欧盟新能源法律与政策研究
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摘要
本文以欧盟新能源法律与政策为研究对象，对欧盟新能源法律与政策的构成、目标、原则以及内容进行了较为系统地分析。在对欧盟新能源法律政策体系总体进行研究的基础上，根据欧盟对能源次级立法的划分，从四个方面分别探讨了欧盟的可再生能源法律政策、核能法律政策、节能与能效法律政策以及新能源参与能源市场竞争的有关法律政策，并分析有关立法的特点与不足，评析欧盟的最新立法和提案。通过深入研究欧盟的新能源法律与政策体系，分析中国新能源法律与政策的不足，借鉴欧盟新能源法律与政策的成功经验，提出了改进中国有关法律政策的建议。
欧盟采用法律与政策相结合的方式促进和规范新能源的发展，一方面发挥法律所特有的调节、控制、管理、惩罚、引导等功能，另一方面利用政策更为灵活、多样的特点，有效引导新能源领域各类主体的行为。
欧盟可再生能源法律政策已具有较完整的体系，既有表明政策导向的能源战略作为指导，又分别在可再生能源发电、供热制冷、运输方面形成了具体的立法框架，同时对风能、生物燃料等能源类型也进行了专门的立法规范。另外，在欧盟和成员国层面上有效选择和组合财政政策工具，在可再生能源的资助政策方面有了长足发展。
《建立欧洲原子能共同体条约》缔造了欧盟成员国和平利用核能的合作框架，它在一个集中的监控系统下保证了欧盟核能的供应安全。欧盟围绕《建立欧洲原子能共同体条约》的重点行动领域发展核能的次级立法和政策，主要集中在核能共同企业、核能研发和知识传播、核安全、原料供应、核原料安全管制等方面。欧盟一直重视核安全立法，尤其是近几年在核设施安全、放射性废物和核废料安全、辐射防护基本安全方面都采取了最新的立法措施。欧盟在2011年3月福岛第一核电站事故后，加快推进核安全方面法律和政策的制定进程，确保欧盟核能在保证安全的基础上正常发展。
提高能源效率可以替代增加能源供给，因此能源效率在很多方面被看做欧洲最大的能源资源。欧盟节能与能源效率法律政策覆盖范围广，涉及终端使用能效、建筑物能源表现、用能产品标签、热电联产和用能产品的生态设计五大方面，次级立法以指令和条例为主。欧盟节能与能源效率的政策工具较多，包括与工业的自愿协议，向消费者提供信息，委员会支持项目等。在资助政策方面，欧盟主要使用公共基金、市场基础上的工具以及私人支持基金三类工具，分别形成了各具特点的资助项目。2011年欧盟提出新的能源效率立法提案，体现了对分散在各领域的节能与能源效率法律政策进行整合的趋势，并要采取有法律约束力的行动，促使成员国在节能和能源效率方面执行更为有效的措施。
欧盟法律政策体系的制度设计在欧盟内部能源市场一体化中起到了重要作用，它既是欧盟应对能源安全方面挑战的重要工具，也是促进新能源发展的主要措施，更是实现欧盟可持续发展目标必不可少的条件。从第一次能源改革方案到第三次能源改革方案，欧盟内部能源市场自由竞争已经深入到市场的各个环节，并把电力、天然气、可再生能源、核能等部门都融入到统一的内部能源市场中，有利于新能源进入能源网络，参与市场竞争。这种竞争需求也为欧盟节能和能源效率技术的发展提供了契机，促使欧盟通过一系列节能和能效计划来提高其内部能源市场的整体能源效率。
经过几十年的发展，欧盟新能源法律政策已经具有前瞻性、全面性、协调性等显著特点。新能源在未来仍将是欧盟法律政策发展的重要领域。欧盟新能源法律政策呈现出五大发展趋势：欧盟将通过发展新能源法律政策推动经济复苏；能源效率是未来新能源法律政策的中心；欧盟将进一步完善内部能源市场，确保新能源在内部市场自由流动；新能源将是欧盟技术创新的重点领域；欧盟将发展新能源国际合作的全面战略。
随着中国经济的较快发展和工业化、城镇化进程的加快，能源需求不断增长，构建稳定、经济、清洁、安全的能源供应体系面临着重大挑战。中国新能源的发展需要完善能源法律制度，为增加能源供应、规范能源市场、优化能源结构、维护能源安全提供法律保障。欧盟在可再生能源、核能、节能与能源效率以及市场竞争等新能源法律政策方面的丰富经验，对中国的新能源法律政策建设具有借鉴意义。中国可以从重视承担有区别的责任、加强立法研究、探索新能源法律政策体系、增强新能源法律政策执行力、协调运用政策工具以及加强国际合作等方面入手，逐步完善新能源立法和政策制定，为实现我国的能源安全和可持续发展提供良好的法律和政策基础。
In this dissertation the author takes EU's new energy laws and policies as theresearch subjects and makes a more comprehensive and systematic analysis on theconstitution, objectives, principles and contents of the EU's new energy laws andpolicies. On the basis of the research on the overall EU's new energy legal and policysystem, according to the division of EU secondary legislation on energy, the authorhas studied the legal policies of the EU renewable energy, nuclear energy laws andpolicies, legal policies of energy conservation and energy efficiency and thecompetition of the new energy in the energy market from four aspects. After doing so,the author has found the characteristics and shortcomings of the EU’s latest relevantlegislation and proposals and analyzed them. Meanwhile, through in-depth study ofthe EU's new energy law and policy system, analyzing the shortcomings of China'snew energy laws and policies, and drawing on the successful experience of the EU'snew energy laws and policies, the author makes some recommendations on improvingChina's legal policies.
The European Union adopts a combination of laws and policies to promote andregulate the development of new energy sources. On the one hand, regulation, control,management, punishment, guidance as the specific functions of a law have beenbrought into play; on the other hand, taking advantage of the flexibility and varietythe policies, the various principal acts in the new energy field are guided effectively.
EU’s renewable energy laws and policies have been built into a more completesystem. On the one hand, EU has the policy-oriented energy strategies as a guide; onthe other hand, it forms a specific legislative framework in the renewable energygeneration, transport, heating and cooling. At the same time, EU makes speciallegislative regulations on wind energy, bio-fuel and other types of energy. In addition,EU has made considerable progress in the renewable energy subsidy policies by theselection and combination of financial policy instruments at EU and its member stateslevel.
The Treaty of Establishing the European Atomic Energy Community has created aframework of cooperation for the peaceful use of nuclear energy in the EU memberstates. It has developed the secondary legislation and policies of the EU focusing onthe establishment of the European Atomic Energy Community, nuclear energyresearch and development and relevant knowledge dissemination, nuclear safety,supply of raw materials, nuclear materials safety control, and so on, which centered on the Treaty of Establishing the European Atomic Energy Community. EU hasalways attached importance to nuclear safety legislation. Especially in recent years, ithas adopted the latest legislative measures in the safety of nuclear facilities,radioactive wastes and nuclear wastes safety, basic safety of radiation protection.After March2011Fukushima's first nuclear power plant accident, EU has acceleratednuclear safety law and policy-making process to ensure that the EU nuclear energy isguaranteed to develop normally on the basis of security.
Improving energy efficiency can be an alternative to increasing energy supply.Therefore, energy efficiency is seen as Europe's largest energy resources in manyaspects. EU’s Legal Policies of energy saving and energy efficiency cover a widerange, which involves the five aspects: the end-use energy efficiency, the energyperformance of buildings, energy-consuming labels of products, cogeneration ofthermoelectricity and ecological design of energy-consuming products. The secondarylegislation of the EU mainly consists of the directives and regulations. EU has morepolicy instruments in energy saving and energy efficiency, including voluntaryagreements with industries, providing consumers with information, the Commissionsupported projects, etc. In funding policies, the EU mainly uses three types of tools:the public funds, tools on the basis of the market and personal support funds, whichformed the variety of the funded projects. In2011, EU proposed new energyefficiency legislative proposals reflecting the trend to integrate the legal policies ofenergy-saving and energy efficiency dispersing in various fields, and would take moreeffective measures to bind actions legally for member states in the implementation ofenergy conservation and energy efficiency.
The design of the EU’s legal and policy system plays an important role in theEU’s internal energy market integration. It is not only an important tool for the EU torespond to the challenges of energy security, but also a principal measure to developthe new energy. What’s more, it is an indispensable condition for EU to achieve itsgoal of sustainable development. From the first Energy Legislative Package to thethird Energy Legislative Package, the free competition of the EU’s internal energymarkets penetrated into the various segments of the markets. The sectors of electricity,gas, renewable energy, nuclear energy, etc have been merged into the unified internalenergy markets, which is in favor of the new energy into the energy network toparticipate in the market competition. This kind of competition provides anopportunity for the development of the EU’s energy saving and energy efficiency technologies, which promotes the EU through a series of energy-saving and energyefficiency programs to improve the overall energy efficiency of its internal energymarkets.
After several decades’ development, the EU's new energy laws and policies haveformed some outstanding features, such as progressiveness, comprehensiveness andharmony. New energy will continue to be the key field of EU’s laws and policies.There are five developing trends of EU’s new energy laws and policies: EU’s newenergy laws and policies will be regarded as the main tools to promote the economicrecovery; energy efficiency will be the core of EU’s future new energy laws andpolicies; EU will promote its internal energy market to protect the energy’sfree-movement; new energy will be the crucial issue of technological innovation; andEU will develop a comprehensive strategy of international cooperation.
With the rapid economic development in China and the accelerated process ofindustrialization and urbanization, the demanding for energy growing and building astable, economical, clean and safe energy supply system faces significant challenges.The development of new energy in China needs an improved legal system, which canprovide legal protection to increase the supply of energy, to regulate the energymarket, to optimize energy structure, and to maintain energy security. China can drawon the EU's extensive experience in the new energy laws and policies of therenewable energy, nuclear energy, energy conservation and energy efficiency andcompetition in the market. China can start from the following aspects: bearingdifferentiated responsibilities, strengthening legislative research, exploring newenergy laws and policy system, enhancing the execution of new energy laws andpolicies, coordinating the use of policy instruments, as well as strengtheninginternational cooperation, and gradually perfect the new energy legislation and policydevelopment, then provide a good legal and policy foundation for the realization ofChina's energy security and sustainable development by improving the legislation andpolicy-making of the new energy.
欧盟采用法律与政策相结合的方式促进和规范新能源的发展，一方面发挥法律所特有的调节、控制、管理、惩罚、引导等功能，另一方面利用政策更为灵活、多样的特点，有效引导新能源领域各类主体的行为。
欧盟可再生能源法律政策已具有较完整的体系，既有表明政策导向的能源战略作为指导，又分别在可再生能源发电、供热制冷、运输方面形成了具体的立法框架，同时对风能、生物燃料等能源类型也进行了专门的立法规范。另外，在欧盟和成员国层面上有效选择和组合财政政策工具，在可再生能源的资助政策方面有了长足发展。
《建立欧洲原子能共同体条约》缔造了欧盟成员国和平利用核能的合作框架，它在一个集中的监控系统下保证了欧盟核能的供应安全。欧盟围绕《建立欧洲原子能共同体条约》的重点行动领域发展核能的次级立法和政策，主要集中在核能共同企业、核能研发和知识传播、核安全、原料供应、核原料安全管制等方面。欧盟一直重视核安全立法，尤其是近几年在核设施安全、放射性废物和核废料安全、辐射防护基本安全方面都采取了最新的立法措施。欧盟在2011年3月福岛第一核电站事故后，加快推进核安全方面法律和政策的制定进程，确保欧盟核能在保证安全的基础上正常发展。
提高能源效率可以替代增加能源供给，因此能源效率在很多方面被看做欧洲最大的能源资源。欧盟节能与能源效率法律政策覆盖范围广，涉及终端使用能效、建筑物能源表现、用能产品标签、热电联产和用能产品的生态设计五大方面，次级立法以指令和条例为主。欧盟节能与能源效率的政策工具较多，包括与工业的自愿协议，向消费者提供信息，委员会支持项目等。在资助政策方面，欧盟主要使用公共基金、市场基础上的工具以及私人支持基金三类工具，分别形成了各具特点的资助项目。2011年欧盟提出新的能源效率立法提案，体现了对分散在各领域的节能与能源效率法律政策进行整合的趋势，并要采取有法律约束力的行动，促使成员国在节能和能源效率方面执行更为有效的措施。
欧盟法律政策体系的制度设计在欧盟内部能源市场一体化中起到了重要作用，它既是欧盟应对能源安全方面挑战的重要工具，也是促进新能源发展的主要措施，更是实现欧盟可持续发展目标必不可少的条件。从第一次能源改革方案到第三次能源改革方案，欧盟内部能源市场自由竞争已经深入到市场的各个环节，并把电力、天然气、可再生能源、核能等部门都融入到统一的内部能源市场中，有利于新能源进入能源网络，参与市场竞争。这种竞争需求也为欧盟节能和能源效率技术的发展提供了契机，促使欧盟通过一系列节能和能效计划来提高其内部能源市场的整体能源效率。
经过几十年的发展，欧盟新能源法律政策已经具有前瞻性、全面性、协调性等显著特点。新能源在未来仍将是欧盟法律政策发展的重要领域。欧盟新能源法律政策呈现出五大发展趋势：欧盟将通过发展新能源法律政策推动经济复苏；能源效率是未来新能源法律政策的中心；欧盟将进一步完善内部能源市场，确保新能源在内部市场自由流动；新能源将是欧盟技术创新的重点领域；欧盟将发展新能源国际合作的全面战略。
随着中国经济的较快发展和工业化、城镇化进程的加快，能源需求不断增长，构建稳定、经济、清洁、安全的能源供应体系面临着重大挑战。中国新能源的发展需要完善能源法律制度，为增加能源供应、规范能源市场、优化能源结构、维护能源安全提供法律保障。欧盟在可再生能源、核能、节能与能源效率以及市场竞争等新能源法律政策方面的丰富经验，对中国的新能源法律政策建设具有借鉴意义。中国可以从重视承担有区别的责任、加强立法研究、探索新能源法律政策体系、增强新能源法律政策执行力、协调运用政策工具以及加强国际合作等方面入手，逐步完善新能源立法和政策制定，为实现我国的能源安全和可持续发展提供良好的法律和政策基础。
In this dissertation the author takes EU's new energy laws and policies as theresearch subjects and makes a more comprehensive and systematic analysis on theconstitution, objectives, principles and contents of the EU's new energy laws andpolicies. On the basis of the research on the overall EU's new energy legal and policysystem, according to the division of EU secondary legislation on energy, the authorhas studied the legal policies of the EU renewable energy, nuclear energy laws andpolicies, legal policies of energy conservation and energy efficiency and thecompetition of the new energy in the energy market from four aspects. After doing so,the author has found the characteristics and shortcomings of the EU’s latest relevantlegislation and proposals and analyzed them. Meanwhile, through in-depth study ofthe EU's new energy law and policy system, analyzing the shortcomings of China'snew energy laws and policies, and drawing on the successful experience of the EU'snew energy laws and policies, the author makes some recommendations on improvingChina's legal policies.
The European Union adopts a combination of laws and policies to promote andregulate the development of new energy sources. On the one hand, regulation, control,management, punishment, guidance as the specific functions of a law have beenbrought into play; on the other hand, taking advantage of the flexibility and varietythe policies, the various principal acts in the new energy field are guided effectively.
EU’s renewable energy laws and policies have been built into a more completesystem. On the one hand, EU has the policy-oriented energy strategies as a guide; onthe other hand, it forms a specific legislative framework in the renewable energygeneration, transport, heating and cooling. At the same time, EU makes speciallegislative regulations on wind energy, bio-fuel and other types of energy. In addition,EU has made considerable progress in the renewable energy subsidy policies by theselection and combination of financial policy instruments at EU and its member stateslevel.
The Treaty of Establishing the European Atomic Energy Community has created aframework of cooperation for the peaceful use of nuclear energy in the EU memberstates. It has developed the secondary legislation and policies of the EU focusing onthe establishment of the European Atomic Energy Community, nuclear energyresearch and development and relevant knowledge dissemination, nuclear safety,supply of raw materials, nuclear materials safety control, and so on, which centered on the Treaty of Establishing the European Atomic Energy Community. EU hasalways attached importance to nuclear safety legislation. Especially in recent years, ithas adopted the latest legislative measures in the safety of nuclear facilities,radioactive wastes and nuclear wastes safety, basic safety of radiation protection.After March2011Fukushima's first nuclear power plant accident, EU has acceleratednuclear safety law and policy-making process to ensure that the EU nuclear energy isguaranteed to develop normally on the basis of security.
Improving energy efficiency can be an alternative to increasing energy supply.Therefore, energy efficiency is seen as Europe's largest energy resources in manyaspects. EU’s Legal Policies of energy saving and energy efficiency cover a widerange, which involves the five aspects: the end-use energy efficiency, the energyperformance of buildings, energy-consuming labels of products, cogeneration ofthermoelectricity and ecological design of energy-consuming products. The secondarylegislation of the EU mainly consists of the directives and regulations. EU has morepolicy instruments in energy saving and energy efficiency, including voluntaryagreements with industries, providing consumers with information, the Commissionsupported projects, etc. In funding policies, the EU mainly uses three types of tools:the public funds, tools on the basis of the market and personal support funds, whichformed the variety of the funded projects. In2011, EU proposed new energyefficiency legislative proposals reflecting the trend to integrate the legal policies ofenergy-saving and energy efficiency dispersing in various fields, and would take moreeffective measures to bind actions legally for member states in the implementation ofenergy conservation and energy efficiency.
The design of the EU’s legal and policy system plays an important role in theEU’s internal energy market integration. It is not only an important tool for the EU torespond to the challenges of energy security, but also a principal measure to developthe new energy. What’s more, it is an indispensable condition for EU to achieve itsgoal of sustainable development. From the first Energy Legislative Package to thethird Energy Legislative Package, the free competition of the EU’s internal energymarkets penetrated into the various segments of the markets. The sectors of electricity,gas, renewable energy, nuclear energy, etc have been merged into the unified internalenergy markets, which is in favor of the new energy into the energy network toparticipate in the market competition. This kind of competition provides anopportunity for the development of the EU’s energy saving and energy efficiency technologies, which promotes the EU through a series of energy-saving and energyefficiency programs to improve the overall energy efficiency of its internal energymarkets.
After several decades’ development, the EU's new energy laws and policies haveformed some outstanding features, such as progressiveness, comprehensiveness andharmony. New energy will continue to be the key field of EU’s laws and policies.There are five developing trends of EU’s new energy laws and policies: EU’s newenergy laws and policies will be regarded as the main tools to promote the economicrecovery; energy efficiency will be the core of EU’s future new energy laws andpolicies; EU will promote its internal energy market to protect the energy’sfree-movement; new energy will be the crucial issue of technological innovation; andEU will develop a comprehensive strategy of international cooperation.
