黄瓜离体子叶节花分化的生理和分子基础研究
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摘要
关于成花机理的研究一直是植物发育生物学中的热点问题，也是生物学中的一个基本理论问题。成花过程包括花的诱导、花原基与花器官原基的形成以及花器官的发育等阶段，本文研究的重点是花原基与花器官原基的分化形成。本实验以黄瓜为材料，开展了黄瓜子叶离体培养物直接成花实验系统的建立和优化、成花的形态变化时程、成花的生理生化变化、运用RNA原位杂交技术分析CFL基因在花芽分化中的时空表达以及开花基因工程等方面的研究。主要研究结果如下：
1．试验了在不同pH值培养基上连续培养和预培养对离体黄瓜子叶直接形成花芽的影响。连续培养时，以pH6.5时花芽形成百分率最高，为55.0％；pH预培养时，以pH7.0预培养2d的效果最好，花芽分化率可达71.4％，并使花芽形成高峰期提前20d左右。
通过切去1/2子叶和不同长度下胚轴、调节培养基中激素配比及浓度、采用子叶节培养等进一步的试验发现，三碘苯甲酸(TIBA)和多效唑(PP333)极显著地协同促进完全切除下胚轴的黄瓜离体子叶节直接成花，TIBA与PP333相配合的最适浓度为1.0～1.5mg/L，直接成花率高达90％。这一实验系统操作简单、周期短、成花率高、重复性好，为后续研究奠定了基础。
2．对黄瓜0～7d幼苗及去顶后在诱花和诱芽培养基上培养0～8d的子叶节进行了系统的石蜡切片观察，未发现0～7d幼苗的子叶叶腋存在明显的潜伏芽。去顶后1～2d在子叶叶柄基部与切口之间的表皮下细胞分裂形成突起，去顶后6d诱花与诱芽的突起表现出形态差异，诱花子叶节突起的上端变钝，而诱芽子叶节突起的上端成尖锥状。去顶后8d诱花子叶节分化形成完整的花芽。扫描电镜观察证实，去顶后3d可见原基突起，4d原基出现二次突起，6d时即可区分出花芽和营养芽之间的形态差异。通过上述观察，明确了黄瓜子叶节花芽分化的形态时程。
3．通过在有Ca~(2+)和无Ca~(2+)培养基上进行转换试验，发现黄瓜子叶节离体培
浙江大学博士学位论文
中文摘要
养物花分化过程中存在C扩+敏感期。子叶节在无C扩+培养基中分别培养。、1、2、
3、4、5、6d后，转入含6llun。比CaC12的培养基中培养24h，再转回到无c扩干
培养基继续培养。结果表明在无caz+培养基中培养冬3d后，进行24 h Caz+脉冲
处理显著增加子叶节的花芽分化率，其中以无C扩+培养4d后C扩+脉冲处理的效
果最为明显，花芽分化率达34.3%。认为黄瓜子叶节离体培养O碑d是花分化的
c扩+作用敏感期。
用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定了黄瓜子叶节花芽分化期(0一6d)内源激
素及多胺的变化。结果显示，子叶培养O一Zd生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)、
玉米素(ZT)、脱落酸(ABA)等4种内源激素均明显下降，4一sd略有上升，
表明O~2 d IAA、G与和ABA的剧降有利于花原基形成，3一sd较高的ZT含量
有利于花器官原基的形成。除腐胺(Put)外，精胺(Spm)、亚精胺(spd)、尸
胺(Cad)在O一ld均下降，1碎d上升，4一sd再下降，Put在0-ld急剧上升，
而后持续下降，表明高水平的内源多胺总量和Put可能有利于花原基分化，Zd
后Spm含量上升有利于花器官原基分化，而Cad含量变化可能是区别花芽和营
养芽分化的特征之一。
4.首次利用RNA原位杂交技术，研究了LFY同源基因—C万艺基因在黄
瓜花芽分化和营养芽分化及形成中的表达模式。结果显示:去顶培养3d后，CF艺
基因首先表达于原基顶端;4d后表达增强，表达范围扩展到原基中心区域:sd
一6d，CF’L基因强表达于整个花原基、花器官原基或叶原基;7d后，CF’L基因
仅表达于花瓣和雄蕊，或叶腋原基和最幼嫩叶原基，表达强度也减弱:在成熟组
织中没有检测到CF艺基因的表达。结果说明CF艺基因在黄瓜营养性分生组织、
叶原基、花分生组织和花器官原基形成之初发挥重要作用，在花原基和花器官原
基形成时表达最强;仅靠CF艺基因的杂交信号不能确认原位组织具有花属性，
但是，花分生组织属性的获得、花器官原基的启动确实需要有CFL基因的表达。
5.通过基因工程方法将C万Z基因异源导入大岩桐，期望得到提早开花的转
基因新品种，为控制重要的粮食作物和名贵花卉的开花时间提供实验依据，国内
外还不多见。利用pBC KS十质粒载体上的Smal和Sacl酶切位点，将CFz
基因成功克隆到表达载体pBI 1 21(含CaMv35S启动子)上，命名为pBI一cfl。
通过根癌农杆菌 EHA105介导，叶盘法转化大岩桐，经过抗性压力筛选、诱
浙江大学博士学位论文 中文摘要
导分化后，共获得45株再生植株。经过PCR检测、DNA点杂交和PCR一
Southern杂交表明，目的基因已经整合到大岩桐基因组中。目前，对转CFL
基因再生植株的Northern杂交、开花性状表现、生理生化分析和后代遗传行
为的观察和研究正在进行之中。
The mechanism of flowering, an unresolved problem of life sciences, has become one of the hottest fields of plant developmental biology since 1990's. Floral development in higher plants normally requires several steps: floral induction, formation of floral meristems, initiation of floral organ primordia and floral organ development. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important horticultural crop and good experimental material for floral development research, because it is an autonomous-flowering plant, and floral bud in the axil of the first leaf can normally be observed. Used this material for their study, Pang et al (1993) established a system for study on the mechanism of the transition from vegetative shoot apical meristem to floral meristem, initiation of floral primordia and floral organ primordia and sex determination. In this paper, the effort of improving this experimental system, morphological changes of floral bud formation, physiological and biochemical analysis at early stage of floral bud diff
