玉米真空干燥特性的研究
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摘要
我国东北地区是玉米的主要产区,每年冬季都有大量的玉米需要干燥到安全水分。玉米真空干燥具有干燥品质好、干燥温度低、节能、环保等优点；而连续式真空干燥可以提高玉米干燥的效率和产量。目前,玉米真空干燥技术取得了—定的成果,但是在理论研究上还存在缺陷和不足。
本文以国家十一五安全绿色储粮关键技术研究开发与示范科技支撑项目“粮食干燥新技术装备和设施研究开发与示范”(2006BAD08B06)为依托,在与郑州粮食科学研究院多次研究探讨的基础上,以玉米真空干燥过程为研究对象,通过对玉米静态真空干燥特性(静态真空干燥实验和玉米真空干燥内部传热传质特性)和玉米动态真空干燥特性(动态真空干燥实验、玉米在干燥仓内的流动特性和干燥仓内的气体流场)的理论与实验研究,深入了解玉米真空干燥的特性,为解决玉米真空干燥存在的问题,促进该技术早日实现工业化应用,从而为降低能耗,保护环境,提高被干燥产品品质作出努力。本文的主要研究内容如下：
在实验室的箱式真空干燥机上开展了玉米静态真空干燥的试验研究,研究了温度、真空度、水分和料层厚度对玉米真空干燥速率、裂纹率和发芽率的影响；采用正交实验方法确定了玉米真空干燥的最佳工艺条件。对干燥前、自然干燥和真空干燥的玉米样品的外观形态进行了对比观察,发现真空干燥的玉米的软质胚乳部位有明显的凸起。
将玉米籽粒内部视为多孔结构,采用多孔介质传热传质理论建立了玉米内部的热质传递模型,该模型考虑了压力梯度下的水分迁移；模型采用二维有限元方法进行了求解,得到了真空干燥条件下的玉米内部的温度、水分和压力分布规律。采用黏弹性材料的力学性质,结合温度、水分和压力,研究了玉米真空干燥过程中的温度应力、湿度应力和压力梯度。
在中试型玉米连续式真空干燥设备上,采用2007年自然收获的高水分东北玉米开展了相关的动态实验研究。通过实验结果和干燥过程中干燥仓内的温度监测曲线,对比研究了蒸汽供热和热水供热两种条件下的玉米连续干燥特性；用热水供热时,整个干燥仓内供热均匀,玉米的出机温度在38℃左右,玉米的水分在3个小时左右就达到了14%,出机玉米的质量较好,色泽正常,测量其容重为723kg/m3；实验确定了该干燥设备的性能,并提出了设备的改进方案。
采用离散单元法对被干燥物料在塔形连续式真空干燥仓内的流动混合特性进行了研究,并与实验结果相验证。在此基础上,通过模拟确定了物料在干燥仓内不会堵塞的条件,即物料的最大直径与干燥仓内的菱形管间距之间的关系；研究了干燥仓内物料的停留时间一致性；确定了干燥仓内物料的横向混合特性；为改进颗粒物料的横向混合特性,提出并设计了导流板结构。
塔形真空干燥仓内的气体流动是颗粒物料干燥过程中外部传质的重要条件,因此通过数值模拟的方法研究了塔形真空干燥仓内的气体流场。研究应用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,采用标准k-ε紊流模型,将干燥仓内的物料区视为多孔介质,利用达西定律、Ergun方程和多孔介质界面跳跃条件,建立了干燥仓内部气体流动三维数学模型,采用计算流体力学软件Fluent进行数值求解。通过分析干燥仓内的气流方向,压力和速度分布,确定了干燥仓所应设置的抽气口位置、数量和抽气口应采取的真空度配置方案。
Maize is mainly produced by northeast region in China. Every winter it has a great deal of maize need to be drying. The vacuum drying of maize has a lot of benefit, including good quality, lower drying temperature, economic, saving energy, and environment friendly etc. The continuous vacuum drying can raise the drying efficiency and production. Now, the vacuum drying technique of maize has been obtained the better result, but it still has the weakness and shortage.
