飞轮储能技术及其在电力系统控制中的应用研究
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摘要
电力系统的安全稳定一直受到广泛关注。快速发展的储能技术,为提高电力系统安全性与稳定性提供了一种有效办法。柔性功率调节器(Flexible Power Conditioner, FPC)是一种集成了飞轮储能技术和双馈电机技术两者优点的新型FACTS装置,具有电能存储、有功功率和无功功率解耦调控等多种功能。本文主要开展以FPC为代表的飞轮储能技术及其在电力系统控制中的应用研究。
本文首先概述了利用储能技术提高电力系统稳定性的研究背景及该领域的研究现状。研究对比了几种主要储能技术的特性和目前的在提高电力系统稳定性方面的应用现状,分析表明：飞轮储能技术是一种更适用于提高系统稳定性领域的储能技术。阐述了柔性功率调节器(FPC)的原理、构成及研究现状。
本文其余部分由以下几章组成：
(1)第2章介绍了所研制的380V/4kW FPC样机的构成,对该样机进行了全面的运行特性实验研究,对实验数据进行了分析,结果表明,FPC样机可以直接变频启动,在亚同步状态和超同步状态下均可以进行有功功率和无功功率的双向独立调控,具有良好的动态运行特性,从而验证了FPC技术的可行性。
(2)机电波理论(Electromechanical-wave Propagation)是一种分析和研究电力系统有功功率振荡的新思路,第3章将其应用于含FPC的电力系统分析与控制研究,分析了单机系统中机电波传播特性,提出了基于该理论的FPC控制方法,为所研制的380V/4kW FPC样机设计了控制器。动模实验结果表明,FPC能够有效地增强系统稳定性,验证了本章所提方法的可行性。
(3)为了在储能功率有限的情况下能够更有效地阻尼系统低频振荡,第4章提出了一种基于飞轮储能技术的的交流互联电网稳定控制方法,即利用飞轮储能装置配置区域间振荡模式对应特征根、增大系统区域间振荡模式的阻尼。研究了飞轮储能装置控制参数的优化和安装地点的选取,分析了飞轮储能装置功率响应时间对所提方法控制效果的影响,提出了实用化的控制策略,并进行了仿真分析验证。结果表明,所提控制方法在储能功率有限的情况下,仍然具有令人满意的控制效果。
(4)交流联网可能会带来互联电网的动态稳定性问题。通过对比分析交流和直流两种联网方式的差异,第5章提出了利用飞轮储能技术实现交流互联电网分区解耦控制的思路,即通过飞轮储能技术消除两个交流互联的区域电网之间相互影响,各区域电网只需按照本区域的电网特性进行稳定控制,通过理论分析证明了该思路的可行性,探讨了飞轮储能装置安装位置、功率限幅、响应时间对分区解耦控制效果的影响,提出了实用化的控制策略,对两个电力系统的仿真结果验证了控制策略的有效性。
(5)飞轮储能技术已成为一种新型的调频手段,并投入商业运营。第6章介绍了美国纽约州20MW调频电站工程,并从废气排放和性价比两个方面,对比分析了飞轮储能调频技术相比于其他调频技术的优势,研究表明,飞轮储能调频技术可以大幅度减少废气排放,并具有较大的成本优势。
The security and stability of the power system have been concerned widely. The rapid development of energy storage technologies provides an effective means to improve the power system security and stability. The flexible power conditioner (FPC) is a novel FACTS device which integrating both the characteristics of flywheel energy storage and the doubly-fed induction generator. It can perform multi-functions including energy storage, dynamic active and reactive power conditioning. In this dissertation, the flywheel energy storage technology represented as FPC and its application in power system control are researched.
At first, the overview of background and research status of using energy storage technology to improve the power system stability is given in the dissertation. The characteristics of several major energy storage technologies and its current applications on improveing power system stability are analyzed and compared. And the result illustrate that the flywheel energy storage technology is a more suitable energy storage technology for improving power system stability. The principle, constitution and research situation of the FPC are described as well.