erentiation, expression pattern of CFL gene and flowering genetic engineering were investigated, respectively. The main results are as follows:
1. The effect of culture and preculture with different medium pH on floral bud formation on cucmber cotyledons was studied. When cotyledons were cultured continuously on inducing medium with pH 6.5, the percentage of floral formation was 55.0; When cotyledons were precultured on medium with pH 7.0 for two days, floral formation was 71.4 %, and the peak of floral bud formation was 20 days ahead of contiuate culture.
Synergistic promotion of 2,3,5 - triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and paclobutrazol (PP333) to direct floral bud formation was found when cotyledonary nodes cultured in vitro were cut off half blade and full length of hypocotyle. In inducing medium supplemented with 1.0 ~ 1.5 mg / L TIBA and PP333, the highest frequency of floral bud formation was 90 %. Through these efforts, this experimental system has been improved and wide used for further study on floral development in cucumber, because of its simply operating, short period and well repeat.
2. The morphological changes in the cotyledonary nodes of cucumber seedlings cultured on inducing floral bud medium (IFBM) and on inducing vegetative bud medium (IVBM) respectively, were studied during 0 to 7 days before decapitation and during 0 to 8 days after decapitation with light microscope. No latent bud was observed at the cotyledonary axils of 7-day-old seedlings. On the first day after decapitation, epidermal and / or subepidermal cells between cut region and base of cotyledonary petiole started to divide. On the second day after decapitation, these dividing cells resulted in globular protuberances. To the sixth day after decapitation, there appear an apparent differentiation between protuberances in seedlings in IFBM and in IVBM, and the former top become blunt and the latter top become tip. In addition, the rare floral bud formation in cut region were observed on the sixth day after decapitation. On the eighth day after decapitation, floral buds with sepal, petal and stamen primordia were formed on the flanks of cut in IFBM. The morphological changes in cotyledonary nodes were studied during 0 to the sixth day after decapitation with scanning electron microscope as well. The results showed that primordia were formed on the same place on the third day, and there appeared a whorl of secondary prominences on the surface of primordia on the fourth day. After further development for two days, the morphological differences between floral and vegetative buds were observed clearly.