In this paper, the research is based on National Key Technology R&D Program (2006BAD08B06) supported by State Administration of Grain, P.R.China. Aimed at the maize vacuum drying process, the static and dynamic drying characteristics were studied with theory and experiments. The main research contents are as follows:
The static vacuum drying experiments were carried out on box vacuum dryer. The effect of temperature, vacuum degree, initial moisture and bed thickness on vacuum drying rate, crack percent and germination percent were studied. Through the orthogonal experiment of temperature, vacuum degree and bed height, the optimal drying process was gotten. The appearance and shape of vacuum drying, natural drying and not-drying was compared with each other. The maize has the obvious for bulge in soft endosperm.
The maize was considered as porous medium. The moisture transfer affected by pressure was adopted, and the heat and mass transfer inner maize was studied by heat and mass transfer theory for porous medium. The model was solved by FEM, and the distribution of temperature, moisture and pressure was gotten. The temperature stress, moisture stress and pressure gradient were studied by viscoelastic materials mechanics.
The dynamic experiments were carried out by pilot scale continuous vacuum dryer. The maize was gotten from northeastern region of China. The drying characteristics of hot-water and hot-vapor was compared with each other through experiment results and temperature curve. When using hot-water supplying heat, the supplying heat was uniformity, the maize temperature of end-drying was about 38℃. The moisture was gotten 14% in 3 hours. The maize color was natural and the quality was better. Its bulk density was about 732 kg/m. The dryer performance was gotten and the improved method for dryer was given.
The flowing characteristics of granular in tower vacuum dryer were studied by DEM method. Through the simulation, the relation between the biggest diameter of material and the distance of diamond pipes was gotten. The retention time of granular was studied and a mixture characteristic across the dryer was gotten. The guide plate was designed in order to improve the mixture characteristics.
Because the gas flowing inner vacuum dryer was the important condition of mass transfer, the gas flowing field was studied by numerical simulation. CFD method was applied, and the model was adopted. The material zone was considered as porous zone. The Darcy's law, Ergun equation and interface jumping condition was used. The mathematical model of 3D for gas flowing was built and it was solved by Fluent software. By analyzing the gas flowing direction, pressure and velocity, the pumping pipe position, the pumping pipe numbers and the vacuum degree were determined.
本文以国家十一五安全绿色储粮关键技术研究开发与示范科技支撑项目“粮食干燥新技术装备和设施研究开发与示范”(2006BAD08B06)为依托,在与郑州粮食科学研究院多次研究探讨的基础上,以玉米真空干燥过程为研究对象,通过对玉米静态真空干燥特性(静态真空干燥实验和玉米真空干燥内部传热传质特性)和玉米动态真空干燥特性(动态真空干燥实验、玉米在干燥仓内的流动特性和干燥仓内的气体流场)的理论与实验研究,深入了解玉米真空干燥的特性,为解决玉米真空干燥存在的问题,促进该技术早日实现工业化应用,从而为降低能耗,保护环境,提高被干燥产品品质作出努力。本文的主要研究内容如下：
在实验室的箱式真空干燥机上开展了玉米静态真空干燥的试验研究,研究了温度、真空度、水分和料层厚度对玉米真空干燥速率、裂纹率和发芽率的影响；采用正交实验方法确定了玉米真空干燥的最佳工艺条件。对干燥前、自然干燥和真空干燥的玉米样品的外观形态进行了对比观察,发现真空干燥的玉米的软质胚乳部位有明显的凸起。
将玉米籽粒内部视为多孔结构,采用多孔介质传热传质理论建立了玉米内部的热质传递模型,该模型考虑了压力梯度下的水分迁移；模型采用二维有限元方法进行了求解,得到了真空干燥条件下的玉米内部的温度、水分和压力分布规律。采用黏弹性材料的力学性质,结合温度、水分和压力,研究了玉米真空干燥过程中的温度应力、湿度应力和压力梯度。
在中试型玉米连续式真空干燥设备上,采用2007年自然收获的高水分东北玉米开展了相关的动态实验研究。通过实验结果和干燥过程中干燥仓内的温度监测曲线,对比研究了蒸汽供热和热水供热两种条件下的玉米连续干燥特性；用热水供热时,整个干燥仓内供热均匀,玉米的出机温度在38℃左右,玉米的水分在3个小时左右就达到了14%,出机玉米的质量较好,色泽正常,测量其容重为723kg/m3；实验确定了该干燥设备的性能,并提出了设备的改进方案。