The rest of the dissertation is organized as follows:
(1) In Chapter 2, a 380V/4kW FPC prototype has been developed and detailed laboratory test of the dynamic operation characteristics of the prototype is performed. The test results show that the prototype can perform frequency conversion start without supplementary starting equipment, and exchange the active power and reactive power with the grid independently and quickly at both the sub-synchronous and super-synchronous operation states. The feasibility of the FPC is validated. Satisfactory characteristics dynamic operations are obtained.
(2) The electromechanical wave propagation, which is a new idea for analyzing and studying active power oscillations, is applied to the analysis and control of the power system with FPC in Chapter 3. The characteristic of the electromechanical wave propagation on the system with single generator is analyzed as well the control method of the FPC based on the electromechanical wave propagation is proposed. The corresponding controller of 380V/4kW FPC prototype is designed as the proposed method. The test results show that the FPC can effectively improve the system stability. The feasibility of the proposed control method based on electromechanical wave propagation is validated.
(3) Chapter 4 proposes a novel control method for improving AC interconnected grids stability based on flywheel energy storage, by configuring the inter-area mode corresponding eigenvalue and damping the inter-area mode effectively even in the case of the capacity of the flywheel energy storage device is limited. The optimization of the control coefficients and the selection of the position are discussed. The influence of the response time on control effect is analyzed and the practical control strategy is proposed. The validation of the control method is verified by digital simulations. Satisfactory results in the case of limited the flywheel energy storage device output power are obtained.
(4) The dynamic stability of the interconnection grids would be affected by AC interconnection. By comparisons between the AC and DC interconnection, Chapter 5 proposes a novel method by which the region decoupling control for AC interconnected girds could be achieved by using flywheel energy storage, that is, the stability control of the region gird could be implemented just according to its own characteristic, by that the flywheel energy storage device eliminates the mutual influence between the interconnected girds. The feasibility of the region decoupling control is proved by theoretical analysis. The influences of the flywheel energy storage device location, output power and response time on the proposed control are discussed. The practical control strategy is proposed. Its validity is verified by simulations in two power system.
(5) Flywheel energy storage technology has become a new means for frequency regulation, and has been running live on the grids and earning revenue. Chapter 6 describes the 20 MW Frequency Regulation Plant in ISO-NY in USA. The emissions and cost comparison for the flywheel energy storage technology for frequency regulation and other frequency regulation technologies are analyzed. The highly favorable emissions and cost performances of the flywheel-based frequency regulation technology are obtained.
本文首先概述了利用储能技术提高电力系统稳定性的研究背景及该领域的研究现状。研究对比了几种主要储能技术的特性和目前的在提高电力系统稳定性方面的应用现状,分析表明：飞轮储能技术是一种更适用于提高系统稳定性领域的储能技术。阐述了柔性功率调节器(FPC)的原理、构成及研究现状。
本文其余部分由以下几章组成：
(1)第2章介绍了所研制的380V/4kW FPC样机的构成,对该样机进行了全面的运行特性实验研究,对实验数据进行了分析,结果表明,FPC样机可以直接变频启动,在亚同步状态和超同步状态下均可以进行有功功率和无功功率的双向独立调控,具有良好的动态运行特性,从而验证了FPC技术的可行性。
(2)机电波理论(Electromechanical-wave Propagation)是一种分析和研究电力系统有功功率振荡的新思路,第3章将其应用于含FPC的电力系统分析与控制研究,分析了单机系统中机电波传播特性,提出了基于该理论的FPC控制方法,为所研制的380V/4kW FPC样机设计了控制器。动模实验结果表明,FPC能够有效地增强系统稳定性,验证了本章所提方法的可行性。
(3)为了在储能功率有限的情况下能够更有效地阻尼系统低频振荡,第4章提出了一种基于飞轮储能技术的的交流互联电网稳定控制方法,即利用飞轮储能装置配置区域间振荡模式对应特征根、增大系统区域间振荡模式的阻尼。研究了飞轮储能装置控制参数的优化和安装地点的选取,分析了飞轮储能装置功率响应时间对所提方法控制效果的影响,提出了实用化的控制策略,并进行了仿真分析验证。结果表明,所提控制方法在储能功率有限的情况下,仍然具有令人满意的控制效果。
(4)交流联网可能会带来互联电网的动态稳定性问题。通过对比分析交流和直流两种联网方式的差异,第5章提出了利用飞轮储能技术实现交流互联电网分区解耦控制的思路,即通过飞轮储能技术消除两个交流互联的区域电网之间相互影响,各区域电网只需按照本区域的电网特性进行稳定控制,通过理论分析证明了该思路的可行性,探讨了飞轮储能装置安装位置、功率限幅、响应时间对分区解耦控制效果的影响,提出了实用化的控制策略,对两个电力系统的仿真结果验证了控制策略的有效性。
(5)飞轮储能技术已成为一种新型的调频手段,并投入商业运营。第6章介绍了美国纽约州20MW调频电站工程,并从废气排放和性价比两个方面,对比分析了飞轮储能调频技术相比于其他调频技术的优势,研究表明,飞轮储能调频技术可以大幅度减少废气排放,并具有较大的成本优势。