With the rapid economic development in China and the accelerated process ofindustrialization and urbanization, the demanding for energy growing and building astable, economical, clean and safe energy supply system faces significant challenges.The development of new energy in China needs an improved legal system, which canprovide legal protection to increase the supply of energy, to regulate the energymarket, to optimize energy structure, and to maintain energy security. China can drawon the EU's extensive experience in the new energy laws and policies of therenewable energy, nuclear energy, energy conservation and energy efficiency andcompetition in the market. China can start from the following aspects: bearingdifferentiated responsibilities, strengthening legislative research, exploring newenergy laws and policy system, enhancing the execution of new energy laws andpolicies, coordinating the use of policy instruments, as well as strengtheninginternational cooperation, and gradually perfect the new energy legislation and policydevelopment, then provide a good legal and policy foundation for the realization ofChina's energy security and sustainable development by improving the legislation andpolicy-making of the new energy.
引文
①参见杨泽伟主编，《发达国家新能源法律与政策研究》，武汉：武汉大学出版社2011年版：第1页。
②杨泽伟，美国《2009年清洁能源与安全法》及其对中国的启示，《中国能源法研究报告2010》，上海：立信会计出版社2011年版，第133页。
①参见曾令良，《欧洲联盟法总论——以<欧洲宪法条约>为新视角》，武汉：武汉大学出版社2007年：第78-81页。
①See M.Roggenkamp, C. Redgewell, I. Del Guayo and A. Ronne（eds）, Energy law in Europe (2ndedition),Oxford University Press,2007: p.15.
②参见曾令良，《欧洲联盟法总论——以<欧洲宪法条约>为新视角》，武汉：武汉大学出版社2007年版：第109页。
③参见杨泽伟主编，发达国家新能源法律与政策研究，武汉：武汉大学出版社2011年版：第178页。
④See Jo Shaw，Law of the European Union (3rdEdition)，Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.2000：pp.240-241.
⑤参见杨泽伟，欧盟能源法律与政策及其对中国的启示，武大国际法评论第七卷，武汉：武汉大学出版社2007年版：第218页。
⑥See P.J.G..Kapteyn, A.M.McDonnell (eds), the Law of the European Union and the European Communities(Fourth Revised Edition),the Nitherlands:Kluwer Law International,2008: p.42.
⑦Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community,signed at Lisbon, O J C306,17/12/2007.
①See P.J.G..Kapteyn, A.M.McDonnell (eds), the Law of the European Union and the European Communities(Fourth Revised Edition),the Nitherlands:Kluwer Law International,2008: p.43.
②Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, O J C310,16/12/2004.
①Single European Act (1986), O J L169,29/06/1987.
①参见[法]德尼·西蒙著，王玉芳、李滨、赵海峰译，欧盟法律体系，北京：北京大学出版社：第291-292页。
②Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, the European Community and the EnergyProblem.3rded. European Documentation1-1983, p.46.
①Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of16September1986Concerning New CommunityEnergy Policy Objectives for1995and Convergence of the Policies of the Member States. O J C241,25/09/1986，p.1-3.
②Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of26Novermber1986on a Community Orientationto Develop New and Renewable Energy Sources,86/C316/01, O J C316,09/12/1986, p.1-2.
③Council of the European Union, Council Resolution of8July1996on the White Paper “an Energy Policy forthe European Union”, O J C224,01/08/1996，p.1–2.
④European Commission, Green Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM (94)659final,23/02/1995.
⑤European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682，13/12/1995.
⑥European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-Green Paper for a CommunityStrategy, COM (96)576final,20/11/1996.
①European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a CommunityStrategy and Action Plan, COM (97)599final,26/11/1997.
②European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000)769final，29/11/2000.
③European Commission, Doing More with Less: Green Paper on Energy Efficiency, COM (2005)265final,22/06/2005.
④European Commission, Green Paper: a European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy,COM (2006)105final,08/03/2006.
⑤http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/index_en.htm
①Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community,signed at Lisbon, O J C306,17/12/2007.
①European Commission, the Internal Energy Market, COM(88)238final,02/05/1988.
②European Commission, Green Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM (94)659, final,23/02/1995.
③European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a CommunityStrategy and Action Plan, COM(97)599final,26/11/1997.
④Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of16September1986Concerning New CommunityEnergy Policy Objectives for1995and Convergence of the Policies of the Member States. O J C241,25/09/1986.
⑤Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of26Novermber1986on a Community Orientationto Develop New and Renewable Energy Sources,86/C316/01, O J C316,09/12/1986, p1-2.
⑥European Commission, Communication from the Commission of13December2005on the review of theSustainable Development Strategy—A platform for action, COM(2005)658,13/12/2005.
①European Commission, Green Paper—A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy,Com (2006)105final,08/03/2006.
①参见曾令良，欧洲联盟法总论——以《欧洲宪法条约》为新视角，武汉：武汉大学出版社2007年版：第109页。
②参见杨泽伟，国际能源法：一个新的国际法分支，华冈法粹第四十期，2008年3月：第195页。
③参见杨泽伟，《主权论——国际法上的主权问题及其发展趋势》，北京：北京大学出版社2006年版，第97-115页。
④The Energy Charter Treaty, Dec.17,1997,34I.L.M.360, available at http://www.encharter.org.
①Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community,signed at Lisbon, O J C306,17/12/2007.
②参见杨泽伟，《中国能源安全法律保障研究》，北京：中国政法大学出版社2009年版，第235页。
③④Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community，O J C84,30/03/2010.Commission Regulation (Euratom) No3227/76of19October1976concerning the application of the provisions
⑤on Euratom safeguards, O J L363,31/12/1976, p1–57.Commission Regulation (Euratom) No220/90of26January1990amending Commission Regulation (Euratom)
No3227/76of19October1976concerning the application of the provisions on Euratom safeguards,OJ L22,
⑥27/1/1990, p56.Commission Regulation (Euratom) No2130/93of27July1993amending Regulation (Euratom) No3227/76
⑦concerning the application of the provisions on Euratom safeguards，OJ L191,31/7/1993, p75.Commission Regulation (Euratom) No302/2005of8February2005on the application of Euratom safeguards-Council/Commission statement, OJ L54,28/2/2005, p1–71.
①参见梁西主编，国际法（修订第二版），武汉：武汉大学出版社2003年版，第50-51页。
②Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community，O J C84,30/03/2010.
③Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community,signed at Lisbon, O J C306,17/12/2007.
④Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community,signed at Lisbon, O J C306,17/12/2007.
①Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsibleand safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. O J L199,02/08/2011, p.54.
②Regulation (EC) No714/2009of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009on conditions for
access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity and repealing Regulation (EC) No1228/2003, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.15–35.Directive2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009concerning common rulesfor the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive2003/54/EC, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.55–93.
②Council of the European Union, Council Directive2003/96/EC of27October2003restructuring theCommunity framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity, O J L283/51,31/10/2003.
①International Responsibility of States in Regard to the Enviroment, General Assembly resolution2996（XXVII）,2112th plenary meeting,15December1972. available athttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/270/26/IMG/NR027026.pdf?OpenElement
②Institutional and Finacial Aeeangements for International Environmental Cooperation, General Assemblyresolution2997（XXVII）,2112th plenary meeting,15December1972. available athttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/270/27/IMG/NR027027.pdf?OpenElement
③（1972）UNYB318，L.B.Sohn, The Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment,(1973)14HarvardInternational Law Journal423.
④World Charter for Nature, A/RES/37/7,48th plenary meeting,28October1982, available athttp://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/37/a37r007.htm
①即根据第38届联合国大会38/461号决议于1984年10月成立的联合国世界环境与发展委员会（the WorldCommission on Environment and Development, WCED），由挪威布伦特兰博士（Gro Harlem Brundtland）担任主席。
②World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, U.N.Doc. A/42/427(1987): p.43–54.
③See Lakshman Guruswamy, Energy Justice and Sustainable Development, Colorado Journal of InternationalEnvironment Law and Policy, Vol.21，No.2，2010, p.249-250.
④U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, June3-14,1992, Rio Declaration on Environment andDevelopment, U.N. Doc.A/CONF.151/26(1992).
⑤U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, June3-14,1992, Agenda21, U.N.Doc.A/CONF.151/26(1992).
①U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, May9,1992, S. Treaty Doc.No.102-38(1992),1771U.N.T.S.108.
②World Summit on Sustainable Development, Aug.26-Sept.4,2002, Johannesburg Declaration on SustainableDevelopment, U.N.Doc.A/CONF.199/20(Sept.4,2002).
③参见胡德胜，可持续发展是国际法的一项基本原则，郑州大学学报（哲学社会科学版）2001年第2期：第50-54页。
④参见赵爽，《能源法律制度生态化研究》，北京：法律出版社2010年版：第109页。
⑤Energy Charter Treaty, available at http://www.encharter.org.
①Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety，Convention on Biological Diversity,29January2000，available athttp://bch.cbd.int/protocol/background/
②The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resourses for Food and Agriculture, Commission on GeneticResourses for Food and Agriculture, FAO, available at http://www.fao.org/AG/cgrfa/itpgr.htm
③参见[荷兰]尼科.斯赫雷弗著，汪习根、黄海滨译，《可持续发展在国际法中的演进：起源、涵义及地位》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2010年版，第7-8页。
④黄颖，跨界自然资源国际法规则的新发展——从可持续发展原则说起，云南师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版），2011年第3期：第124-129页。
⑤Report of the70thConference New Deli, ILA, London,2002, available at http://www.ila-hq.org
①Permanent sovereignty over natural resources, General Assembly resolution1803(XVII)1194th plenarymeeting,14December1962, available athttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/193/11/PDF/NR019311.pdf?OpenElement
②参见杨泽伟，《主权论——国际法上的主权问题及其发展趋势》，北京：北京大学出版社:2006年版:第97-115页。
③Energy Charter Treaty, available at http://www.encharter.org.
④2009年联合国秘书长关于联合国工作的报告，A/64/1（SUPP），available athttp://www.un.org/zh/ga/64/docs/1/3.html#2
⑤参见[荷兰]尼科.斯赫雷弗著，汪习根、黄海滨译，《可持续发展在国际法中的演进：起源、涵义及地位》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2010年版，第152页。
①参见[美]爱蒂丝·布朗.·魏伊丝著，汪劲等译，《公平地对待未来人类：国际法、共同遗产与世代间平衡》，北京：法律出版社2000年版，第18页。
②U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, June3-14,1992, Rio Declaration on Environment andDevelopment, U.N. Doc.A/CONF.151/26(1992).
③U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, June3-14,1992, Rio Declaration on Environment andDevelopment, U.N. Doc.A/CONF.151/26(1992).
④U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, May9,1992, S. Treaty Doc.No.102-38(1992),1771U.N.T.S.108.
①See IEA，World Energy Outlook2011，available at www.worldenergyoutlook.org
②See IEA，World Energy Outlook2011，available at www.worldenergyoutlook.org
③See Lakshman D. Guruswamy, Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, Chapman Law Review,Vol.8, No.1,2005: pp.77-78.
④初级能源是指自然资源中诸如煤、天然气、原油、阳光和铀等能够被认为转换和改造以满足现代人类需要的能源。可持续初级能源是指不会造成明显、有害的环境影响的能源。
①参见杨泽伟，国际能源法：一个新的国际法分支，华冈法粹第四十期，2008年3月：第187页。
②参见杨泽伟，《中国能源安全法律保障研究》，北京：中国政法大学出版社2009版，第226页。
③（1972）UNYB318，L.B. Sohn, The Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment,(1973)14HarvardInternational Law Journal423.
①See Richard Scot, the History of the IEA—the First20years, Volume1: the Origins and Structures of the IEA,OECD/IEA,1994, p.407.
②参见杨泽伟，国际能源法：一个新的国际法分支，华冈法粹第四十期，2008年3月：第190页。
③Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Paragraph63of the Court’s Judgement of20December1974in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v France)Case,1995I.C.J.288-347(Order of Sept.22),available at http://www.icj-cij.org.
①See Stathis N. Palassis, Beyond the Global Summits: Reflecting on the Environmental Principles of SustainableDevelopment, Colorado Journal of International Environment Law and Policy, Vol.22，No.1，2011: p.68-69.
②参见杨泽伟，国际能源法：一个新的国际法分支，华冈法粹第四十期，2008年3月：第194页。
③参见[新西兰]克劳斯.鲍斯曼，能源可持续发展的伦理学蕴含，比较法研究，2004年第4期：第151页。
④参见杨泽伟，国际能源法：一个新的国际法分支，华冈法粹第四十期，2008年3月：第195页。
①U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, May9,1992, S. Treaty Doc.No.102-38(1992),1771U.N.T.S.108.
②U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, June3-14,1992, Rio Declaration on Environment andDevelopment, U.N. Doc.A/CONF.151/26(1992).
③Agreement on the International Energy Program，18November1974, available at http://www.iea.org.
④参见肖兴利，《国际能源机构能源安全法律制度研究》，北京：中国政法大学出版社2009年版：第9页。
⑤See Lakshman Guruswamy, a New Framework: Post-Kyoto Energy and Environmental Secutity, ColoradoJournal of International Environment Law and Policy, Vol.16, No.2,2005: p.346.
①中国和印度即将成为化石燃料最大消费国，两国的二氧化碳排放量将在2015年有可能超过国际能源机构成员国排放量的总和。
②参见白中红，《<能源宪章条约>的争端解决机制研究》，武汉大学2011年博士学位论文：第15-16页。
③Energy Charter Treaty, available at http://www.encharter.org.
①Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Related Environmental Aspects, available athttp://www.encharter.org./fileadmin/user_upload/document/EN.pdf#page=141
②U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, May9,1992, S. Treaty Doc.No.102-38(1992),1771U.N.T.S.
①Kyoto Protocol to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, Dec.10,1997,37I.L.M.32.
②参见欧委会条约办公室数据网址http://ec.europa.eu/world/agreements/glossary/glossary.jsp#summary
③See Richard Scot, the History of the IEA—the First20Years, Volume One: the Origins and Structures of theIEA,1994, p.46-57.
④参见冯建中，《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版：第48页。
①The EuropeanEnergy Charter, available at
②http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/external_dimension_enlargement/l27028_en.htm98/181/EC, ECSC, Euratom: Council and Commission Decision of23September1997on the conclusion, by
the European Communities, of the Energy Charter Treaty and the Energy Charter Protocol on energy efficiency
and related environmental aspects，OJ L69,09/03/1998, p1–116.
③④Kyoto Protocol to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, Dec.10,1997,37I.L.M.32.Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, Climate change-Towards
⑤an EU post-Kyoto strategy, COM(98)353final,03/06/1998.Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament,Preparing forimplementation of the Kyoto Protocol, COM(99)230final,19/05/1999.
①Commission Communication of9February2005"Winning the battle against global climate change",COM(2005)35，O J C125,21/05/2005.
②参见[荷兰]尼科·斯赫雷弗著，汪习根、黄海滨译，《可持续发展在国际法中的演进：起源、涵义及地位》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2010年版：第118-119页。
①参见何志鹏，《发展权与欧盟的法律体制》，长春：吉林大学出版社2009年版：第20页。
②③Single European Act, OJ L169,29/06/1987.Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty), OJ C191,29/07/1992.
④Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, O J C310,16/12/2004.
⑤Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community,signed at Lisbon, O J C306,17/12/2007.
①Commission Communication,‘A Sustainable Europe for a Better World: A European Union Strategy forSustainable Development’(Commission proposal to the Gothenburg European Council)，COM（2001）264final,15/05/2001.
①Commission, Energy and the Environment, COM (89)369final, Brussels,08/02/1990.
②Communication from the Commission to the European Council on a partnership for integration: a strategy forintegrating the environment into EU policies (Cardiff-June1998), COM(1998)333,27/05/1998.
③④Consolidated Version of the Treaty Establishing the European Community, O J C340,10/11/1997.Communication from the Commission to the European Council-Partnership for integration-A strategy forIntegrating Environment into EU Policies-Cardiff-June1998, COM/98/0333final,27/05/1998
⑤Commission working document of1June2004entitled "Integrating environmental considerations into other
⑥policy areas-a stocktaking of the Cardiff process", COM(2004)394, O J C49,28/02/2006.Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, OJ C303,14/12/2007.
①European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682final,13/12/1995.
②European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM (2000)769final,29/11/2000.
③Directive2011/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of27September2001on the promotion ofelectricity from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market, O J L283,27/10/2001. p.33–40.
④Directive2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of8May2003on the promotion of the useof biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport, O J L123,17/05/2003, p.42–46.
⑤Directive2009/28/ECof the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009on the promotion of theuse of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives2001/77/EC and2003/30/EC, OJ l140,05/06/2009, p.16–62.
①European Commission, Energy Efficiency Plan2011, COM (2011)109final, Brussels,8/3/2011, p.1.
②Commission, Energy and the Environment, COM (89)369final, Brussels,08/02/1990.
③Directive2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of6July2005, establishing a frameworkfor the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-using products and amending Council Directive92/42/EECand Directive96/57/EC and2000/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, O J L191/29,22/7/2005.p.29-58.
④Directive2008/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of11March2008amending Directive2005/32/EC establishing a framework for the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-using products, as wellas Council Directive92/42/EEC and Directives96/57/EC and2000/55/EC, as regards the implementing powersconferred on the Commission, O J L081,20/03/2008, p.48–50.
⑤Directive2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of21October2009establishing aframework for setting of eco-design requirements for energy-related products (recast) O J L285,31/10/2009,p.10–35.
⑥2010/2107（INI）：European Parliament own initiative report on Revision of the Energy Efficiency Action Plan.
⑦European Commission, Energy Efficiency Plan2011, COM (2011)109final, Brussels,8/3/2011, p.1.
①European Commission, Green Paper: a European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy,
②COM(2006)105final,08/03/2006.Communication from the Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament of10January
③2007,"An energy policy for Europe", COM(2007)1final,10/01/2007.参见杨泽伟.欧盟能源法律与政策及其对中国的启示[C].武大国际法评论(第七卷),武汉大学出版社,2007版：135-142页。
④参见曾令良，《欧洲联盟法总论——以<欧洲宪法条约>为新视角》，武汉：武汉大学出版社2007年版，第109页。
①European Commission, Renewables Make the Difference, Luxembourge: Publications Office of the EuropeanUnion, October2010, p.1.
②2002年4月25日欧盟理事会已正式批准了《京都议定书》。
③European Commission, Green Paper: a European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy,COM(2006)105final,08/03/2006.
④参见赵爽，《能源法律制度生态化研究》，北京：法律出版社2010年版，第114页.
⑤European Commission, A Community Strategy to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emission and to Improve EnergyEfficiency, COM(92)246,01/06/1992.
⑥European Commission, the Energy Dimension of Climate Change, COM (97)196final,14/05/1997.
①参见欧委会气候行动网址http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/package/index_en.htm.
②Directive2009/28/ECof the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009on the promotion of theuse of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives2001/77/EC and2003/30/EC, OJ l140,05/06/2009, p.1-62.
③Directive2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009amending Directive2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of theCommunity，OJ L140,05/06/2009, p.63–87.