采用离散单元法对被干燥物料在塔形连续式真空干燥仓内的流动混合特性进行了研究,并与实验结果相验证。在此基础上,通过模拟确定了物料在干燥仓内不会堵塞的条件,即物料的最大直径与干燥仓内的菱形管间距之间的关系；研究了干燥仓内物料的停留时间一致性；确定了干燥仓内物料的横向混合特性；为改进颗粒物料的横向混合特性,提出并设计了导流板结构。
塔形真空干燥仓内的气体流动是颗粒物料干燥过程中外部传质的重要条件,因此通过数值模拟的方法研究了塔形真空干燥仓内的气体流场。研究应用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,采用标准k-ε紊流模型,将干燥仓内的物料区视为多孔介质,利用达西定律、Ergun方程和多孔介质界面跳跃条件,建立了干燥仓内部气体流动三维数学模型,采用计算流体力学软件Fluent进行数值求解。通过分析干燥仓内的气流方向,压力和速度分布,确定了干燥仓所应设置的抽气口位置、数量和抽气口应采取的真空度配置方案。
Maize is mainly produced by northeast region in China. Every winter it has a great deal of maize need to be drying. The vacuum drying of maize has a lot of benefit, including good quality, lower drying temperature, economic, saving energy, and environment friendly etc. The continuous vacuum drying can raise the drying efficiency and production. Now, the vacuum drying technique of maize has been obtained the better result, but it still has the weakness and shortage.
In this paper, the research is based on National Key Technology R&D Program (2006BAD08B06) supported by State Administration of Grain, P.R.China. Aimed at the maize vacuum drying process, the static and dynamic drying characteristics were studied with theory and experiments. The main research contents are as follows:
The static vacuum drying experiments were carried out on box vacuum dryer. The effect of temperature, vacuum degree, initial moisture and bed thickness on vacuum drying rate, crack percent and germination percent were studied. Through the orthogonal experiment of temperature, vacuum degree and bed height, the optimal drying process was gotten. The appearance and shape of vacuum drying, natural drying and not-drying was compared with each other. The maize has the obvious for bulge in soft endosperm.
The maize was considered as porous medium. The moisture transfer affected by pressure was adopted, and the heat and mass transfer inner maize was studied by heat and mass transfer theory for porous medium. The model was solved by FEM, and the distribution of temperature, moisture and pressure was gotten. The temperature stress, moisture stress and pressure gradient were studied by viscoelastic materials mechanics.
The dynamic experiments were carried out by pilot scale continuous vacuum dryer. The maize was gotten from northeastern region of China. The drying characteristics of hot-water and hot-vapor was compared with each other through experiment results and temperature curve. When using hot-water supplying heat, the supplying heat was uniformity, the maize temperature of end-drying was about 38℃. The moisture was gotten 14% in 3 hours. The maize color was natural and the quality was better. Its bulk density was about 732 kg/m. The dryer performance was gotten and the improved method for dryer was given.
The flowing characteristics of granular in tower vacuum dryer were studied by DEM method. Through the simulation, the relation between the biggest diameter of material and the distance of diamond pipes was gotten. The retention time of granular was studied and a mixture characteristic across the dryer was gotten. The guide plate was designed in order to improve the mixture characteristics.
Because the gas flowing inner vacuum dryer was the important condition of mass transfer, the gas flowing field was studied by numerical simulation. CFD method was applied, and the model was adopted. The material zone was considered as porous zone. The Darcy's law, Ergun equation and interface jumping condition was used. The mathematical model of 3D for gas flowing was built and it was solved by Fluent software. By analyzing the gas flowing direction, pressure and velocity, the pumping pipe position, the pumping pipe numbers and the vacuum degree were determined.
引文
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