3. A calcium sensitive period during differentiation of cucumber cotyledonary node was found by exchanging calcium-free medium from medium supplemented with 6.0 mmol /L CaCh. Cotyledonary nodes of cucumber, which cultured on calcium-free medium for 0, 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6 d respectively, were transferred to medium with 6.0 mmol / L CaCla for 24 h, then returned to calcium-free medium. Cotyledonary nodes cultured on calcium-fr
1．试验了在不同pH值培养基上连续培养和预培养对离体黄瓜子叶直接形成花芽的影响。连续培养时，以pH6.5时花芽形成百分率最高，为55.0％；pH预培养时，以pH7.0预培养2d的效果最好，花芽分化率可达71.4％，并使花芽形成高峰期提前20d左右。
通过切去1/2子叶和不同长度下胚轴、调节培养基中激素配比及浓度、采用子叶节培养等进一步的试验发现，三碘苯甲酸(TIBA)和多效唑(PP333)极显著地协同促进完全切除下胚轴的黄瓜离体子叶节直接成花，TIBA与PP333相配合的最适浓度为1.0～1.5mg/L，直接成花率高达90％。这一实验系统操作简单、周期短、成花率高、重复性好，为后续研究奠定了基础。
2．对黄瓜0～7d幼苗及去顶后在诱花和诱芽培养基上培养0～8d的子叶节进行了系统的石蜡切片观察，未发现0～7d幼苗的子叶叶腋存在明显的潜伏芽。去顶后1～2d在子叶叶柄基部与切口之间的表皮下细胞分裂形成突起，去顶后6d诱花与诱芽的突起表现出形态差异，诱花子叶节突起的上端变钝，而诱芽子叶节突起的上端成尖锥状。去顶后8d诱花子叶节分化形成完整的花芽。扫描电镜观察证实，去顶后3d可见原基突起，4d原基出现二次突起，6d时即可区分出花芽和营养芽之间的形态差异。通过上述观察，明确了黄瓜子叶节花芽分化的形态时程。
3．通过在有Ca~(2+)和无Ca~(2+)培养基上进行转换试验，发现黄瓜子叶节离体培
浙江大学博士学位论文
中文摘要
养物花分化过程中存在C扩+敏感期。子叶节在无C扩+培养基中分别培养。、1、2、
3、4、5、6d后，转入含6llun。比CaC12的培养基中培养24h，再转回到无c扩干
培养基继续培养。结果表明在无caz+培养基中培养冬3d后，进行24 h Caz+脉冲
处理显著增加子叶节的花芽分化率，其中以无C扩+培养4d后C扩+脉冲处理的效
果最为明显，花芽分化率达34.3%。认为黄瓜子叶节离体培养O碑d是花分化的
c扩+作用敏感期。
用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定了黄瓜子叶节花芽分化期(0一6d)内源激
素及多胺的变化。结果显示，子叶培养O一Zd生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)、
玉米素(ZT)、脱落酸(ABA)等4种内源激素均明显下降，4一sd略有上升，
表明O~2 d IAA、G与和ABA的剧降有利于花原基形成，3一sd较高的ZT含量
有利于花器官原基的形成。除腐胺(Put)外，精胺(Spm)、亚精胺(spd)、尸
胺(Cad)在O一ld均下降，1碎d上升，4一sd再下降，Put在0-ld急剧上升，
而后持续下降，表明高水平的内源多胺总量和Put可能有利于花原基分化，Zd
后Spm含量上升有利于花器官原基分化，而Cad含量变化可能是区别花芽和营
养芽分化的特征之一。
4.首次利用RNA原位杂交技术，研究了LFY同源基因—C万艺基因在黄
瓜花芽分化和营养芽分化及形成中的表达模式。结果显示:去顶培养3d后，CF艺
基因首先表达于原基顶端;4d后表达增强，表达范围扩展到原基中心区域:sd
一6d，CF’L基因强表达于整个花原基、花器官原基或叶原基;7d后，CF’L基因
仅表达于花瓣和雄蕊，或叶腋原基和最幼嫩叶原基，表达强度也减弱:在成熟组
织中没有检测到CF艺基因的表达。结果说明CF艺基因在黄瓜营养性分生组织、
叶原基、花分生组织和花器官原基形成之初发挥重要作用，在花原基和花器官原
基形成时表达最强;仅靠CF艺基因的杂交信号不能确认原位组织具有花属性，
但是，花分生组织属性的获得、花器官原基的启动确实需要有CFL基因的表达。
5.通过基因工程方法将C万Z基因异源导入大岩桐，期望得到提早开花的转
基因新品种，为控制重要的粮食作物和名贵花卉的开花时间提供实验依据，国内
外还不多见。利用pBC KS十质粒载体上的Smal和Sacl酶切位点，将CFz
基因成功克隆到表达载体pBI 1 21(含CaMv35S启动子)上，命名为pBI一cfl。
通过根癌农杆菌 EHA105介导，叶盘法转化大岩桐，经过抗性压力筛选、诱
浙江大学博士学位论文 中文摘要
导分化后，共获得45株再生植株。经过PCR检测、DNA点杂交和PCR一
Southern杂交表明，目的基因已经整合到大岩桐基因组中。目前，对转CFL
基因再生植株的Northern杂交、开花性状表现、生理生化分析和后代遗传行
为的观察和研究正在进行之中。
The mechanism of flowering, an unresolved problem of life sciences, has become one of the hottest fields of plant developmental biology since 1990's. Floral development in higher plants normally requires several steps: floral induction, formation of floral meristems, initiation of floral organ primordia and floral organ development. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important horticultural crop and good experimental material for floral development research, because it is an autonomous-flowering plant, and floral bud in the axil of the first leaf can normally be observed. Used this material for their study, Pang et al (1993) established a system for study on the mechanism of the transition from vegetative shoot apical meristem to floral meristem, initiation of floral primordia and floral organ primordia and sex determination. In this paper, the effort of improving this experimental system, morphological changes of floral bud formation, physiological and biochemical analysis at early stage of floral bud diff