①Directive2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of27September2001on the promotionof electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market, OJ L283,27/10/2001, p.
②33–40.Directive2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of27September2001on the promotionof electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market, OJ L283,27/10/2001, p.
③33–40.Directive2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of8May2003on the promotion ofthe use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport, O J L123,17/05/2003, p.42–46.
④Communication from the Commission to the Parliament and Council, Renewable Energy: Progressing towardsthe2020Target, COM（2011）31final,31/01/2011.
⑤Communication from the Commission to the Parliament and Council, Renewable Energy: Progressing towards
①Directive2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009on the promotion of theuse of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives2001/77/EC and2003/30/EC, O J L140,05/06/2009, p.16–62.
②Communication from the Commission to the Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and SocialCommittee, and the Committee of theRegions, Energy Infrastructure Priorities for2020and beyond-A Blueprintfor an Integrated European Energy Network, COM(2010)677final,17/11/2010.
①Communication from the Commission on the practical implementation of the EU biofuels and bioliquidssustainability scheme and on counting rules for biofuels, O J C160,19/06/2010, p.8–16.
②Communication from the Commission to the Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and SocialCommittee, and the Committee of theRegions, Energy Infrastructure Priorities for2020and beyond-A Blueprintfor an Integrated European Energy Network, COM(2010)677final,17/11/2010.
①European Commission, Renewables Make the Difference, Luxembourge: Publications Office of the EuropeanUnion, October2010, p.1.
②参见赵爽，《能源法律制度生态化研究》，北京：法律出版社2010年版，第114页。
③European Commission, Renewables Make the Difference, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the EuropeanUnion, October2010, p.5.
④European Commission, Renewables Make the Difference, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European
⑤Union, October2010, p.5.
⑥参见张焕波，《中国、美国和欧盟气候政策分析》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2010年版，第90页。European Commission, An Energy Policy for Europe, COM(2007)1final,10/01/2007, p.16.
⑦European Commission, Renewable Energy: Progressing towards the2020target, COM(2011)31final,31/01/2011, p.2.
①由于在2.1中已经对欧盟基础条约的相关内容进行过论述，因此本章只探讨欧盟可再生能源的次级立法
②以及有关政策。Directive2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of27September2001on the promotionof electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market, OJ L283,27/10/2001, p.33–40.
①Directive2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of8May2003on the promotion of
②the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport, O J L123,17/05/2003, p.42–46.Directive2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009on the promotion of theuse of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives2001/77/EC and2003/30/EC, O J L140,05/06/2009, p.16–62.
①Directive96/92/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of19December1996concerningcommon rules for the internal market in electricity, O J L27,30/01/1997, p.20–29.
②Directive2003/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of26June2003concerning common rulesfor the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive96/92/EC-Statements made with regard to
③decommissioning and waste management activities，OJ L176,15/07/2003, p.37–56.Directive2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009concerning commonrules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive2003/54/EC, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.55–93.
④Council Directive2003/96/EC of27October2003restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of
⑤energy products and electricity, O J L283,31/10/2003, p.51–70.93/500/EEC: Council Decision of13September1993concerning the promotion of renewable energy sources in
⑥the Community (Altener programme), O J L235,18/09/1993, p.41–44.Decision No646/2000/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of28February2000adopting amultiannual programme for the promotion of renewable energy sources in the Community (Altener)(1998to2002), O J L79,30/03/2000, p.1–5.
①Regulation (EC) No1228/2003of the European Parliament and of the Council of26June2003on conditions
②for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity, O J L176,15/07/2003, p.1–10.Regulation (EC) No713/2009of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009establishing an
③Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.1–14.Regulation (EC) No714/2009of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009onconditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity and repealing Regulation (EC)No1228/2003, OJ L211,14/08/2009, p.15–35.
④参见冯建中,《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版，第49页。
⑤Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of17Septemper1974concerning a new energypolicy strategy for the Community, O J L153,09/07/1975, p.1-2.
⑥Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of17December1974concerning Communityenergy policy objectives for1985, O J L153,09/07/1975, p.2-4.
⑦JCR是欧共体1957年成立的“联合研究中心”，负责共同体能源研发计划。European Commission, EnergyPolicy in the European Community-Perspectives and Achievements, COM(80)397final, p.18-19.
①Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of9June1980concerning Community EnergyPolicy Objectives for1990and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, Council of the EuropeanCommunities Press Releases, Presidency: Italy, Meeting and Press Releases May-June1980, p.6.
②European Commission, the Development of an Energy Strategy for the Community, COM(81)540final,02/10/1981.
③Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, the European Community and the EnergyProblem.3rded. European Documentation1-1983, p.46.
④Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of16September1986Concerning New CommunityEnergy Policy Objectives for1995and Convergence of the Policies of the Member States. O J C241,25/09/1986,p.1-3.
⑤Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of26Novermber1986on a Community Orientationto Develop New and Renewable Energy Sources,86/C316/01, O J C316,09/12/1986, p.1-2.
①Commission, Energy and the Environment, COM (89)369final, Brussels,08/02/1990.
②European Commission, Community Strategy to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emissions and to Improve EnergyEfficiency, COM(1992)246final,01/06/1992.
③European Commission, Specific Actions for Greater Penetration for Remewable Energy Resources-ALTENER,
④COM (92)180final,29/06/1992.European Commission, A European Community programme of policy and action in relation to the environmentand sustainable development, O J C138,17/05/1993, p.5–98.
⑤European Commission, Green Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM (94)659final,23/02/1995
⑥European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682final,13/12/1995.
⑦Council of the European Union, Council Resolution of8July1996on the White Paper “an Energy Policy forthe European Union”, O J C224,01/08/1996, p.1-2.
①European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-Green Paper for a CommunityStrategy, COM(96)576final,20/11/1996.
②European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a CommunityStrategy and Action Plan, COM(97)599final,26/11/1997.
③European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000)769final,29/11/2000.
④European Commission, Green Paper: a European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy,COM(2006)105final,08/03/2006.
⑤Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament-Biofuels Progress Report-Report on the progress made in the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels in the Member States of the EuropeanUnion, COM(2006)845final,10/01/2007.
⑥Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament-Renewable energy road
①Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions of10November2010–Energy2020A Strategy forcompetitive, sustainable and secure energy, COM(2010)639final,10/11/2010.
②Council of the European Union, Council Directive2003/96/EC of27October2003restructuring theCommunity framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity, O J L283,31/10/2003, p.51-70.
③European Commission,Proposal for a Council Directive amending Directive2003/96/EC restructuring theCommunity framework for the taxation of on energy products and electricity, Brussels, COM(2011)169final,13/04/2011.
①②参见黄梦华，欧盟可再生能源政策研究，中国商界，2010年第8期:第1-3页。See Tyler Hagenbuch, Establishing an Aggressive Legal Framework for the Future of Wind Energy in Europe,Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol.42，No.5，2009：p.1610.
①Ecofys, Financing Renewable Energy in the European Energy Market(Final Report), by order of EuropeanCommission, DG Energy,02/01/2011.
②Communication from the Commission to the Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and SocialCommittee, and the Committee of theRegions, Energy Infrastructure Priorities for2020and beyond-A Blueprintfor an Integrated European Energy Network, COM(2010)677final,17/11/2010.
①Ecofys, Financing Renewable Energy in the European Energy Market(Final Report), by order of EuropeanCommission, DG Energy,02/01/2011.
①参见黄速建、郭朝先，欧盟发展可再生能源的主要做法及对我国的启示，经济管理·新管理，2005年第10期：第4-11页。
①Directive2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009on the promotion of theuse of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives2001/77/EC and2003/30/EC, O J L140,05/06/2009, p.16–62.
②European Commission, Renewable Energy: Progressing towards the2020target, COM(2011)31final,31/01
①参见罗涛，德国新能源和可再生能源立法模式及其对我国的启示，中外能源，2010第1期：第34-44页。
②参见周弘、[德]贝娅特·科勒-科赫主编，《欧盟治理模式》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2008年版，第180页。
③④参见罗涛，德国新能源和可再生能源立法模式及其对我国的启示，中外能源，2010第1期：第34-44页。参见[澳]艾德里安·.J·布拉德布鲁克主编，《能源法与可持续发展》，北京：法律出版社2005年版，第197-200页。
⑤Directive2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009on the promotion of theuse of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives2001/77/EC and
①See Tyler Hagenbuch, Establishing an Aggressive Legal Framework for the Future of Wind Energy in Europe,Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol.42，No.5，2009：p.1613.
②Directive2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009on the promotion of theuse of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives2001/77/EC and2003/30/EC, O J L140,05/06/2009, p.16–62.
③See Tyler Hagenbuch, Establishing an Aggressive Legal Framework for the Future of Wind Energy in Europe,Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol.42，No.5，2009：p.1611.
①Directive2004/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of27October2004amending Directive2003/87/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, inrespect of the Kyoto Protocol's project mechanismsText with EEA relevance, O J L338,13/11/2004, p.18–23.
①Directive2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009on the geological storageof carbon dioxide and amending Council Directive85/337/EEC, European Parliament and Council Directives2000/60/EC,2001/80/EC,2004/35/EC,2006/12/EC,2008/1/EC and Regulation (EC) No1013/2006, O J L140,05/06/2009, p.114–135.
②Directive2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009on the promotion of theuse of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives2001/77/EC and
③2003/30/EC, O J L140,05/06/2009, p.16–62.http://www.weather.com.cn/climate/qhbhyw/11/1182416.shtml
①核能又称原子能，它是原子核里的核子——中子或质子，重新分配和组合时释放出来的能量。核能分为两类：一类叫裂变能，一类叫聚变能。本文中核能与原子能是同义语。
②http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/nuclear_energy/index_en.htm
③Proposal for a Council Directive laying down basic standards for protection against the dangers arising from
④exposure to ionising radiation, COM (2011)593final,29/09/2011.Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament,50years of the EuratomTreaty, COM(2007)0124final,20/03/2007.
①Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community，O J C84,30/03/2010.
①Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community，O J C84,30/03/2010.
②Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community，O J C84,30/03/2010.
①Proposal for a Council Directive laying down basic standards for protection against the dangers arising fromexposure to ionising radiation, COM (2011)593final,29/09/2011.
①Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament,50years of the EuratomTreaty, COM(2007)0124final.20/03/2007.
②Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of17December1974concerning Communityenergy policy Objectives for1985, O J C153,09/07/1975, p.2-4.
①EAEC Council: Decision on the establishment of the "société d'energie nucléaire franco-belge des Ardennes"Joint Undertaking, O J065,09/10/1961, p.1173–1189.
②74/296/Euratom: Council Decision of4June1974on the conferring of advantages on the Hochtemperatur-Kernkraftwerk GmbH (HKG) Joint Undertaking,O J L165,20/06/1974, p.14–15.
③75/328/Euratom: Council Decision of20May1975on the establishment of the Joint Undertaking'Schnell-Brüter-Kernkraftwerksgesellschaft mbH'(SBK), O J L152,12/06/1975, p.8–10.
④Council Decision78/471/Euratom of30May1978on the establishment of the Joint European Torus (JET),Joint Undertaking (OJ L151,7.6.1978, p.10). Decision as last amended by Decision98/585/Euratom (OJ L282,
⑤20.10.1998, p.65).2007/198/Euratom: Council Decision of27March2007establishing the European Joint Undertaking for ITERand the Development of Fusion Energy and conferring advantages upon it，OJ L90,30/03/2007, p.58–72.
⑥http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/index.cfm?id=1410&obj_id=14260&dt_code=NWS&lang=en
①Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community，O J C84,30/03/2010.
②http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/index.cfm?id=3800&lang=en
③http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/index.cfm?id=3810
④http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/index.cfm?id=3820
⑤参见冯建中，《欧盟能源战略：走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版，第78页。
⑥http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/index.cfm?id=3830
①http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/index.cfm?id=3840
②Council Resolution of25July1983on framework programme for Community research, development and
③demonstration activities and a first framework programme for1984-1987, OJC208,04/08/1983, p.187/590/EEC: Council Decision of14December1987relating to a research and development programme
④in the field of science and technology for development (1987-91), OJ L355,17/12/1987, p.41–45.Opinion of the Economic and Social Committee on the proposal for a Council Decision concerningSupplementary Financing of the Third Framework Programme of Community Activities in the field of Researchand Technological development (1990-1994)，OJ C19,25/01/1993, p.106–111.
⑤Council of the European Union, Council Decision1110/94/EC Forth framework programme of EuropeanCommunity activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration(1994-1998), O J L126,18/05/1994, p.1-33.
⑥Council of the European Union,Council Decision1999/175/Euratom of25January1999adopting a researchand training programme (Euratom) in the field of nuclear energy(1998-2002), O J L64,12/03/1999, p.142-153.
⑦1999/64/Euratom:Council Decision of22December1998concerning the Fifth Framework Programme of the
①②Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community，O J C84,30/03/2010.Council Directive80/836/Euratom of15July1980amending the Directives laying down the basic safetystandards for the health protection of the general public and workers against the dangers of ionizing
③radiation OJ L246,17/09/1980, p.1–72.Council Directive84/466/Euratom of3September1984laying down basic measures for the radiation
④protection of persons undergoing medical examination or treatment，OJ L265,05/10/1984, p.1–3.Council Directive84/467/Euratom of3September1984amending Directive80/836/Euratom as regardsthe basic safety standards for the health protection of the general public and workers against the dangers ofionizing radiation OJ L265,05/10/1984, p.4–156.
⑤Council Decision87/600/Euratom of14December1987on Community arrangements for the early exchange ofinformation in the event of a radiological emergency, O J L371,30/12/1987, p.76–78.
⑥Council Directive89/618/Euratom of27November1989on informing the general public about healthprotection measures to be applied and steps to be taken in the event of a radiological emergency, O J L357,07/12/1989, p.31–34.
⑦See Karen McMillan, Strengthening the International Legal Framework for Nuclear Energy, GeorgetownInternational Environmental Law Review, Vol.13, No.3,2001: p989.
①http://news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2011_03/15/5171605_0.shtml
②Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsibleand safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. O J L199,2/8/2011, p.48-56.
③Proposal for a Council Directive laying down requirements for the protection of the health of the general publicwith regard to radioactive substances in water intended for human consumption, COM(2011)385final,Brussels27/06/2011.
④Proposal for a Council Directive laying down basic standards for protection against the dangers arising fromexposure to ionising radiation, COM (2011)593final, Brussels,29/09/2011.
⑤EAEC Council: The Statutes of the Euratom Supply Agency, OJ27,06/12/1958, p.534–540.
⑥参见冯建中，《欧盟能源战略：走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版，第22页。
①Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No1605/2002of25June2002on the Financial Regulation applicable to thegeneral budget of the European Communities，OJ L248,16/9/2002, p1. Regulation as last amended by Regulation
②(EC) No1525/2007, OJ L343,27/12/2007, p.9.Council Decision2008/114/EC, Euratom, of12February2008establishing Statutes for the Euratom Supply
Agency, OJ L41,15/2/2008, p.15–20.
①②Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community，O J C84,30/03/2010.Commission Regulation (Euratom) No3227/76of19October1976concerning the application of the provisions
③on Euratom safeguards, O J L363,31/12/1976, p.1–57.Commission Regulation (Euratom) No220/90of26January1990amending Commission Regulation (Euratom)No3227/76of19October1976concerning the application of the provisions on Euratom safeguards,OJ L22,
④27/1/1990, p.56.Commission Regulation (Euratom) No2130/93of27July1993amending Regulation (Euratom) No3227/76
⑤concerning the application of the provisions on Euratom safeguards，OJ L191,31/7/1993, p.75.Proposal for a Council Decision approving a Commission Regulation on the application of Euratom safeguards,
⑥COM（2002）0099final,O J C227E,24/09/2002, p.224–291.Commission Regulation (Euratom) No302/2005of8February2005on the application of Euratom safeguards-
Council/Commission statement, OJ L54,28/2/2005, p.1–71.
①Citizen’s Summary explaining the revised proposal for a Council Directive (Euratom) on the management ofspent fuel and radioactive waste， available athttp://ec.europa.eu/energy/nuclear/waste_management/doc/2010_11_03_citizens_summary.pdf
②欧洲核能论坛是2007年由欧委会发起的，旨在为成员国政府、欧盟机构、核工业、电力消费者和公民社会广泛、自由讨论透明度、核能的机遇和风险等问题提供一个平台。
①Citizen’s Summary explaining the revised proposal for a Council Directive (Euratom) on the management ofspent fuel and radioactive waste， available at
②http://ec.europa.eu/energy/nuclear/waste_management/doc/2010_11_03_citizens_summary.pdf1999/819/Euratom: Commission Decision of16November1999concerning the accession to the1994Convention on Nuclear Safety by the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)(notified under documentnumber C(1999)3223)OJ L318,11.12.1999, p.20；欧盟于2000年1月30日加入《核安全公约》。
③Convention on Nuclear Safety, September29,1994(entered into force October24,1996), available at IAEA(Legal Series No.16,1994).
④Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsibleand safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. O J L199,2/8/2011, p.48-56.
⑤Council Directive2009/71/Euratom of25June2009establishing a Community framework for the nuclearsafety of nuclear installations Official Journal L172,02/07/2009, p.18–22.
①Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsibleand safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. O J L199,2/8/2011, p.52-53.
②Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsibleand safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. O J L199,2/8/2011, p.53.
③Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsibleand safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. O J L199,2/8/2011, p.53-54.
①Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsibleand safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. O J L199,2/8/2011, p.54.
②Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsibleand safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. O J L199,2/8/2011, p.55.
③Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsibleand safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. O J L199,2/8/2011, p.55.
④Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsible
①Proposal for a Council Directive laying down basic standards for protection against the dangers arising fromexposure to ionising radiation, COM (2011)593final, Brussels,29/09/2011.
②Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community，O J C84,30/03/2010.
③Proposal for a Council Directive laying down basic standards for protection against the dangers arising fromexposure to ionising radiation, COM (2011)593final, Brussels,29/09/2011.
④WHO Handbook on indoor randon, World Health Organisation,2009, ISBN978924154767.
①Citizens Summary of Council Directive laying down basic standards for protection against the dangers arisingfrom exposure to ionising radiation,http://ec.europa.eu/energy/nuclear/radiation_protection/doc/com_2011_0593_citizen_summary.pdf
②Council Directive89/106/EEC of21December1988on the approximation of laws, regulations andadministrative provisions of the Member States relating to construction products. OJ L40,11/2/1989, p.12–26.
③Council Directive96/29/Euratom of13May1996laying down basic safety standards for the protection of thehealth of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionising radiation, O J L159,29/6/1996,p.1.
④Council Directive89/618/Euratom of27November1989on informing the general public about health protectionmeasures to be applied and steps to be taken in the event of a radiological emergency, O J L357,07/12/1989,p.31–34.
①Council Directive90/641/Euratom of2December1990on the operational protection of ourside workersexposed to the risk of ionising radiation during their activities in controlled areas, O J L349,13/12/1990, p.21–25.
