefficient and it is also affected by windspeed, fetch, wave age, wave steepness, whitecap, stability of the boundary layer and surfactant.In this paper, a study on the inversion algorithms of air-sea CO_2transfer velocity and flux fromsatellite data was carried out. Based on altimeter and scatterometer data, uncertainty of the CO_2transfer velocity and flux, the effects of the breaking and non-broken waves to CO_2transfervelocity and the effects of the wave steepness are investigated. The main results are followed:
(1) A new formula to retrieve air friction velocity using altimeter data was proposed. Usingdata from TOPEX/Poseidon for the entire year of2000and26different transfer velocityformulas, uncertainties in CO_2transfer velocity and flux were estimated. There are largeuncertainties in estimating CO_2transfer velocity and flux due to various transfer velocities.Maximum differences of global monthly mean values are27.70cm h~(-1)and6.41Pg C year~(-1)forgas transfer velocities and sea-air CO_2fluxes respectively among these26formulas. Maximumdifferences of4°zonal mean values are70.37cm h~(-1)and0.58Pg C year~(-1)for CO_2transfervelocities and sea-air CO_2flux respectively among these26formulas. The average global meanvalue for CO_2gas transfer velocities is27.33±9.75cm h~(-1), and the average total global netair-to-sea CO_2is2.77±1.02Pg C year~(-1)after area weighting and Schmidt number correction.
(2) Using a function of radar backscatter coefficient from Ku-band altimeter, significantwave height (SWH) and wind speed, the global, long time series air-sea CO_2transfer velocitywas calculated. Both the wind speed and wave state were taking into account. Globaldistributions and seasonal distributions of the air-sea CO_2transfer velocity were retrieved anddiscussed. The19-year increase rate of the air-sea transfer velocity was about0.01cm h~(-1)per month. The19-year averaged global, area-weighted, Schmidt number-corrected mean gastransfer velocity was36.14±1.62cm h~(-1).
(3) A new formula to retrieve CO_2transfer velocity using altimeter data was proposed.This formula distinguished the contributions of the wave breaking part and non-broken part totransfer velocity using whitecaps coverage. Global distributions and seasonal distributions of theair-sea CO_2transfer velocity and flux were retrieved from TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason altimeterdata from October1992to December2009using the combined algorithm. The increase rate ofthe air-sea transfer velocity and flux was about0.725cm h~(-1)per year and0.266PgC per year,respectively. The17-year averaged gobal, area-weighted, Schmidt number-corrected mean gastransfer velocity was21.26cm h~(-1). Average total CO_2flux from atmosphere to ocean during the17years was2.58PgC per year.
(4) Using the European Remote Sensing scatterometer (ERS-2) data from July1997toAugust1998, a new model of air-sea CO_2transfer velocity with surface wind speed and wavesteepness is proposed. Wave steepness (δ) was retrieved using a Neural Network (NN) modelfrom ERS-2scatterometer data, while the wind speed was directly derived by the ERS-2scatterometer. The new model agrees well with the formulations based on wind speed and thevariation in the wind speed dependent relationships presented in many previous studies can beexplained by this proposed relation with variation in wave steepness effect. This methodreflected the impact of the different wave fields to the CO_2transfer velocity and flux andexplained the reason of the uncertainty partly. Seasonally global maps of gas transfer velocityand flux were shown based on the new model and seasonal variations of the transfer velocity andflux during the1-year period were illustrated. The global mean gas transfer velocity is30cm h~(-1)after area-weighting and Schmidt number correction, while the total air to sea CO_2flux in thatyear was1.77PgC.
引文
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