erentiation, expression pattern of CFL gene and flowering genetic engineering were investigated, respectively. The main results are as follows:
1. The effect of culture and preculture with different medium pH on floral bud formation on cucmber cotyledons was studied. When cotyledons were cultured continuously on inducing medium with pH 6.5, the percentage of floral formation was 55.0; When cotyledons were precultured on medium with pH 7.0 for two days, floral formation was 71.4 %, and the peak of floral bud formation was 20 days ahead of contiuate culture.
Synergistic promotion of 2,3,5 - triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and paclobutrazol (PP333) to direct floral bud formation was found when cotyledonary nodes cultured in vitro were cut off half blade and full length of hypocotyle. In inducing medium supplemented with 1.0 ~ 1.5 mg / L TIBA and PP333, the highest frequency of floral bud formation was 90 %. Through these efforts, this experimental system has been improved and wide used for further study on floral development in cucumber, because of its simply operating, short period and well repeat.
2. The morphological changes in the cotyledonary nodes of cucumber seedlings cultured on inducing floral bud medium (IFBM) and on inducing vegetative bud medium (IVBM) respectively, were studied during 0 to 7 days before decapitation and during 0 to 8 days after decapitation with light microscope. No latent bud was observed at the cotyledonary axils of 7-day-old seedlings. On the first day after decapitation, epidermal and / or subepidermal cells between cut region and base of cotyledonary petiole started to divide. On the second day after decapitation, these dividing cells resulted in globular protuberances. To the sixth day after decapitation, there appear an apparent differentiation between protuberances in seedlings in IFBM and in IVBM, and the former top become blunt and the latter top become tip. In addition, the rare floral bud formation in cut region were observed on the sixth day after decapitation. On the eighth day after decapitation, floral buds with sepal, petal and stamen primordia were formed on the flanks of cut in IFBM. The morphological changes in cotyledonary nodes were studied during 0 to the sixth day after decapitation with scanning electron microscope as well. The results showed that primordia were formed on the same place on the third day, and there appeared a whorl of secondary prominences on the surface of primordia on the fourth day. After further development for two days, the morphological differences between floral and vegetative buds were observed clearly.
3. A calcium sensitive period during differentiation of cucumber cotyledonary node was found by exchanging calcium-free medium from medium supplemented with 6.0 mmol /L CaCh. Cotyledonary nodes of cucumber, which cultured on calcium-free medium for 0, 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6 d respectively, were transferred to medium with 6.0 mmol / L CaCla for 24 h, then returned to calcium-free medium. Cotyledonary nodes cultured on calcium-fr
引文
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