②Council Directive96/29/Euratom of13May1996laying down basic safety standards for the protection of thehealth of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionising radiation, O J L159,29/06/1996,p.1.
③Council Directive97/43/Euratom of30June1997on health protection of individuals against the dangers ofionising radiation in relation to medical exposure, OJ L180,09/07/1997, p.22–27.
④Council Directive2003/122/Euratom of22December2003on the control of high-activity sealed radioactivesources and orphan sources, OJ L346,31.12.2003, p.57–64.
①The Commission's new Energy Efficiency Directive, MEMO/11/440, Brussels,22/6/2011.
②The Energy Charter Treaty, Dec.17,1997,34I.L.M.360, available at http://www.encharter.org.
③The Commission's new Energy Efficiency Directive, MEMO/11/440, Brussels,22/6/2011.
①Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Related Environmental Aspects, available athttp://www.encharter.org./fileadmin/user_upload/document/EN.pdf#page=141
②European Commission, Energy Efficiency Plan2011, COM (2011)109final,080/3/2011.
③European Commission Green Paper：A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy,COM(2006)105final,08/03/2006.
④Communication from the Commission to the Parliament and Council, Renewable Energy: Progressing towardsthe2020Target, COM（2011）31final,31/01/2011.
⑤European Commission Green Paper: Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply，COM(2000)
769final, of29/11/2000.
⑥参见[德]Ulrich Steger等著，廖华等译，《能源系统的可持续发展与创新》，北京：机械工业出版社2011年版，第95页。
⑦A new directive on energy efficiency-challenges addressed and solution proposed, available athttp://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/eed/doc/2011_directive/20110622_energy_efficiency_directive_slides_presentation_en.pdf
①Council Directive93/76/EEC of13September1993to limit carbon dioxide emissions by improving energyefficiency (SAVE)，OJ L237,22/9/1993, p.28–30.
②Communication from the Commission,Europe2020-A strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth,COM(2010)2020final,03/03/2010.
③European Commission Green Paper on Energy Efficiency-or Doing More with Less, COM(2005)265final,22/06/2005.
④Commission Staff Working Document Impact Assessment Accompanying document to the Communicationfrom the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee andthe Committee of the Regions Commission Staff Working Document Energy Efficiency Plan2011{COM(2011)
109} final {SEC(2011)278} final {SEC(2011)279}final {SEC(2011)280} final/SEC/2011/0277final，
①Directive2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of21October2009establishing a frameworkfor the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-related products, O J L285,31/10/2009, p.10–35.
②European Commission, Energy Efficiency Plan2011, COM (2011)109final,08/03/2011.
③参见[德]Ulrich Steger等著，廖华等译，《能源系统的可持续发展与创新》，北京：机械工业出版社2011
年版，第95页。
④Directive2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of5April2006on energy end-use
⑤efficiency and energy services and repealing Council Directive93/76/EEC，O J L114,24/4/2006, p.64-85.Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the energy performance of buildings,
COM(2001)226final—2001/0098(COD), O J C213E,31/07/2001, p.266–270.
①Council Directive89/106/EEC of21December1988on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative
②provisions of the Member States relating to construction products，O J L40,11/2/1989, p.12–26.Council Directive93/76/EEC of13September1993to limit carbon dioxide emissions by improving energy
③efficiency (SAVE) OJ L237,22/09/1993, p.28–30.Directive2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of16December2002on the energyperformance of buildings, O J L1,04/01/2003, p.65-71.
④Directive2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of19May2010on the energyperformance of buildings (recast)，O J L153,18/06/2010, p13-35. The recast Directive entered into force in July2010, but the repeal of the current Directive will only take place on1/02/2012.
①Drective2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of21October2009establishing aframework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products, OJ L285,31/10/2009, p.10–35.
②Council Directive92/75/EEC of22September1992on the indication by labeling and standard productinformation of the consumption of energy and other resources by household appliances, O J L197,13/10/1992,p.16-19.
③Directive2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of19May2010on the indication bylabeling and standard product information of the consumption of energy and other resources by energy-relatedproducts, OJ L153,18/06/2010, p.1–12.
①有关条例包括Commission Delegated Regulation(EU)No1059/2010, Commission Delegated Regulation(EU)No1060/2010, Commission Delegated Regulation(EU)No1061/2010, Commission Delegated Regulation(EU)No1062/2010, Commission Delegated Regulation(EU)No626/2011.
②Directive2004/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of11February2004on the promotion ofcogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market and amending Directive92/42/EEC of21May1992on efficiency requirement for new hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels, O J L52,21/02/2004, p.50-60.
③Directive2004/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of11February2004on the promotion ofcogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market and amending Directive92/42/EEC of21May1992on efficiency requirement for new hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels, O J L52,
④21/02/2004, p.50-60.Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council On establishing a framework for thesetting of Eco-design requirements for Energy-Using Products and amending Council Directive92/42/EEC/*COM（2003）0453final-COD2003/0172，01/08/2003.
⑤Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council On establishing a framework for thesetting of Eco-design requirements for Energy-Using Products and amending Council Directive92/42/EEC/*COM（2003）0453final-COD2003/0172，01/08/2003.
①Council Directive92/42/EEC of21May1992on efficiency requirements for new hot-water boilers fired withliquid or gaseous fuels, O J L167,22.6.1992, p.17–28.Directive96/57/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of3September1996on energy efficiencyrequirements for household electric refrigerators, freezers and combinations thereof, O J L236,18/09/1996, p.36–43.Directive2000/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of18September2000on energyefficiency requirements for ballasts for fluorescent lighting, OJ L279,01/11/2000, p.33–39.
②Directive2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of6July2005, establishing a frameworkfor the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-using products and amending Council Directive92/42/EECand Directive96/57/EC and2000/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, O J L191/29,22/7/2005,p.29-58.
③Directive2008/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of11March2008amending Directive2005/32/EC establishing a framework for the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-using products, as wellas Council Directive92/42/EEC and Directives96/57/EC and2000/55/EC, as regards the implementing powersconferred on the Commission, O J L081,20/03/2008, p.48–50.
④Directive2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of21October2009establishing aframework for setting of eco-design requirements for energy-related products (recast) O J L285,31/10/2009,p.10–35.
①有关条例包括Commission Regulation(EU)No107/2009，Commission Regulation(EU)No244/2009，Commission Regulation(EU)No245/2009，Commission Regulation(EU)No640/2009，CommissionRegulation(EU)No641/2009，Commission Regulation (EU)No642/2009，Commission Regulation (EU)No643/2009，Commission Regulation(EU)No859/2009，Commission Regulation(EU)No347/2010，CommissionRegulation(EU)No1015/2010，Commission Regulation(EU)No1016/2010，Commission Regulation(EU)No327/2011.
②Decision No1230/2003/EC of European Parliament and of the Council of26June2003adopting a multiannualprogramme for action in the field of energy:”Intelligent Energy-Europe”(2003-2006), O J L176,15/07/2003, p.29-36.
①Communication to the Spring European Council-Working together for growth and jobs-A new start for theLisbon Strategy-Communication from President Barroso in agreement with Vice-President Verheugen {SEC (200
②5)192}{SEC(2005)193}, COM（2005）0024final.02/02/2005.Decision No1639/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of24October2006establishing aCompetitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (2007to2013), OJ L310,09/11/2006, p.15–40.
③Council Decision2006/1005/EC of18December2006concerning conclusion of the Agreement between theGovernment of the United States of America and the European Community on the coordination of energy-efficiency labelling programmes for office equipment，O J L381,28/12/2006, p.24–25.
①Decision No1982/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of18December2006concerningthe Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for research, technological development and
②demonstration activities (2007-2013)，OJ L412,30/12/2006, p.1–43.Commission Regulation (EC) No2760/98of18December1998concerning the implementation of aprogramme for cross-border cooperation in the framework of the PHARE programme, OJ L345,19/12/1998, p.49–52.
①European Commission, Mobilising public and private finance towards global access to climate-friendly,affordable and secure energy service: the Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund, COM(2006)583final,06/10/2006.
②Communication from the Commission entitled: Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential,COM(2006)545final,19/10/2006.
③See Dalia Streimikiene et al., Use of EU Structual Funds for Sustainable Energy Development in New EUMember States, Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol.11, No.6,2005:p.1167.
④European Commission, Green Paper on Energy Efficiency-or Doing More with Less, COM(2005)265final.22/06/2005.
①②参见陈淑芬，《国际法视角下的清洁发展机制研究》，武汉：武汉大学出版社2011年版：第27页。Directive2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of13October2003establishing a schemefor greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive96/61/EC，
③O J L275,25/10/2003, p.32–46.Directive2008/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of19November2008amendingDirective2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowancetrading within the Community OJ L8,13.1.2009, p.3–21.
④Commission Regulation (EU) No1031/2010of12November2010on the timing, administration and otheraspects of auctioning of greenhouse gas emission allowances pursuant to Directive2003/87/EC of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowances trading，OJ L302,18/11/2010, p.1–41.
⑤Paolo Bertoldi, Tradable Certificates for Renewable Energy and Energy Saving, Energy Policy,2006Vol.34:p.23-25.
⑥Silvia Rezessy and Paolo Bertoldi, Financing Energy Efficiency: Forging the Link between Financing andProject Implementation, Report Prepared by the Joint Research Centre of European Commission, Ispra, May2010.
①Silvia Rezessy and Paolo Bertoldi, Financing Energy Efficiency: Forging the Link between Financing andProject Implementation, Report Prepared by the Joint Research Centre of European Commission, Ispra, May2010.
②Directive2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of5April2006on energy end-useefficiency and energy services and repealing Council Directive93/76/EEC，O J L114,24/4/2006, p.64-85.
①Silvia Rezessy and Paolo Bertoldi, Financing Energy Efficiency: Forging the Link between Financing andProject Implementation, Report Prepared by the Joint Research Centre of European Commission, Ispra, May2010.
②Communication from the Commission entitled: Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential,COM(2006)545final,19/10/2006.
①A new directive on energy efficiency-challenges addressed and solution proposed, available athttp://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/eed/doc/2011_directive/20110622_energy_efficiency_directive_slides_presentation_en.pdf
②Commission Green Paper,“Energy Efficiency-or Doing More With Less”, COM(2005)265final,22/06/2005.
①Commission Staff Working Document, Impact Assessment Accompanying document to the Communicationfrom the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee andthe Committee of the Regions Commission Staff Working Document, Energy Efficiency Plan2011{COM(2011)
109} final {SEC(2011)278} final {SEC(2011)279}final {SEC(2011)280} final, SEC/2011/277final,08/03/2011.
②Communication from the Commission entitled: Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential,COM(2006)545final,19/10/2006.
③http://news.66wz.com/system/2011/01/06/102324308.shtml
①A new directive on energy efficiency-challenges addressed and solution proposed, available athttp://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/eed/doc/2011_directive/20110622_energy_efficiency_directive_slides_presentation_en.pdf
②European Commission, Energy Efficiency Plan2011, COM (2011)109final,08/03/2011,p.1.
③Commission Staff Working Document, Impact Assessment Accompanying document to the Communicationfrom the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committeeand the Committee of the Regions Commission Staff Working Document, Energy Efficiency Plan2011{COM(2011)109} final {SEC(2011)278} final {SEC(2011)279}final {SEC(2011)280} final, SEC/2011/277final,08/03/2011.
④Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carboneconomy in2050, COM(2011)112,08/03/2011.
①2010/2107（INI）：European Parliament own initiative report on Revision of the Energy Efficiency Action Plan.
②European Commission, Energy Efficiency Plan2011, COM (2011)109final, Brussels,08/03/2011.p.3.
③European Commission, Energy Efficiency Plan2011, COM (2011)109final, Brussels,8/3/2011.p.2.
①A new directive on energy efficiency-challenges addressed and solution proposed, available athttp://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/eed/doc/2011_directive/20110622_energy_efficiency_directive_slides_presentation_en.pdf
②Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on energy efficiency and repealingDirectives2004/8/EC and2006/32/EC, COM(2011)370final,22/06/2011.
①A new directive on energy efficiency-challenges addressed and solution proposed, available athttp://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/eed/doc/2011_directive/20110622_energy_efficiency_directive_slides_presentation_en.pdf
①欧盟2011年7月28日发布的统计数据总人口为5.025亿人，欧盟2010年GDP为€12,268,387million，available at http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-11-038/EN/KS-SF-11-038-EN.PDFhttp://europa.eu/about-eu/facts-figures/economy/index_en.htm
②参见杨泽伟，欧盟能源法律与政策及其对中国的启示，武汉大学国际法评论第七卷，武汉大学出版社2007年版，第215页。
③参见冯建中，《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版，第16页。
①Treaty Establishing the European Coal and Steel Community，Paris，Signed on18April1951.
②http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/institutional_affairs/treaties/treaties_ecsc_en.htm
③European Communities, Treaty Establishing the European Atomic Energy Community, signed on25March1957, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications,1973.
④European Communities, Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community, signed on25March1957,Luxembourg:European Communities Publishing Services,1958.
①See M Roggenkamp, C Redgwell, Idel Guayo, and A Ronne (ed), Energy Law in Europe (2ndedition), OxfordUniversity Press,2007: p.227.
②参见冯建中，《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版，第23页。
③参见程卫东，《欧洲市场一体化》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2009年版，第41页。
④The European Community and the Energy Problem,3rdEdition, Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications ofthe European Communities,1983, p.23.
⑤参见冯建中，《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版，第33页。
①Council of the European Communities, Council Directive68/414/EEC of20December1968imposing anobligation on Member States of the EEC to maitain minimum stocks of crude oil and/or petroleum products, O J L308,23/12/1968, p.14-16.
②《罗马条约》第103条规定，如果某些产品出现供应困难，理事会可以在欧委会建议的基础上用一致同意的表决方式就所需采取的措施通过指令。
③Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of17Septemper1974concerning a new energypolicy strategy for the Community, O J L153,09/07/1975, p.1-2.
④Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of17December1974concerning Communityenergy policy objectives for1985, O J L153,09/07/1975, p.2-4.
⑤参见冯建中，《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版，第52-53页。
⑥参见程卫东，《欧洲市场一体化》，社会科学文献出版社2009年8月版，第37页。
⑦See Bela Belassa, the Theory of Economic Integration, Illinois:Richard D. Irwin,1961: p.2.
⑧European Commission, Completing the Internal Market—White Paper from the Commission to the EuropeanCouncil, COM(85)310final,14/06/1985.
①②Single European Act (1986)，O J L169，29/06/1987.Treaty of Nice Amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties Establishing the European Communitiesand Certain Related Acts Official Journal C80of10March2001.
③Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the EuropeanUnion, O J C115,09/05/2008.
①See David B. Spence, Can Law Manage Competitive Energy Markets? Cornell Law Review, Vol.93，No.4,2008:p.767.
②European Communities, Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community, signed on25March1957,Luxembourg:European Communities Publishing Services,1958.
③See David B. Spence, Can Law Manage Competitive Energy Markets? Cornell Law Review, Vol.93，No.4,2008:p.768.
①参见冯建中，《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版，第91页。
②See David B. Spence, Can Law Manage Competitive Energy Markets? Cornell Law Review, Vol.93，No.4,2008:p.772.
③即指令96/92/EC和指令98/30/EC。
④即指令2003/54/EC和指令2003/55/EC。
⑤See David B. Spence, Can Law Manage Competitive Energy Markets? Cornell Law Review, Vol.93，No.4,2008:p782.
①Directive96/92/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of19December1996concerningcommon rules for the internal market in electricity, O J L27,30/01/1997, p.20–29.
②Directive98/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of22June1998concerning commonrules for the internal market in natural gas, O J L204,21/07/1998, p.1–12.
③See Neelie Kroes, Improving Competition in European Energy Markets through Effective Unbundling, FordhamInternational Law Journal. Vol.31, No.5,2007：p.1387.
④Directive2003/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of26June2003concerning commonrules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive96/92/EC-Statements made with regard todecommissioning and waste management activities, O J L176,15/07/2003, p.37–56.
①Directive2003/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of26June2003concerning common
②rules for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive98/30/EC, O J L176,15/07/2003, p.57–78.Regulation (EC) No1228/2003of the European Parliament and of the Council of26June2003on conditions
③for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity, O J L176,15/07/2003, p.1–10.Regulation (EC) No1775/2005of the European Parliament and of the Council of28September2005onconditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks, O J L289,03/112005, p.1–13.
④See Neelie Kroes, Improving Competition in European Energy Markets through Effective Unbundling, FordhamInternational Law Journal. Vol.31, No.5,2007：p.1389.
①Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions-2020by2020-Europe's climate change opportunity，
②COM (2008)30,23/01/2008.参见杨泽伟，欧盟能源法律与政策及其对中国的启示.武大国际法评论(第七卷),武汉大学出版社2007年版，第135-142页。
③Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the EuropeanUnion, O J C115,09/05/2008.
④European Commission, Green Paper: a European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy,
⑤COM(2006)105final,08/03/2006.See Carlos Padros, Endrius E. Cocciolo. Security of Energy Supply: When Could National Policy TakePrecedence over European Law? Energy Law Journal, Vol.31，No.1，2010: p.31-54.
①See Neelie Kroes, Improving Competition in European Energy Markets through Effective Unbundling, Fordham
②International Law Journal. Vol.31, No.5,2007: p.1394.Regulation (EC) No713/2009of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009establishing an
③Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.1–14.Regulation (EC) No714/2009of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009on conditions for
access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity and repealing Regulation (EC) No1228/2003, O J
④L211,14/08/2009, p.15–35.Regulation (EC) No715/2009of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009on conditions foraccess to the natural gas transmission networks and repealing Regulation (EC) No1775/2005, O J L211,14/08/
⑤2009, p.36–54.Directive2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009concerning commonrules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive2003/54/EC, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.55–93.
①Directive2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009concerning common rulesfor the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive2003/55/EC, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.94–136.
②Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament-Prospects for the internal
③gas and electricity market, COM (2006)841,10/01/2007.参见郭磊,马莉,魏玢,2008年欧盟电力市场回顾及对我国的启示，电力技术经济，2009年第1期：第25-30
④Regulation (EC) No713/2009of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009establishing anAgency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.1–14.
①Regulation (EC) No713/2009of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009establishing anAgency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.1–14.
②条例(EC) No714/2009和条例(EC) No715/2009均有此规定。
①Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of9June1980Concerning Community EnergyPolicy Objective of1990and Convergence of Policies of the Member States,Council of the EuropeanCommunities Press Releases, Presidency: Italy, Meeting and Press Releases May-June1980, p.6.
②例如1975年理事会通过两项指令鼓励煤炭和核能发电，减少石油和天然气消费；1976年理事会通过了5项关于利用能源的具体措施的建议，1978年和1979年连续出台了多项节能和能效指令。
③European Commission, Green Paper: a European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy,COM(2006)105final,08/03/2006.