The security and stability of the power system have been concerned widely. The rapid development of energy storage technologies provides an effective means to improve the power system security and stability. The flexible power conditioner (FPC) is a novel FACTS device which integrating both the characteristics of flywheel energy storage and the doubly-fed induction generator. It can perform multi-functions including energy storage, dynamic active and reactive power conditioning. In this dissertation, the flywheel energy storage technology represented as FPC and its application in power system control are researched.
At first, the overview of background and research status of using energy storage technology to improve the power system stability is given in the dissertation. The characteristics of several major energy storage technologies and its current applications on improveing power system stability are analyzed and compared. And the result illustrate that the flywheel energy storage technology is a more suitable energy storage technology for improving power system stability. The principle, constitution and research situation of the FPC are described as well.
The rest of the dissertation is organized as follows:
(1) In Chapter 2, a 380V/4kW FPC prototype has been developed and detailed laboratory test of the dynamic operation characteristics of the prototype is performed. The test results show that the prototype can perform frequency conversion start without supplementary starting equipment, and exchange the active power and reactive power with the grid independently and quickly at both the sub-synchronous and super-synchronous operation states. The feasibility of the FPC is validated. Satisfactory characteristics dynamic operations are obtained.
(2) The electromechanical wave propagation, which is a new idea for analyzing and studying active power oscillations, is applied to the analysis and control of the power system with FPC in Chapter 3. The characteristic of the electromechanical wave propagation on the system with single generator is analyzed as well the control method of the FPC based on the electromechanical wave propagation is proposed. The corresponding controller of 380V/4kW FPC prototype is designed as the proposed method. The test results show that the FPC can effectively improve the system stability. The feasibility of the proposed control method based on electromechanical wave propagation is validated.
(3) Chapter 4 proposes a novel control method for improving AC interconnected grids stability based on flywheel energy storage, by configuring the inter-area mode corresponding eigenvalue and damping the inter-area mode effectively even in the case of the capacity of the flywheel energy storage device is limited. The optimization of the control coefficients and the selection of the position are discussed. The influence of the response time on control effect is analyzed and the practical control strategy is proposed. The validation of the control method is verified by digital simulations. Satisfactory results in the case of limited the flywheel energy storage device output power are obtained.
(4) The dynamic stability of the interconnection grids would be affected by AC interconnection. By comparisons between the AC and DC interconnection, Chapter 5 proposes a novel method by which the region decoupling control for AC interconnected girds could be achieved by using flywheel energy storage, that is, the stability control of the region gird could be implemented just according to its own characteristic, by that the flywheel energy storage device eliminates the mutual influence between the interconnected girds. The feasibility of the region decoupling control is proved by theoretical analysis. The influences of the flywheel energy storage device location, output power and response time on the proposed control are discussed. The practical control strategy is proposed. Its validity is verified by simulations in two power system.
(5) Flywheel energy storage technology has become a new means for frequency regulation, and has been running live on the grids and earning revenue. Chapter 6 describes the 20 MW Frequency Regulation Plant in ISO-NY in USA. The emissions and cost comparison for the flywheel energy storage technology for frequency regulation and other frequency regulation technologies are analyzed. The highly favorable emissions and cost performances of the flywheel-based frequency regulation technology are obtained.
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