④参见高云辉，曹国慧，欧盟能源市场整合及一体化举措与进程，社会科学战线，2010年第6期：第230-233页。
①参见程卫东，《欧洲市场一体化：市场自由与法律》，北京社会科学文献出版社2009年版，第28页。
②参见刘明礼，欧盟能源与气候政策的战略调整，国际资料信息，2009年第10期：第5-9页。
①Directive2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009concerning commonrules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive2003/54/EC, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.55–93.Directive2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009concerning common rules
②for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive2003/55/EC, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.94–136.参见闫瑾，姜姝，欧盟能源安全政策分析——新制度主义视角，国际论坛，2010年第5期：第45-49页。
①参见冯建中，《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版，第534页。
②Communication from the Commission to the Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and SocialCommittee, and the Committee of theRegions, Energy2020A strategy for competitive, sustainable and secureenergy, COM(2010)639final,10/11/2010.
①参见杨泽伟，欧盟能源法律与政策及其对中国的启示，武汉大学国际法评论第七卷，武汉大学出版社2007年版，第220页。
②参见杨泽伟，欧盟能源法律与政策及其对中国的启示，武汉大学国际法评论第七卷，武汉大学出版社2007年版，第220页。
①Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy Roadmap2050, COM(2011)885/2,15/12/2011:p.1.
①Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy Roadmap2050, COM(2011)885/2,15/12/2011:p.1.
②Regulation (EC) No663/2009of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009establishing aprogramme to aid economic recovery by granting Community financial assistance to projects in the field of energy,O J L200,31/07/2011, p.31-45.
①European Commission Directorate-General for Energy, Mid-term evaluation of the European Energy Programmefor Recovery (Final Report), December2011:p.4.
①European Commission Directorate-General for Energy, Mid-term evaluation of the European Energy Programmefor Recovery (Final Report), December2011:p.3.
②Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions,A resource-efficient Europe—Flagship initiative under theEurope2020Strategy COM(2011)21,26/01/2011.
①Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carboneconomy in2050, COM(2011)112,08/03/2011.
②Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy Roadmap2050, COM(2011)885/2,15/12/2011:p.1.
③[德]Ulrich Steger等著，廖华等译，能源系统的可持续发展与创新，机械工业出版社2011年版，第116
④White Paper: Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area–Towards a competitive and resource efficienttransport system，COM(2011)144,28/03/2011.
①Proposal for a Council Directive amending Directive2003/96/EC restructuring the Community framework forthe taxation of energy products and electricity, COM(2011)169,13/04/2011.
②Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Roadmap to a Resource-efficient Europe，COM(2011)571,20/09/2011.
③http://www.european-council.europa.eu/home-page/highlights/spring-european-council-2012-day-two?lang=en
①General Report on the Activities of the European Union—2011, Luxembourg: Publications Office of theEuropean Union,2012:p.35.
②http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/119175.pdf
③http://ec.europa.eu/research/csfri/pdf/com_2011_0048_csf_green_paper_en.pdf
④http://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/pdf/iu-scoreboard-2010_en.pdf
①General Report on the Activities of the European Union—2011, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the
②European Union,2012:p.36.http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/pdf/proposals/communication_from_the_commission_-_horizon_2020_-_the_framework_programme_for_research_and_innovation.pdf
③Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy Roadmap2050, COM(2011)885/2,15/12/2011:p.1
④General Report on the Activities of the European Union—2011, Luxembourg: Publications Office of theEuropean Union,2012:p.36.
⑤http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/pdf/proposals/communication_from_the_commission_-_horizon_2020_-_the_framework_programme_for_research_and_innovation.pdf
①Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy Roadmap2050, COM(2011)885/2,15/12/2011:p.7.
②Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy Roadmap2050, COM(2011)885/2,15/12/2011:p.18
③Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, on Security of Energy and International Cooperation-“theEU Energy Policy: Engaging with Partners beyond Our Borders”, COM2011)539,07/09/2011.
①General Report on the Activities of the European Union—2011, Luxembourg: Publications Office of theEuropean Union,2012:p.126.
②General Report on the Activities of the European Union—2011, Luxembourg: Publications Office of theEuropean Union,2012:p.127.
③http://www.energy-community.org/portal/page/portal/ENC_HOME/ENERGY_COMMUNITY/Legal/Treaty
①Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, on Security of Energy and International Cooperation-“the
②EU Energy Policy: Engaging with Partners beyond Our Borders”, SEC(2011)1022,07/09/2011.Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and
③Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy Roadmap2050, COM(2011)885/2,15/12/2011:p.11Green Paper: Development Policy in Support of Inclusive Growth and Sustainable Development, Increasing theimpact of EU development policy, COM（2010）629,10/11/2010:p.18.
①Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, on Security of Energy and International Cooperation-“theEU Energy Policy: Engaging with Partners beyond Our Borders”, COM2011)539,07/09/2011.
①《中国的能源状况与政策》白皮书，2007年12月26日，参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2007-12/26/content_844159.htm
②本部分有关数据和内容来自World Energy Outlook2011，available at www.worldenergyoutlook.org
①国务院2007年12月26日发布的《中国的能源状况与政策》白皮书中提出多元发展，中国将加快发展石油天然气，鼓励开发煤层气。参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2007-12/26/content_844159.htm
①低核情景假设在经合组织国家不会建设新的核反应堆，非经合组织国家只建造预计增量的一半，现有核电厂的运行寿命会缩短。
②Europe China Clean Energy Centre(EC2), Guidelines for Grant Applicants,20/04/2009, p.4.
③参见刘铁男主编，《中国能源发展报告2011》，北京：经济科学出版社2011年版，第3页。
①②参见中国可再生能源协会，中国新能源与可再生能源年鉴（2010），2011年版，第31页。参见张旭东《十二五规划：太阳能装机将成倍增长》第一财经日报，2011年12月16日http://money.163.com/11/1216/02/7LC2G6GI00253B0H.html
③④刘铁男主编，中国能源发展报告2011，北京：经济科学出版社2011年版，第106页。参见张旭东《十二五规划：太阳能装机将成倍增长》第一财经日报，2011年12月16日http://money.163.com/11/1216/02/7LC2G6GI00253B0H.html
⑤参见刘铁男主编，《中国能源发展报告2011》，北京：经济科学出版社2011年版，第106页。
⑥参见刘铁男主编，《中国能源发展报告2011》，北京：经济科学出版社2011年版，第107页。
⑦参见中国可再生能源协会，中国新能源与可再生能源年鉴（2010），2011年版，第5页。
⑧参见中国可再生能源协会，中国新能源与可再生能源年鉴（2010），2011年版，第7页。
①国务院关于印发“十二五”节能减排综合性工作方案的通知（国发〔2011〕26号），2011年8月31日，第1页。
②《核电中长期发展规划（2005－2020年）》，2007年11月2日，参见国家发展与改革委员会网址http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/nyjt/nyzywx/t20071102_170122.htm
③参见中国可再生能源协会，中国新能源与可再生能源年鉴（2010），2011年版，第132页。
④数据来源：中国可再生能源协会，中国新能源与可再生能源年鉴（2010），2011年版，第132页。
①参见胡锦涛：中国将大力发展可再生能源和核能，中国新闻网，2009年9月22日，参见网址
②http://www.chinanews.com/gn/news/2009/09-22/1880315.shtml参见张旭东《十二五规划：太阳能装机将成倍增长》第一财经日报，2011年12月16日http://money.163.com/11/1216/02/7LC2G6GI00253B0H.html
①参见中国可再生能源协会，中国新能源与可再生能源年鉴（2010），2011年版，第5页。
②③国务院关于印发“十二五”节能减排综合性工作方案的通知（国发〔2011〕26号），2011年8月31日。国务院关于印发“十二五”节能减排综合性工作方案的通知（国发〔2011〕26号），2011年8月31日。其中“十一五”各地区单位国内生产总值能耗降低率除新疆外均为国家统计局最终公布数据，新疆为初步核实数据。
①《核电中长期发展规划（2005－2020年）》，2007年11月2日，参见国家发展与改革委员会网址http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/nyjt/nyzywx/t20071102_170122.htm
②数据来源：中国可再生能源协会，中国新能源与可再生能源年鉴（2010），2011年版，第132页。
①参见国家发展与改革委员会网址http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/yjzq/t20071227_181560.htm
①参见李艳芳，论我国《能源法》的制定——兼论《中华人民共和国能源法》征求意见稿，法学家2008年第2期：第94页。
②参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/ztzl/2005-12/30/content_142165.htm
③参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2008-08/29/content_1084355.htm
①《中国的能源状况与政策》白皮书，2007年12月26日，参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2007-12/26/content_844159.htm
①国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要（2006-2020），2006年2月9日，参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2006-02/09/content_183787.htm
①关于加快培育和发展战略性新兴产业的决定，2010年10月10日，参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2010-10/18/content_1724848.htm
①参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/ziliao/flfg/2005-06/21/content_8275.htm
②参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2009-12/26/content_1497462.htm
①参见汪光焘，第十一届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十二次会议上《关于修改〈中华人民共和国可再生能源法〉草案的说明，全国人大常委会公报，2010年第1期。
②关于印发可再生能源中长期发展规划的通知，2007年8月31日，参见中国国家发展与改革委员会网址http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/2007tongzhi/t20070904_157352.htm
①关于印发《可再生能源发电价格和费用分摊管理试行办法》的通知，2006年1月4日，参见国家发展与改革委员会网址http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/jggl/zcfg/t20060120_57586.htm
②国家发改委，关于印发《可再生能源发电有关管理规定》的通知，2006年1月5日，参见中国新能源网网址http://www.newenergy.org.cn/html/0067/2006712_10847.html
①关于印发《可再生能源发展专项资金管理暂行办法》的通知，2006年5月30日，参见中国财政部网址http://www.mof.gov.cn/preview/jinjijianshesi/zhengwuxinxi/zhengcefagui/200805/t20080523_34033.html
②关于印发《可再生能源建筑应用专项资金管理暂行办法》的通知，2006年9月4日，参见中国财政部网址http://www.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/caizhengwengao/caizhengbuwengao2006/caizhengbuwengao200610/200805/t20080519_24660.html
③关于印发《可再生能源建筑示范项目评审办法》的通知，2006年9月4日，参见中国财政部网址http://www.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/caizhengwengao/caizhengbuwengao2006/caizhengbuwengao200610/200805/t20080519_24670.html
④关于印发《可再生能源发展基金征收使用管理暂行办法》的通知，参见中国国土资源部网址http://www.mlr.gov.cn/xwdt/bmdt/201112/t20111220_1047196.htm
⑤参见国家能源局网址http://nyj.ndrc.gov.cn/nyfhb/nyfhb1/nyfhb15/t20070117_111859.htm
①参见国家能源局网址http://nyj.ndrc.gov.cn/nyfhb/nyfhb1/nyfhb15/t20070117_111860.htm
②参见国家能源局网址http://nyj.ndrc.gov.cn/nyfhb/nyfhb1/nyfhb15/t20070117_111861.htm
①参见国家能源局网址http://nyj.ndrc.gov.cn/nyfhb/nyfhb1/nyfhb15/t20070117_111914.htm
②参见国家能源局网址http://nyj.ndrc.gov.cn/nyfhb/nyfhb1/nyfhb15/t20070117_111915.htm
③参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2007-07/19/content_690167.htm
①《核电中长期发展规划（2005－2020年）》，2007年11月2日，参见国家发展与改革委员会网址http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/nyjt/nyzywx/t20071102_170122.htm
②参见国家能源局网址http://nyj.ndrc.gov.cn/nyfhb/nyfhb1/nyfhb16/t20070117_111916.htm
①参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2008-08/07/content_1067062.htm
②参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2006/content_421780.htm
①参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2011-09/07/content_1941731.htm
②参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2007-06/03/content_634545.htm
①参见觅法网网址http://www.34law.com/lawfg/law/6/1187/law_4316894325.shtml
②参见中国新能源网网址http://www.newenergy.org.cn/html/0114/461139556_2.html
③参见国家发展与改革委员会网址http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/2009tz/t20090727_292827.htm
①参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2011-07/15/content_1907124.htm
②参见国家发展与改革委员会网址http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/2007tongzhi/t20090123_258060.htm
①参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2009-03/26/content_1269282.htm
②参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2011-08/01/content_1917358.htm
③参见中国网网址http://www.china.com.cn/guoqing/2011-10/12/content_23603774.htm
①参见百度网址http://wenku.baidu.com/view/7a546f8a6529647d2728525a.html
②参见杨泽伟，美国《2009年清洁能源与安全法》及其对中国的启示，《中国能源法研究报告2010》，上海：立信会计出版社2011年版，第133页。
③参见百度网址http://baike.baidu.com/view/2097170.htm
④U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, May9,1992, S. Treaty Doc.No.102-38(1992),1771U.N.T.S.108.
⑤Kyoto Protocol to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, Dec.10,1997,37I.L.M.32.
①European Commission, the Energy Dimension of Climate Change, COM (97)196final,14/05/1997.
②European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament onEU policies and Measures to reduce green gas emissions: towards a European Climate Programme (ECCP),COM(2000)88final,08/03/2000.
③参见欧委会气候行动网址http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/package/index_en.htm.
④U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, June3-14,1992, Rio Declaration on Environment andDevelopment, U.N. Doc.A/CONF.151/26(1992).
⑤See World Energy Outlook2011，available at www.worldenergyoutlook.org
①参见郭冬梅，气候变化法律应对实证分析——从国家公约到国内法的转化，《中国能源法研究报告2010》，上海：立信会计出版社2011年版：第238页。
①参见汪光焘，第十一届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十二次会议上《关于修改〈中华人民共和国可再生能源法〉草案的说明，全国人大常委会公报，2010年第1期。
①参见陈兴华，对我国清洁能源产业发展的反思及立法跟进，《中国能源法研究报告2010》，上海：立信会计出版社2011年版：第123页。
①参见郭关玉，《中国-欧盟合作研究》，北京：世界知识出版社2006年版，第89页。
②参见http://www.riel.whu.edu.cn/article.asp?id=2767
③参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2010-04/29/content_1595630.htm
①参见郭关玉，《中国-欧盟合作研究》，北京：世界知识出版社2006年版，第87页。
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[1]中华人民共和国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn
[2]国家发展与改革委员会网址http://www.sdpc.gov.cn
[3]中华人民共和国财政部网址http://www.mof.gov.cn
[4]中国国土资源部网址http://www.mlr.gov.cn
[5]国家能源局网址http://nyj.ndrc.gov.cn
[6]中国新能源网网址http://www.newenergy.org.cn/
[7]中国资源综合利用协会网址http://www.carcu.org/
[1] European Union(EU): http://europa.eu/index_en.htm
[2] European Commission：http://ec.europa.eu
[3] EURATOM: http://www.euratom.org/
[4] International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): http://www.iaea.org
[5] International Energy Agency (IEA): http://www.iea.org
[6] World Energy Outlook: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org
[7] International Gas Union (IGU): http://www.igu.org
[8] New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization(NEDO):http://www.nedo.go.jp/english/
[9] Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC):http://www.opec.org
[10] The Energy Charter Treaty: http://www.encharter.org/index.jsp.
[11] World Coal Institute (WCI): http://www.wci-coal.com
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[13] World Meteorological Organization(WMO) http://www.wmo.ch
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[17] Centre for Energy and Resources Law: http://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/cerl/
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[19] Energy Law Net: http://www.energylawnet.com
[20] Energy and Mineral Law Foundation: http://www.emlf.org
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②杨泽伟，美国《2009年清洁能源与安全法》及其对中国的启示，《中国能源法研究报告2010》，上海：立信会计出版社2011年版，第133页。
①参见曾令良，《欧洲联盟法总论——以<欧洲宪法条约>为新视角》，武汉：武汉大学出版社2007年：第78-81页。
①See M.Roggenkamp, C. Redgewell, I. Del Guayo and A. Ronne（eds）, Energy law in Europe (2ndedition),Oxford University Press,2007: p.15.
②参见曾令良，《欧洲联盟法总论——以<欧洲宪法条约>为新视角》，武汉：武汉大学出版社2007年版：第109页。
③参见杨泽伟主编，发达国家新能源法律与政策研究，武汉：武汉大学出版社2011年版：第178页。
④See Jo Shaw，Law of the European Union (3rdEdition)，Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.2000：pp.240-241.
⑤参见杨泽伟，欧盟能源法律与政策及其对中国的启示，武大国际法评论第七卷，武汉：武汉大学出版社2007年版：第218页。
⑥See P.J.G..Kapteyn, A.M.McDonnell (eds), the Law of the European Union and the European Communities(Fourth Revised Edition),the Nitherlands:Kluwer Law International,2008: p.42.
⑦Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community,signed at Lisbon, O J C306,17/12/2007.
①See P.J.G..Kapteyn, A.M.McDonnell (eds), the Law of the European Union and the European Communities(Fourth Revised Edition),the Nitherlands:Kluwer Law International,2008: p.43.
②Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, O J C310,16/12/2004.
①Single European Act (1986), O J L169,29/06/1987.
①参见[法]德尼·西蒙著，王玉芳、李滨、赵海峰译，欧盟法律体系，北京：北京大学出版社：第291-292页。
②Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, the European Community and the EnergyProblem.3rded. European Documentation1-1983, p.46.
①Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of16September1986Concerning New CommunityEnergy Policy Objectives for1995and Convergence of the Policies of the Member States. O J C241,25/09/1986，p.1-3.
②Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of26Novermber1986on a Community Orientationto Develop New and Renewable Energy Sources,86/C316/01, O J C316,09/12/1986, p.1-2.
③Council of the European Union, Council Resolution of8July1996on the White Paper “an Energy Policy forthe European Union”, O J C224,01/08/1996，p.1–2.
④European Commission, Green Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM (94)659final,23/02/1995.
⑤European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682，13/12/1995.
⑥European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-Green Paper for a CommunityStrategy, COM (96)576final,20/11/1996.
①European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a CommunityStrategy and Action Plan, COM (97)599final,26/11/1997.
②European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000)769final，29/11/2000.
③European Commission, Doing More with Less: Green Paper on Energy Efficiency, COM (2005)265final,22/06/2005.
④European Commission, Green Paper: a European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy,COM (2006)105final,08/03/2006.
⑤http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/index_en.htm
①Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community,signed at Lisbon, O J C306,17/12/2007.
①European Commission, the Internal Energy Market, COM(88)238final,02/05/1988.
②European Commission, Green Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM (94)659, final,23/02/1995.
③European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a CommunityStrategy and Action Plan, COM(97)599final,26/11/1997.
④Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of16September1986Concerning New CommunityEnergy Policy Objectives for1995and Convergence of the Policies of the Member States. O J C241,25/09/1986.
⑤Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of26Novermber1986on a Community Orientationto Develop New and Renewable Energy Sources,86/C316/01, O J C316,09/12/1986, p1-2.
⑥European Commission, Communication from the Commission of13December2005on the review of theSustainable Development Strategy—A platform for action, COM(2005)658,13/12/2005.
①European Commission, Green Paper—A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy,Com (2006)105final,08/03/2006.
①参见曾令良，欧洲联盟法总论——以《欧洲宪法条约》为新视角，武汉：武汉大学出版社2007年版：第109页。
②参见杨泽伟，国际能源法：一个新的国际法分支，华冈法粹第四十期，2008年3月：第195页。
③参见杨泽伟，《主权论——国际法上的主权问题及其发展趋势》，北京：北京大学出版社2006年版，第97-115页。
④The Energy Charter Treaty, Dec.17,1997,34I.L.M.360, available at http://www.encharter.org.
①Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community,signed at Lisbon, O J C306,17/12/2007.
②参见杨泽伟，《中国能源安全法律保障研究》，北京：中国政法大学出版社2009年版，第235页。
③④Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community，O J C84,30/03/2010.Commission Regulation (Euratom) No3227/76of19October1976concerning the application of the provisions
⑤on Euratom safeguards, O J L363,31/12/1976, p1–57.Commission Regulation (Euratom) No220/90of26January1990amending Commission Regulation (Euratom)
No3227/76of19October1976concerning the application of the provisions on Euratom safeguards,OJ L22,
⑥27/1/1990, p56.Commission Regulation (Euratom) No2130/93of27July1993amending Regulation (Euratom) No3227/76
⑦concerning the application of the provisions on Euratom safeguards，OJ L191,31/7/1993, p75.Commission Regulation (Euratom) No302/2005of8February2005on the application of Euratom safeguards-Council/Commission statement, OJ L54,28/2/2005, p1–71.
①参见梁西主编，国际法（修订第二版），武汉：武汉大学出版社2003年版，第50-51页。
②Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community，O J C84,30/03/2010.
③Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community,signed at Lisbon, O J C306,17/12/2007.
④Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community,signed at Lisbon, O J C306,17/12/2007.
①Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsibleand safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. O J L199,02/08/2011, p.54.
②Regulation (EC) No714/2009of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009on conditions for
access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity and repealing Regulation (EC) No1228/2003, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.15–35.Directive2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009concerning common rulesfor the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive2003/54/EC, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.55–93.
②Council of the European Union, Council Directive2003/96/EC of27October2003restructuring theCommunity framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity, O J L283/51,31/10/2003.
①International Responsibility of States in Regard to the Enviroment, General Assembly resolution2996（XXVII）,2112th plenary meeting,15December1972. available athttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/270/26/IMG/NR027026.pdf?OpenElement
②Institutional and Finacial Aeeangements for International Environmental Cooperation, General Assemblyresolution2997（XXVII）,2112th plenary meeting,15December1972. available athttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/270/27/IMG/NR027027.pdf?OpenElement
③（1972）UNYB318，L.B.Sohn, The Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment,(1973)14HarvardInternational Law Journal423.
④World Charter for Nature, A/RES/37/7,48th plenary meeting,28October1982, available athttp://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/37/a37r007.htm
①即根据第38届联合国大会38/461号决议于1984年10月成立的联合国世界环境与发展委员会（the WorldCommission on Environment and Development, WCED），由挪威布伦特兰博士（Gro Harlem Brundtland）担任主席。
②World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, U.N.Doc. A/42/427(1987): p.43–54.
③See Lakshman Guruswamy, Energy Justice and Sustainable Development, Colorado Journal of InternationalEnvironment Law and Policy, Vol.21，No.2，2010, p.249-250.
④U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, June3-14,1992, Rio Declaration on Environment andDevelopment, U.N. Doc.A/CONF.151/26(1992).
⑤U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, June3-14,1992, Agenda21, U.N.Doc.A/CONF.151/26(1992).
①U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, May9,1992, S. Treaty Doc.No.102-38(1992),1771U.N.T.S.108.
②World Summit on Sustainable Development, Aug.26-Sept.4,2002, Johannesburg Declaration on SustainableDevelopment, U.N.Doc.A/CONF.199/20(Sept.4,2002).
③参见胡德胜，可持续发展是国际法的一项基本原则，郑州大学学报（哲学社会科学版）2001年第2期：第50-54页。
④参见赵爽，《能源法律制度生态化研究》，北京：法律出版社2010年版：第109页。
⑤Energy Charter Treaty, available at http://www.encharter.org.
①Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety，Convention on Biological Diversity,29January2000，available athttp://bch.cbd.int/protocol/background/
②The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resourses for Food and Agriculture, Commission on GeneticResourses for Food and Agriculture, FAO, available at http://www.fao.org/AG/cgrfa/itpgr.htm
③参见[荷兰]尼科.斯赫雷弗著，汪习根、黄海滨译，《可持续发展在国际法中的演进：起源、涵义及地位》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2010年版，第7-8页。
④黄颖，跨界自然资源国际法规则的新发展——从可持续发展原则说起，云南师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版），2011年第3期：第124-129页。
⑤Report of the70thConference New Deli, ILA, London,2002, available at http://www.ila-hq.org
①Permanent sovereignty over natural resources, General Assembly resolution1803(XVII)1194th plenarymeeting,14December1962, available athttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/193/11/PDF/NR019311.pdf?OpenElement
②参见杨泽伟，《主权论——国际法上的主权问题及其发展趋势》，北京：北京大学出版社:2006年版:第97-115页。
③Energy Charter Treaty, available at http://www.encharter.org.
④2009年联合国秘书长关于联合国工作的报告，A/64/1（SUPP），available athttp://www.un.org/zh/ga/64/docs/1/3.html#2
⑤参见[荷兰]尼科.斯赫雷弗著，汪习根、黄海滨译，《可持续发展在国际法中的演进：起源、涵义及地位》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2010年版，第152页。
①参见[美]爱蒂丝·布朗.·魏伊丝著，汪劲等译，《公平地对待未来人类：国际法、共同遗产与世代间平衡》，北京：法律出版社2000年版，第18页。
②U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, June3-14,1992, Rio Declaration on Environment andDevelopment, U.N. Doc.A/CONF.151/26(1992).
③U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, June3-14,1992, Rio Declaration on Environment andDevelopment, U.N. Doc.A/CONF.151/26(1992).
④U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, May9,1992, S. Treaty Doc.No.102-38(1992),1771U.N.T.S.108.
①See IEA，World Energy Outlook2011，available at www.worldenergyoutlook.org
②See IEA，World Energy Outlook2011，available at www.worldenergyoutlook.org
③See Lakshman D. Guruswamy, Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, Chapman Law Review,Vol.8, No.1,2005: pp.77-78.
④初级能源是指自然资源中诸如煤、天然气、原油、阳光和铀等能够被认为转换和改造以满足现代人类需要的能源。可持续初级能源是指不会造成明显、有害的环境影响的能源。
①参见杨泽伟，国际能源法：一个新的国际法分支，华冈法粹第四十期，2008年3月：第187页。
②参见杨泽伟，《中国能源安全法律保障研究》，北京：中国政法大学出版社2009版，第226页。
③（1972）UNYB318，L.B. Sohn, The Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment,(1973)14HarvardInternational Law Journal423.
①See Richard Scot, the History of the IEA—the First20years, Volume1: the Origins and Structures of the IEA,OECD/IEA,1994, p.407.
②参见杨泽伟，国际能源法：一个新的国际法分支，华冈法粹第四十期，2008年3月：第190页。
③Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Paragraph63of the Court’s Judgement of20December1974in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v France)Case,1995I.C.J.288-347(Order of Sept.22),available at http://www.icj-cij.org.
①See Stathis N. Palassis, Beyond the Global Summits: Reflecting on the Environmental Principles of SustainableDevelopment, Colorado Journal of International Environment Law and Policy, Vol.22，No.1，2011: p.68-69.
②参见杨泽伟，国际能源法：一个新的国际法分支，华冈法粹第四十期，2008年3月：第194页。
③参见[新西兰]克劳斯.鲍斯曼，能源可持续发展的伦理学蕴含，比较法研究，2004年第4期：第151页。
④参见杨泽伟，国际能源法：一个新的国际法分支，华冈法粹第四十期，2008年3月：第195页。
①U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, May9,1992, S. Treaty Doc.No.102-38(1992),1771U.N.T.S.108.
②U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, June3-14,1992, Rio Declaration on Environment andDevelopment, U.N. Doc.A/CONF.151/26(1992).
③Agreement on the International Energy Program，18November1974, available at http://www.iea.org.
④参见肖兴利，《国际能源机构能源安全法律制度研究》，北京：中国政法大学出版社2009年版：第9页。
⑤See Lakshman Guruswamy, a New Framework: Post-Kyoto Energy and Environmental Secutity, ColoradoJournal of International Environment Law and Policy, Vol.16, No.2,2005: p.346.
①中国和印度即将成为化石燃料最大消费国，两国的二氧化碳排放量将在2015年有可能超过国际能源机构成员国排放量的总和。
②参见白中红，《<能源宪章条约>的争端解决机制研究》，武汉大学2011年博士学位论文：第15-16页。
③Energy Charter Treaty, available at http://www.encharter.org.
①Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Related Environmental Aspects, available athttp://www.encharter.org./fileadmin/user_upload/document/EN.pdf#page=141
②U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, May9,1992, S. Treaty Doc.No.102-38(1992),1771U.N.T.S.
①Kyoto Protocol to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, Dec.10,1997,37I.L.M.32.
②参见欧委会条约办公室数据网址http://ec.europa.eu/world/agreements/glossary/glossary.jsp#summary
③See Richard Scot, the History of the IEA—the First20Years, Volume One: the Origins and Structures of theIEA,1994, p.46-57.
④参见冯建中，《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版：第48页。
①The EuropeanEnergy Charter, available at
②http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/external_dimension_enlargement/l27028_en.htm98/181/EC, ECSC, Euratom: Council and Commission Decision of23September1997on the conclusion, by
the European Communities, of the Energy Charter Treaty and the Energy Charter Protocol on energy efficiency
and related environmental aspects，OJ L69,09/03/1998, p1–116.
③④Kyoto Protocol to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, Dec.10,1997,37I.L.M.32.Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, Climate change-Towards
⑤an EU post-Kyoto strategy, COM(98)353final,03/06/1998.Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament,Preparing forimplementation of the Kyoto Protocol, COM(99)230final,19/05/1999.
①Commission Communication of9February2005"Winning the battle against global climate change",COM(2005)35，O J C125,21/05/2005.
②参见[荷兰]尼科·斯赫雷弗著，汪习根、黄海滨译，《可持续发展在国际法中的演进：起源、涵义及地位》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2010年版：第118-119页。
①参见何志鹏，《发展权与欧盟的法律体制》，长春：吉林大学出版社2009年版：第20页。
②③Single European Act, OJ L169,29/06/1987.Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty), OJ C191,29/07/1992.
④Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, O J C310,16/12/2004.
⑤Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community,signed at Lisbon, O J C306,17/12/2007.
①Commission Communication,‘A Sustainable Europe for a Better World: A European Union Strategy forSustainable Development’(Commission proposal to the Gothenburg European Council)，COM（2001）264final,15/05/2001.
①Commission, Energy and the Environment, COM (89)369final, Brussels,08/02/1990.
②Communication from the Commission to the European Council on a partnership for integration: a strategy forintegrating the environment into EU policies (Cardiff-June1998), COM(1998)333,27/05/1998.
③④Consolidated Version of the Treaty Establishing the European Community, O J C340,10/11/1997.Communication from the Commission to the European Council-Partnership for integration-A strategy forIntegrating Environment into EU Policies-Cardiff-June1998, COM/98/0333final,27/05/1998
⑤Commission working document of1June2004entitled "Integrating environmental considerations into other
⑥policy areas-a stocktaking of the Cardiff process", COM(2004)394, O J C49,28/02/2006.Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, OJ C303,14/12/2007.
①European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682final,13/12/1995.
②European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM (2000)769final,29/11/2000.
③Directive2011/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of27September2001on the promotion ofelectricity from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market, O J L283,27/10/2001. p.33–40.
④Directive2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of8May2003on the promotion of the useof biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport, O J L123,17/05/2003, p.42–46.
⑤Directive2009/28/ECof the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009on the promotion of theuse of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives2001/77/EC and2003/30/EC, OJ l140,05/06/2009, p.16–62.
①European Commission, Energy Efficiency Plan2011, COM (2011)109final, Brussels,8/3/2011, p.1.
②Commission, Energy and the Environment, COM (89)369final, Brussels,08/02/1990.
③Directive2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of6July2005, establishing a frameworkfor the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-using products and amending Council Directive92/42/EECand Directive96/57/EC and2000/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, O J L191/29,22/7/2005.p.29-58.
④Directive2008/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of11March2008amending Directive2005/32/EC establishing a framework for the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-using products, as wellas Council Directive92/42/EEC and Directives96/57/EC and2000/55/EC, as regards the implementing powersconferred on the Commission, O J L081,20/03/2008, p.48–50.
⑤Directive2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of21October2009establishing aframework for setting of eco-design requirements for energy-related products (recast) O J L285,31/10/2009,p.10–35.
⑥2010/2107（INI）：European Parliament own initiative report on Revision of the Energy Efficiency Action Plan.
⑦European Commission, Energy Efficiency Plan2011, COM (2011)109final, Brussels,8/3/2011, p.1.
①European Commission, Green Paper: a European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy,
②COM(2006)105final,08/03/2006.Communication from the Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament of10January
③2007,"An energy policy for Europe", COM(2007)1final,10/01/2007.参见杨泽伟.欧盟能源法律与政策及其对中国的启示[C].武大国际法评论(第七卷),武汉大学出版社,2007版：135-142页。
④参见曾令良，《欧洲联盟法总论——以<欧洲宪法条约>为新视角》，武汉：武汉大学出版社2007年版，第109页。
①European Commission, Renewables Make the Difference, Luxembourge: Publications Office of the EuropeanUnion, October2010, p.1.
②2002年4月25日欧盟理事会已正式批准了《京都议定书》。
③European Commission, Green Paper: a European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy,COM(2006)105final,08/03/2006.
④参见赵爽，《能源法律制度生态化研究》，北京：法律出版社2010年版，第114页.
⑤European Commission, A Community Strategy to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emission and to Improve EnergyEfficiency, COM(92)246,01/06/1992.
⑥European Commission, the Energy Dimension of Climate Change, COM (97)196final,14/05/1997.
①参见欧委会气候行动网址http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/package/index_en.htm.
②Directive2009/28/ECof the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009on the promotion of theuse of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives2001/77/EC and2003/30/EC, OJ l140,05/06/2009, p.1-62.
③Directive2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009amending Directive2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of theCommunity，OJ L140,05/06/2009, p.63–87.
①Directive2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of27September2001on the promotionof electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market, OJ L283,27/10/2001, p.
②33–40.Directive2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of27September2001on the promotionof electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market, OJ L283,27/10/2001, p.
③33–40.Directive2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of8May2003on the promotion ofthe use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport, O J L123,17/05/2003, p.42–46.
④Communication from the Commission to the Parliament and Council, Renewable Energy: Progressing towardsthe2020Target, COM（2011）31final,31/01/2011.
⑤Communication from the Commission to the Parliament and Council, Renewable Energy: Progressing towards
①Directive2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009on the promotion of theuse of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives2001/77/EC and2003/30/EC, O J L140,05/06/2009, p.16–62.
②Communication from the Commission to the Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and SocialCommittee, and the Committee of theRegions, Energy Infrastructure Priorities for2020and beyond-A Blueprintfor an Integrated European Energy Network, COM(2010)677final,17/11/2010.
①Communication from the Commission on the practical implementation of the EU biofuels and bioliquidssustainability scheme and on counting rules for biofuels, O J C160,19/06/2010, p.8–16.
②Communication from the Commission to the Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and SocialCommittee, and the Committee of theRegions, Energy Infrastructure Priorities for2020and beyond-A Blueprintfor an Integrated European Energy Network, COM(2010)677final,17/11/2010.
①European Commission, Renewables Make the Difference, Luxembourge: Publications Office of the EuropeanUnion, October2010, p.1.
②参见赵爽，《能源法律制度生态化研究》，北京：法律出版社2010年版，第114页。
③European Commission, Renewables Make the Difference, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the EuropeanUnion, October2010, p.5.
④European Commission, Renewables Make the Difference, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European
⑤Union, October2010, p.5.
⑥参见张焕波，《中国、美国和欧盟气候政策分析》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2010年版，第90页。European Commission, An Energy Policy for Europe, COM(2007)1final,10/01/2007, p.16.
⑦European Commission, Renewable Energy: Progressing towards the2020target, COM(2011)31final,31/01/2011, p.2.
①由于在2.1中已经对欧盟基础条约的相关内容进行过论述，因此本章只探讨欧盟可再生能源的次级立法
②以及有关政策。Directive2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of27September2001on the promotionof electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market, OJ L283,27/10/2001, p.33–40.
①Directive2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of8May2003on the promotion of
②the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport, O J L123,17/05/2003, p.42–46.Directive2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009on the promotion of theuse of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives2001/77/EC and2003/30/EC, O J L140,05/06/2009, p.16–62.
①Directive96/92/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of19December1996concerningcommon rules for the internal market in electricity, O J L27,30/01/1997, p.20–29.
②Directive2003/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of26June2003concerning common rulesfor the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive96/92/EC-Statements made with regard to
③decommissioning and waste management activities，OJ L176,15/07/2003, p.37–56.Directive2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009concerning commonrules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive2003/54/EC, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.55–93.
④Council Directive2003/96/EC of27October2003restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of
⑤energy products and electricity, O J L283,31/10/2003, p.51–70.93/500/EEC: Council Decision of13September1993concerning the promotion of renewable energy sources in
⑥the Community (Altener programme), O J L235,18/09/1993, p.41–44.Decision No646/2000/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of28February2000adopting amultiannual programme for the promotion of renewable energy sources in the Community (Altener)(1998to2002), O J L79,30/03/2000, p.1–5.
①Regulation (EC) No1228/2003of the European Parliament and of the Council of26June2003on conditions
②for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity, O J L176,15/07/2003, p.1–10.Regulation (EC) No713/2009of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009establishing an
③Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.1–14.Regulation (EC) No714/2009of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009onconditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity and repealing Regulation (EC)No1228/2003, OJ L211,14/08/2009, p.15–35.
④参见冯建中,《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版，第49页。
⑤Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of17Septemper1974concerning a new energypolicy strategy for the Community, O J L153,09/07/1975, p.1-2.
⑥Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of17December1974concerning Communityenergy policy objectives for1985, O J L153,09/07/1975, p.2-4.
⑦JCR是欧共体1957年成立的“联合研究中心”，负责共同体能源研发计划。European Commission, EnergyPolicy in the European Community-Perspectives and Achievements, COM(80)397final, p.18-19.
①Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of9June1980concerning Community EnergyPolicy Objectives for1990and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, Council of the EuropeanCommunities Press Releases, Presidency: Italy, Meeting and Press Releases May-June1980, p.6.
②European Commission, the Development of an Energy Strategy for the Community, COM(81)540final,02/10/1981.
③Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, the European Community and the EnergyProblem.3rded. European Documentation1-1983, p.46.
④Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of16September1986Concerning New CommunityEnergy Policy Objectives for1995and Convergence of the Policies of the Member States. O J C241,25/09/1986,p.1-3.
⑤Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of26Novermber1986on a Community Orientationto Develop New and Renewable Energy Sources,86/C316/01, O J C316,09/12/1986, p.1-2.
①Commission, Energy and the Environment, COM (89)369final, Brussels,08/02/1990.
②European Commission, Community Strategy to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emissions and to Improve EnergyEfficiency, COM(1992)246final,01/06/1992.
③European Commission, Specific Actions for Greater Penetration for Remewable Energy Resources-ALTENER,
④COM (92)180final,29/06/1992.European Commission, A European Community programme of policy and action in relation to the environmentand sustainable development, O J C138,17/05/1993, p.5–98.
⑤European Commission, Green Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM (94)659final,23/02/1995
⑥European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682final,13/12/1995.
⑦Council of the European Union, Council Resolution of8July1996on the White Paper “an Energy Policy forthe European Union”, O J C224,01/08/1996, p.1-2.
①European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-Green Paper for a CommunityStrategy, COM(96)576final,20/11/1996.
②European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a CommunityStrategy and Action Plan, COM(97)599final,26/11/1997.
③European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000)769final,29/11/2000.
④European Commission, Green Paper: a European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy,COM(2006)105final,08/03/2006.
⑤Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament-Biofuels Progress Report-Report on the progress made in the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels in the Member States of the EuropeanUnion, COM(2006)845final,10/01/2007.
⑥Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament-Renewable energy road
①Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions of10November2010–Energy2020A Strategy forcompetitive, sustainable and secure energy, COM(2010)639final,10/11/2010.
②Council of the European Union, Council Directive2003/96/EC of27October2003restructuring theCommunity framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity, O J L283,31/10/2003, p.51-70.
③European Commission,Proposal for a Council Directive amending Directive2003/96/EC restructuring theCommunity framework for the taxation of on energy products and electricity, Brussels, COM(2011)169final,13/04/2011.
①②参见黄梦华，欧盟可再生能源政策研究，中国商界，2010年第8期:第1-3页。See Tyler Hagenbuch, Establishing an Aggressive Legal Framework for the Future of Wind Energy in Europe,Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol.42，No.5，2009：p.1610.
①Ecofys, Financing Renewable Energy in the European Energy Market(Final Report), by order of EuropeanCommission, DG Energy,02/01/2011.
②Communication from the Commission to the Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and SocialCommittee, and the Committee of theRegions, Energy Infrastructure Priorities for2020and beyond-A Blueprintfor an Integrated European Energy Network, COM(2010)677final,17/11/2010.
①Ecofys, Financing Renewable Energy in the European Energy Market(Final Report), by order of EuropeanCommission, DG Energy,02/01/2011.
①参见黄速建、郭朝先，欧盟发展可再生能源的主要做法及对我国的启示，经济管理·新管理，2005年第10期：第4-11页。
①Directive2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009on the promotion of theuse of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives2001/77/EC and2003/30/EC, O J L140,05/06/2009, p.16–62.
②European Commission, Renewable Energy: Progressing towards the2020target, COM(2011)31final,31/01
①参见罗涛，德国新能源和可再生能源立法模式及其对我国的启示，中外能源，2010第1期：第34-44页。
②参见周弘、[德]贝娅特·科勒-科赫主编，《欧盟治理模式》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2008年版，第180页。
③④参见罗涛，德国新能源和可再生能源立法模式及其对我国的启示，中外能源，2010第1期：第34-44页。参见[澳]艾德里安·.J·布拉德布鲁克主编，《能源法与可持续发展》，北京：法律出版社2005年版，第197-200页。
⑤Directive2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009on the promotion of theuse of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives2001/77/EC and
①See Tyler Hagenbuch, Establishing an Aggressive Legal Framework for the Future of Wind Energy in Europe,Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol.42，No.5，2009：p.1613.
②Directive2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009on the promotion of theuse of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives2001/77/EC and2003/30/EC, O J L140,05/06/2009, p.16–62.
③See Tyler Hagenbuch, Establishing an Aggressive Legal Framework for the Future of Wind Energy in Europe,Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol.42，No.5，2009：p.1611.
①Directive2004/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of27October2004amending Directive2003/87/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, inrespect of the Kyoto Protocol's project mechanismsText with EEA relevance, O J L338,13/11/2004, p.18–23.
①Directive2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009on the geological storageof carbon dioxide and amending Council Directive85/337/EEC, European Parliament and Council Directives2000/60/EC,2001/80/EC,2004/35/EC,2006/12/EC,2008/1/EC and Regulation (EC) No1013/2006, O J L140,05/06/2009, p.114–135.
②Directive2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of23April2009on the promotion of theuse of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives2001/77/EC and
③2003/30/EC, O J L140,05/06/2009, p.16–62.http://www.weather.com.cn/climate/qhbhyw/11/1182416.shtml
①核能又称原子能，它是原子核里的核子——中子或质子，重新分配和组合时释放出来的能量。核能分为两类：一类叫裂变能，一类叫聚变能。本文中核能与原子能是同义语。
②http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/nuclear_energy/index_en.htm
③Proposal for a Council Directive laying down basic standards for protection against the dangers arising from
④exposure to ionising radiation, COM (2011)593final,29/09/2011.Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament,50years of the EuratomTreaty, COM(2007)0124final,20/03/2007.
①Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community，O J C84,30/03/2010.
①Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community，O J C84,30/03/2010.
②Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community，O J C84,30/03/2010.
①Proposal for a Council Directive laying down basic standards for protection against the dangers arising fromexposure to ionising radiation, COM (2011)593final,29/09/2011.
①Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament,50years of the EuratomTreaty, COM(2007)0124final.20/03/2007.
②Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of17December1974concerning Communityenergy policy Objectives for1985, O J C153,09/07/1975, p.2-4.
①EAEC Council: Decision on the establishment of the "société d'energie nucléaire franco-belge des Ardennes"Joint Undertaking, O J065,09/10/1961, p.1173–1189.
②74/296/Euratom: Council Decision of4June1974on the conferring of advantages on the Hochtemperatur-Kernkraftwerk GmbH (HKG) Joint Undertaking,O J L165,20/06/1974, p.14–15.
③75/328/Euratom: Council Decision of20May1975on the establishment of the Joint Undertaking'Schnell-Brüter-Kernkraftwerksgesellschaft mbH'(SBK), O J L152,12/06/1975, p.8–10.
④Council Decision78/471/Euratom of30May1978on the establishment of the Joint European Torus (JET),Joint Undertaking (OJ L151,7.6.1978, p.10). Decision as last amended by Decision98/585/Euratom (OJ L282,
⑤20.10.1998, p.65).2007/198/Euratom: Council Decision of27March2007establishing the European Joint Undertaking for ITERand the Development of Fusion Energy and conferring advantages upon it，OJ L90,30/03/2007, p.58–72.
⑥http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/index.cfm?id=1410&obj_id=14260&dt_code=NWS&lang=en
①Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community，O J C84,30/03/2010.
②http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/index.cfm?id=3800&lang=en
③http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/index.cfm?id=3810
④http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/index.cfm?id=3820
⑤参见冯建中，《欧盟能源战略：走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版，第78页。
⑥http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/index.cfm?id=3830
①http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/index.cfm?id=3840
②Council Resolution of25July1983on framework programme for Community research, development and
③demonstration activities and a first framework programme for1984-1987, OJC208,04/08/1983, p.187/590/EEC: Council Decision of14December1987relating to a research and development programme
④in the field of science and technology for development (1987-91), OJ L355,17/12/1987, p.41–45.Opinion of the Economic and Social Committee on the proposal for a Council Decision concerningSupplementary Financing of the Third Framework Programme of Community Activities in the field of Researchand Technological development (1990-1994)，OJ C19,25/01/1993, p.106–111.
⑤Council of the European Union, Council Decision1110/94/EC Forth framework programme of EuropeanCommunity activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration(1994-1998), O J L126,18/05/1994, p.1-33.
⑥Council of the European Union,Council Decision1999/175/Euratom of25January1999adopting a researchand training programme (Euratom) in the field of nuclear energy(1998-2002), O J L64,12/03/1999, p.142-153.
⑦1999/64/Euratom:Council Decision of22December1998concerning the Fifth Framework Programme of the
①②Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community，O J C84,30/03/2010.Council Directive80/836/Euratom of15July1980amending the Directives laying down the basic safetystandards for the health protection of the general public and workers against the dangers of ionizing
③radiation OJ L246,17/09/1980, p.1–72.Council Directive84/466/Euratom of3September1984laying down basic measures for the radiation
④protection of persons undergoing medical examination or treatment，OJ L265,05/10/1984, p.1–3.Council Directive84/467/Euratom of3September1984amending Directive80/836/Euratom as regardsthe basic safety standards for the health protection of the general public and workers against the dangers ofionizing radiation OJ L265,05/10/1984, p.4–156.
⑤Council Decision87/600/Euratom of14December1987on Community arrangements for the early exchange ofinformation in the event of a radiological emergency, O J L371,30/12/1987, p.76–78.
⑥Council Directive89/618/Euratom of27November1989on informing the general public about healthprotection measures to be applied and steps to be taken in the event of a radiological emergency, O J L357,07/12/1989, p.31–34.
⑦See Karen McMillan, Strengthening the International Legal Framework for Nuclear Energy, GeorgetownInternational Environmental Law Review, Vol.13, No.3,2001: p989.
①http://news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2011_03/15/5171605_0.shtml
②Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsibleand safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. O J L199,2/8/2011, p.48-56.
③Proposal for a Council Directive laying down requirements for the protection of the health of the general publicwith regard to radioactive substances in water intended for human consumption, COM(2011)385final,Brussels27/06/2011.
④Proposal for a Council Directive laying down basic standards for protection against the dangers arising fromexposure to ionising radiation, COM (2011)593final, Brussels,29/09/2011.
⑤EAEC Council: The Statutes of the Euratom Supply Agency, OJ27,06/12/1958, p.534–540.
⑥参见冯建中，《欧盟能源战略：走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版，第22页。
①Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No1605/2002of25June2002on the Financial Regulation applicable to thegeneral budget of the European Communities，OJ L248,16/9/2002, p1. Regulation as last amended by Regulation
②(EC) No1525/2007, OJ L343,27/12/2007, p.9.Council Decision2008/114/EC, Euratom, of12February2008establishing Statutes for the Euratom Supply
Agency, OJ L41,15/2/2008, p.15–20.
①②Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community，O J C84,30/03/2010.Commission Regulation (Euratom) No3227/76of19October1976concerning the application of the provisions
③on Euratom safeguards, O J L363,31/12/1976, p.1–57.Commission Regulation (Euratom) No220/90of26January1990amending Commission Regulation (Euratom)No3227/76of19October1976concerning the application of the provisions on Euratom safeguards,OJ L22,
④27/1/1990, p.56.Commission Regulation (Euratom) No2130/93of27July1993amending Regulation (Euratom) No3227/76
⑤concerning the application of the provisions on Euratom safeguards，OJ L191,31/7/1993, p.75.Proposal for a Council Decision approving a Commission Regulation on the application of Euratom safeguards,
⑥COM（2002）0099final,O J C227E,24/09/2002, p.224–291.Commission Regulation (Euratom) No302/2005of8February2005on the application of Euratom safeguards-
Council/Commission statement, OJ L54,28/2/2005, p.1–71.
①Citizen’s Summary explaining the revised proposal for a Council Directive (Euratom) on the management ofspent fuel and radioactive waste， available athttp://ec.europa.eu/energy/nuclear/waste_management/doc/2010_11_03_citizens_summary.pdf
②欧洲核能论坛是2007年由欧委会发起的，旨在为成员国政府、欧盟机构、核工业、电力消费者和公民社会广泛、自由讨论透明度、核能的机遇和风险等问题提供一个平台。
①Citizen’s Summary explaining the revised proposal for a Council Directive (Euratom) on the management ofspent fuel and radioactive waste， available at
②http://ec.europa.eu/energy/nuclear/waste_management/doc/2010_11_03_citizens_summary.pdf1999/819/Euratom: Commission Decision of16November1999concerning the accession to the1994Convention on Nuclear Safety by the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)(notified under documentnumber C(1999)3223)OJ L318,11.12.1999, p.20；欧盟于2000年1月30日加入《核安全公约》。
③Convention on Nuclear Safety, September29,1994(entered into force October24,1996), available at IAEA(Legal Series No.16,1994).
④Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsibleand safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. O J L199,2/8/2011, p.48-56.
⑤Council Directive2009/71/Euratom of25June2009establishing a Community framework for the nuclearsafety of nuclear installations Official Journal L172,02/07/2009, p.18–22.
①Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsibleand safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. O J L199,2/8/2011, p.52-53.
②Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsibleand safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. O J L199,2/8/2011, p.53.
③Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsibleand safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. O J L199,2/8/2011, p.53-54.
①Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsibleand safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. O J L199,2/8/2011, p.54.
②Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsibleand safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. O J L199,2/8/2011, p.55.
③Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsibleand safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. O J L199,2/8/2011, p.55.
④Council Directive2011/70/Euratom of19July2011establishing a Community framework for the responsible
①Proposal for a Council Directive laying down basic standards for protection against the dangers arising fromexposure to ionising radiation, COM (2011)593final, Brussels,29/09/2011.
②Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community，O J C84,30/03/2010.
③Proposal for a Council Directive laying down basic standards for protection against the dangers arising fromexposure to ionising radiation, COM (2011)593final, Brussels,29/09/2011.
④WHO Handbook on indoor randon, World Health Organisation,2009, ISBN978924154767.
①Citizens Summary of Council Directive laying down basic standards for protection against the dangers arisingfrom exposure to ionising radiation,http://ec.europa.eu/energy/nuclear/radiation_protection/doc/com_2011_0593_citizen_summary.pdf
②Council Directive89/106/EEC of21December1988on the approximation of laws, regulations andadministrative provisions of the Member States relating to construction products. OJ L40,11/2/1989, p.12–26.
③Council Directive96/29/Euratom of13May1996laying down basic safety standards for the protection of thehealth of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionising radiation, O J L159,29/6/1996,p.1.
④Council Directive89/618/Euratom of27November1989on informing the general public about health protectionmeasures to be applied and steps to be taken in the event of a radiological emergency, O J L357,07/12/1989,p.31–34.
①Council Directive90/641/Euratom of2December1990on the operational protection of ourside workersexposed to the risk of ionising radiation during their activities in controlled areas, O J L349,13/12/1990, p.21–25.
②Council Directive96/29/Euratom of13May1996laying down basic safety standards for the protection of thehealth of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionising radiation, O J L159,29/06/1996,p.1.
③Council Directive97/43/Euratom of30June1997on health protection of individuals against the dangers ofionising radiation in relation to medical exposure, OJ L180,09/07/1997, p.22–27.
④Council Directive2003/122/Euratom of22December2003on the control of high-activity sealed radioactivesources and orphan sources, OJ L346,31.12.2003, p.57–64.
①The Commission's new Energy Efficiency Directive, MEMO/11/440, Brussels,22/6/2011.
②The Energy Charter Treaty, Dec.17,1997,34I.L.M.360, available at http://www.encharter.org.
③The Commission's new Energy Efficiency Directive, MEMO/11/440, Brussels,22/6/2011.
①Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Related Environmental Aspects, available athttp://www.encharter.org./fileadmin/user_upload/document/EN.pdf#page=141
②European Commission, Energy Efficiency Plan2011, COM (2011)109final,080/3/2011.
③European Commission Green Paper：A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy,COM(2006)105final,08/03/2006.
④Communication from the Commission to the Parliament and Council, Renewable Energy: Progressing towardsthe2020Target, COM（2011）31final,31/01/2011.
⑤European Commission Green Paper: Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply，COM(2000)
769final, of29/11/2000.
⑥参见[德]Ulrich Steger等著，廖华等译，《能源系统的可持续发展与创新》，北京：机械工业出版社2011年版，第95页。
⑦A new directive on energy efficiency-challenges addressed and solution proposed, available athttp://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/eed/doc/2011_directive/20110622_energy_efficiency_directive_slides_presentation_en.pdf
①Council Directive93/76/EEC of13September1993to limit carbon dioxide emissions by improving energyefficiency (SAVE)，OJ L237,22/9/1993, p.28–30.
②Communication from the Commission,Europe2020-A strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth,COM(2010)2020final,03/03/2010.
③European Commission Green Paper on Energy Efficiency-or Doing More with Less, COM(2005)265final,22/06/2005.
④Commission Staff Working Document Impact Assessment Accompanying document to the Communicationfrom the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee andthe Committee of the Regions Commission Staff Working Document Energy Efficiency Plan2011{COM(2011)
109} final {SEC(2011)278} final {SEC(2011)279}final {SEC(2011)280} final/SEC/2011/0277final，
①Directive2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of21October2009establishing a frameworkfor the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-related products, O J L285,31/10/2009, p.10–35.
②European Commission, Energy Efficiency Plan2011, COM (2011)109final,08/03/2011.
③参见[德]Ulrich Steger等著，廖华等译，《能源系统的可持续发展与创新》，北京：机械工业出版社2011
年版，第95页。
④Directive2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of5April2006on energy end-use
⑤efficiency and energy services and repealing Council Directive93/76/EEC，O J L114,24/4/2006, p.64-85.Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the energy performance of buildings,
COM(2001)226final—2001/0098(COD), O J C213E,31/07/2001, p.266–270.
①Council Directive89/106/EEC of21December1988on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative
②provisions of the Member States relating to construction products，O J L40,11/2/1989, p.12–26.Council Directive93/76/EEC of13September1993to limit carbon dioxide emissions by improving energy
③efficiency (SAVE) OJ L237,22/09/1993, p.28–30.Directive2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of16December2002on the energyperformance of buildings, O J L1,04/01/2003, p.65-71.
④Directive2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of19May2010on the energyperformance of buildings (recast)，O J L153,18/06/2010, p13-35. The recast Directive entered into force in July2010, but the repeal of the current Directive will only take place on1/02/2012.
①Drective2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of21October2009establishing aframework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products, OJ L285,31/10/2009, p.10–35.
②Council Directive92/75/EEC of22September1992on the indication by labeling and standard productinformation of the consumption of energy and other resources by household appliances, O J L197,13/10/1992,p.16-19.
③Directive2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of19May2010on the indication bylabeling and standard product information of the consumption of energy and other resources by energy-relatedproducts, OJ L153,18/06/2010, p.1–12.
①有关条例包括Commission Delegated Regulation(EU)No1059/2010, Commission Delegated Regulation(EU)No1060/2010, Commission Delegated Regulation(EU)No1061/2010, Commission Delegated Regulation(EU)No1062/2010, Commission Delegated Regulation(EU)No626/2011.
②Directive2004/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of11February2004on the promotion ofcogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market and amending Directive92/42/EEC of21May1992on efficiency requirement for new hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels, O J L52,21/02/2004, p.50-60.
③Directive2004/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of11February2004on the promotion ofcogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market and amending Directive92/42/EEC of21May1992on efficiency requirement for new hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels, O J L52,
④21/02/2004, p.50-60.Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council On establishing a framework for thesetting of Eco-design requirements for Energy-Using Products and amending Council Directive92/42/EEC/*COM（2003）0453final-COD2003/0172，01/08/2003.
⑤Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council On establishing a framework for thesetting of Eco-design requirements for Energy-Using Products and amending Council Directive92/42/EEC/*COM（2003）0453final-COD2003/0172，01/08/2003.
①Council Directive92/42/EEC of21May1992on efficiency requirements for new hot-water boilers fired withliquid or gaseous fuels, O J L167,22.6.1992, p.17–28.Directive96/57/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of3September1996on energy efficiencyrequirements for household electric refrigerators, freezers and combinations thereof, O J L236,18/09/1996, p.36–43.Directive2000/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of18September2000on energyefficiency requirements for ballasts for fluorescent lighting, OJ L279,01/11/2000, p.33–39.
②Directive2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of6July2005, establishing a frameworkfor the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-using products and amending Council Directive92/42/EECand Directive96/57/EC and2000/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, O J L191/29,22/7/2005,p.29-58.
③Directive2008/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of11March2008amending Directive2005/32/EC establishing a framework for the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-using products, as wellas Council Directive92/42/EEC and Directives96/57/EC and2000/55/EC, as regards the implementing powersconferred on the Commission, O J L081,20/03/2008, p.48–50.
④Directive2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of21October2009establishing aframework for setting of eco-design requirements for energy-related products (recast) O J L285,31/10/2009,p.10–35.
①有关条例包括Commission Regulation(EU)No107/2009，Commission Regulation(EU)No244/2009，Commission Regulation(EU)No245/2009，Commission Regulation(EU)No640/2009，CommissionRegulation(EU)No641/2009，Commission Regulation (EU)No642/2009，Commission Regulation (EU)No643/2009，Commission Regulation(EU)No859/2009，Commission Regulation(EU)No347/2010，CommissionRegulation(EU)No1015/2010，Commission Regulation(EU)No1016/2010，Commission Regulation(EU)No327/2011.
②Decision No1230/2003/EC of European Parliament and of the Council of26June2003adopting a multiannualprogramme for action in the field of energy:”Intelligent Energy-Europe”(2003-2006), O J L176,15/07/2003, p.29-36.
①Communication to the Spring European Council-Working together for growth and jobs-A new start for theLisbon Strategy-Communication from President Barroso in agreement with Vice-President Verheugen {SEC (200
②5)192}{SEC(2005)193}, COM（2005）0024final.02/02/2005.Decision No1639/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of24October2006establishing aCompetitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (2007to2013), OJ L310,09/11/2006, p.15–40.
③Council Decision2006/1005/EC of18December2006concerning conclusion of the Agreement between theGovernment of the United States of America and the European Community on the coordination of energy-efficiency labelling programmes for office equipment，O J L381,28/12/2006, p.24–25.
①Decision No1982/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of18December2006concerningthe Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for research, technological development and
②demonstration activities (2007-2013)，OJ L412,30/12/2006, p.1–43.Commission Regulation (EC) No2760/98of18December1998concerning the implementation of aprogramme for cross-border cooperation in the framework of the PHARE programme, OJ L345,19/12/1998, p.49–52.
①European Commission, Mobilising public and private finance towards global access to climate-friendly,affordable and secure energy service: the Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund, COM(2006)583final,06/10/2006.
②Communication from the Commission entitled: Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential,COM(2006)545final,19/10/2006.
③See Dalia Streimikiene et al., Use of EU Structual Funds for Sustainable Energy Development in New EUMember States, Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol.11, No.6,2005:p.1167.
④European Commission, Green Paper on Energy Efficiency-or Doing More with Less, COM(2005)265final.22/06/2005.
①②参见陈淑芬，《国际法视角下的清洁发展机制研究》，武汉：武汉大学出版社2011年版：第27页。Directive2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of13October2003establishing a schemefor greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive96/61/EC，
③O J L275,25/10/2003, p.32–46.Directive2008/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of19November2008amendingDirective2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowancetrading within the Community OJ L8,13.1.2009, p.3–21.
④Commission Regulation (EU) No1031/2010of12November2010on the timing, administration and otheraspects of auctioning of greenhouse gas emission allowances pursuant to Directive2003/87/EC of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowances trading，OJ L302,18/11/2010, p.1–41.
⑤Paolo Bertoldi, Tradable Certificates for Renewable Energy and Energy Saving, Energy Policy,2006Vol.34:p.23-25.
⑥Silvia Rezessy and Paolo Bertoldi, Financing Energy Efficiency: Forging the Link between Financing andProject Implementation, Report Prepared by the Joint Research Centre of European Commission, Ispra, May2010.
①Silvia Rezessy and Paolo Bertoldi, Financing Energy Efficiency: Forging the Link between Financing andProject Implementation, Report Prepared by the Joint Research Centre of European Commission, Ispra, May2010.
②Directive2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of5April2006on energy end-useefficiency and energy services and repealing Council Directive93/76/EEC，O J L114,24/4/2006, p.64-85.
①Silvia Rezessy and Paolo Bertoldi, Financing Energy Efficiency: Forging the Link between Financing andProject Implementation, Report Prepared by the Joint Research Centre of European Commission, Ispra, May2010.
②Communication from the Commission entitled: Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential,COM(2006)545final,19/10/2006.
①A new directive on energy efficiency-challenges addressed and solution proposed, available athttp://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/eed/doc/2011_directive/20110622_energy_efficiency_directive_slides_presentation_en.pdf
②Commission Green Paper,“Energy Efficiency-or Doing More With Less”, COM(2005)265final,22/06/2005.
①Commission Staff Working Document, Impact Assessment Accompanying document to the Communicationfrom the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee andthe Committee of the Regions Commission Staff Working Document, Energy Efficiency Plan2011{COM(2011)
109} final {SEC(2011)278} final {SEC(2011)279}final {SEC(2011)280} final, SEC/2011/277final,08/03/2011.
②Communication from the Commission entitled: Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential,COM(2006)545final,19/10/2006.
③http://news.66wz.com/system/2011/01/06/102324308.shtml
①A new directive on energy efficiency-challenges addressed and solution proposed, available athttp://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/eed/doc/2011_directive/20110622_energy_efficiency_directive_slides_presentation_en.pdf
②European Commission, Energy Efficiency Plan2011, COM (2011)109final,08/03/2011,p.1.
③Commission Staff Working Document, Impact Assessment Accompanying document to the Communicationfrom the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committeeand the Committee of the Regions Commission Staff Working Document, Energy Efficiency Plan2011{COM(2011)109} final {SEC(2011)278} final {SEC(2011)279}final {SEC(2011)280} final, SEC/2011/277final,08/03/2011.
④Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carboneconomy in2050, COM(2011)112,08/03/2011.
①2010/2107（INI）：European Parliament own initiative report on Revision of the Energy Efficiency Action Plan.
②European Commission, Energy Efficiency Plan2011, COM (2011)109final, Brussels,08/03/2011.p.3.
③European Commission, Energy Efficiency Plan2011, COM (2011)109final, Brussels,8/3/2011.p.2.
①A new directive on energy efficiency-challenges addressed and solution proposed, available athttp://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/eed/doc/2011_directive/20110622_energy_efficiency_directive_slides_presentation_en.pdf
②Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on energy efficiency and repealingDirectives2004/8/EC and2006/32/EC, COM(2011)370final,22/06/2011.
①A new directive on energy efficiency-challenges addressed and solution proposed, available athttp://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/eed/doc/2011_directive/20110622_energy_efficiency_directive_slides_presentation_en.pdf
①欧盟2011年7月28日发布的统计数据总人口为5.025亿人，欧盟2010年GDP为€12,268,387million，available at http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-11-038/EN/KS-SF-11-038-EN.PDFhttp://europa.eu/about-eu/facts-figures/economy/index_en.htm
②参见杨泽伟，欧盟能源法律与政策及其对中国的启示，武汉大学国际法评论第七卷，武汉大学出版社2007年版，第215页。
③参见冯建中，《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版，第16页。
①Treaty Establishing the European Coal and Steel Community，Paris，Signed on18April1951.
②http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/institutional_affairs/treaties/treaties_ecsc_en.htm
③European Communities, Treaty Establishing the European Atomic Energy Community, signed on25March1957, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications,1973.
④European Communities, Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community, signed on25March1957,Luxembourg:European Communities Publishing Services,1958.
①See M Roggenkamp, C Redgwell, Idel Guayo, and A Ronne (ed), Energy Law in Europe (2ndedition), OxfordUniversity Press,2007: p.227.
②参见冯建中，《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版，第23页。
③参见程卫东，《欧洲市场一体化》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2009年版，第41页。
④The European Community and the Energy Problem,3rdEdition, Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications ofthe European Communities,1983, p.23.
⑤参见冯建中，《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版，第33页。
①Council of the European Communities, Council Directive68/414/EEC of20December1968imposing anobligation on Member States of the EEC to maitain minimum stocks of crude oil and/or petroleum products, O J L308,23/12/1968, p.14-16.
②《罗马条约》第103条规定，如果某些产品出现供应困难，理事会可以在欧委会建议的基础上用一致同意的表决方式就所需采取的措施通过指令。
③Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of17Septemper1974concerning a new energypolicy strategy for the Community, O J L153,09/07/1975, p.1-2.
④Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of17December1974concerning Communityenergy policy objectives for1985, O J L153,09/07/1975, p.2-4.
⑤参见冯建中，《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版，第52-53页。
⑥参见程卫东，《欧洲市场一体化》，社会科学文献出版社2009年8月版，第37页。
⑦See Bela Belassa, the Theory of Economic Integration, Illinois:Richard D. Irwin,1961: p.2.
⑧European Commission, Completing the Internal Market—White Paper from the Commission to the EuropeanCouncil, COM(85)310final,14/06/1985.
①②Single European Act (1986)，O J L169，29/06/1987.Treaty of Nice Amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties Establishing the European Communitiesand Certain Related Acts Official Journal C80of10March2001.
③Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the EuropeanUnion, O J C115,09/05/2008.
①See David B. Spence, Can Law Manage Competitive Energy Markets? Cornell Law Review, Vol.93，No.4,2008:p.767.
②European Communities, Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community, signed on25March1957,Luxembourg:European Communities Publishing Services,1958.
③See David B. Spence, Can Law Manage Competitive Energy Markets? Cornell Law Review, Vol.93，No.4,2008:p.768.
①参见冯建中，《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版，第91页。
②See David B. Spence, Can Law Manage Competitive Energy Markets? Cornell Law Review, Vol.93，No.4,2008:p.772.
③即指令96/92/EC和指令98/30/EC。
④即指令2003/54/EC和指令2003/55/EC。
⑤See David B. Spence, Can Law Manage Competitive Energy Markets? Cornell Law Review, Vol.93，No.4,2008:p782.
①Directive96/92/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of19December1996concerningcommon rules for the internal market in electricity, O J L27,30/01/1997, p.20–29.
②Directive98/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of22June1998concerning commonrules for the internal market in natural gas, O J L204,21/07/1998, p.1–12.
③See Neelie Kroes, Improving Competition in European Energy Markets through Effective Unbundling, FordhamInternational Law Journal. Vol.31, No.5,2007：p.1387.
④Directive2003/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of26June2003concerning commonrules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive96/92/EC-Statements made with regard todecommissioning and waste management activities, O J L176,15/07/2003, p.37–56.
①Directive2003/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of26June2003concerning common
②rules for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive98/30/EC, O J L176,15/07/2003, p.57–78.Regulation (EC) No1228/2003of the European Parliament and of the Council of26June2003on conditions
③for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity, O J L176,15/07/2003, p.1–10.Regulation (EC) No1775/2005of the European Parliament and of the Council of28September2005onconditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks, O J L289,03/112005, p.1–13.
④See Neelie Kroes, Improving Competition in European Energy Markets through Effective Unbundling, FordhamInternational Law Journal. Vol.31, No.5,2007：p.1389.
①Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions-2020by2020-Europe's climate change opportunity，
②COM (2008)30,23/01/2008.参见杨泽伟，欧盟能源法律与政策及其对中国的启示.武大国际法评论(第七卷),武汉大学出版社2007年版，第135-142页。
③Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the EuropeanUnion, O J C115,09/05/2008.
④European Commission, Green Paper: a European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy,
⑤COM(2006)105final,08/03/2006.See Carlos Padros, Endrius E. Cocciolo. Security of Energy Supply: When Could National Policy TakePrecedence over European Law? Energy Law Journal, Vol.31，No.1，2010: p.31-54.
①See Neelie Kroes, Improving Competition in European Energy Markets through Effective Unbundling, Fordham
②International Law Journal. Vol.31, No.5,2007: p.1394.Regulation (EC) No713/2009of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009establishing an
③Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.1–14.Regulation (EC) No714/2009of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009on conditions for
access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity and repealing Regulation (EC) No1228/2003, O J
④L211,14/08/2009, p.15–35.Regulation (EC) No715/2009of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009on conditions foraccess to the natural gas transmission networks and repealing Regulation (EC) No1775/2005, O J L211,14/08/
⑤2009, p.36–54.Directive2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009concerning commonrules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive2003/54/EC, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.55–93.
①Directive2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009concerning common rulesfor the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive2003/55/EC, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.94–136.
②Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament-Prospects for the internal
③gas and electricity market, COM (2006)841,10/01/2007.参见郭磊,马莉,魏玢,2008年欧盟电力市场回顾及对我国的启示，电力技术经济，2009年第1期：第25-30
④Regulation (EC) No713/2009of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009establishing anAgency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.1–14.
①Regulation (EC) No713/2009of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009establishing anAgency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.1–14.
②条例(EC) No714/2009和条例(EC) No715/2009均有此规定。
①Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of9June1980Concerning Community EnergyPolicy Objective of1990and Convergence of Policies of the Member States,Council of the EuropeanCommunities Press Releases, Presidency: Italy, Meeting and Press Releases May-June1980, p.6.
②例如1975年理事会通过两项指令鼓励煤炭和核能发电，减少石油和天然气消费；1976年理事会通过了5项关于利用能源的具体措施的建议，1978年和1979年连续出台了多项节能和能效指令。
③European Commission, Green Paper: a European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy,COM(2006)105final,08/03/2006.
④参见高云辉，曹国慧，欧盟能源市场整合及一体化举措与进程，社会科学战线，2010年第6期：第230-233页。
①参见程卫东，《欧洲市场一体化：市场自由与法律》，北京社会科学文献出版社2009年版，第28页。
②参见刘明礼，欧盟能源与气候政策的战略调整，国际资料信息，2009年第10期：第5-9页。
①Directive2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009concerning commonrules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive2003/54/EC, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.55–93.Directive2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009concerning common rules
②for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive2003/55/EC, O J L211,14/08/2009, p.94–136.参见闫瑾，姜姝，欧盟能源安全政策分析——新制度主义视角，国际论坛，2010年第5期：第45-49页。
①参见冯建中，《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》，北京：时事出版社2010年版，第534页。
②Communication from the Commission to the Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and SocialCommittee, and the Committee of theRegions, Energy2020A strategy for competitive, sustainable and secureenergy, COM(2010)639final,10/11/2010.
①参见杨泽伟，欧盟能源法律与政策及其对中国的启示，武汉大学国际法评论第七卷，武汉大学出版社2007年版，第220页。
②参见杨泽伟，欧盟能源法律与政策及其对中国的启示，武汉大学国际法评论第七卷，武汉大学出版社2007年版，第220页。
①Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy Roadmap2050, COM(2011)885/2,15/12/2011:p.1.
①Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy Roadmap2050, COM(2011)885/2,15/12/2011:p.1.
②Regulation (EC) No663/2009of the European Parliament and of the Council of13July2009establishing aprogramme to aid economic recovery by granting Community financial assistance to projects in the field of energy,O J L200,31/07/2011, p.31-45.
①European Commission Directorate-General for Energy, Mid-term evaluation of the European Energy Programmefor Recovery (Final Report), December2011:p.4.
①European Commission Directorate-General for Energy, Mid-term evaluation of the European Energy Programmefor Recovery (Final Report), December2011:p.3.
②Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions,A resource-efficient Europe—Flagship initiative under theEurope2020Strategy COM(2011)21,26/01/2011.
①Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carboneconomy in2050, COM(2011)112,08/03/2011.
②Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy Roadmap2050, COM(2011)885/2,15/12/2011:p.1.
③[德]Ulrich Steger等著，廖华等译，能源系统的可持续发展与创新，机械工业出版社2011年版，第116
④White Paper: Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area–Towards a competitive and resource efficienttransport system，COM(2011)144,28/03/2011.
①Proposal for a Council Directive amending Directive2003/96/EC restructuring the Community framework forthe taxation of energy products and electricity, COM(2011)169,13/04/2011.
②Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Roadmap to a Resource-efficient Europe，COM(2011)571,20/09/2011.
③http://www.european-council.europa.eu/home-page/highlights/spring-european-council-2012-day-two?lang=en
①General Report on the Activities of the European Union—2011, Luxembourg: Publications Office of theEuropean Union,2012:p.35.
②http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/119175.pdf
③http://ec.europa.eu/research/csfri/pdf/com_2011_0048_csf_green_paper_en.pdf
④http://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/pdf/iu-scoreboard-2010_en.pdf
①General Report on the Activities of the European Union—2011, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the
②European Union,2012:p.36.http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/pdf/proposals/communication_from_the_commission_-_horizon_2020_-_the_framework_programme_for_research_and_innovation.pdf
③Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy Roadmap2050, COM(2011)885/2,15/12/2011:p.1
④General Report on the Activities of the European Union—2011, Luxembourg: Publications Office of theEuropean Union,2012:p.36.
⑤http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/pdf/proposals/communication_from_the_commission_-_horizon_2020_-_the_framework_programme_for_research_and_innovation.pdf
①Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy Roadmap2050, COM(2011)885/2,15/12/2011:p.7.
②Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy Roadmap2050, COM(2011)885/2,15/12/2011:p.18
③Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, on Security of Energy and International Cooperation-“theEU Energy Policy: Engaging with Partners beyond Our Borders”, COM2011)539,07/09/2011.
①General Report on the Activities of the European Union—2011, Luxembourg: Publications Office of theEuropean Union,2012:p.126.
②General Report on the Activities of the European Union—2011, Luxembourg: Publications Office of theEuropean Union,2012:p.127.
③http://www.energy-community.org/portal/page/portal/ENC_HOME/ENERGY_COMMUNITY/Legal/Treaty
①Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, on Security of Energy and International Cooperation-“the
②EU Energy Policy: Engaging with Partners beyond Our Borders”, SEC(2011)1022,07/09/2011.Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and
③Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy Roadmap2050, COM(2011)885/2,15/12/2011:p.11Green Paper: Development Policy in Support of Inclusive Growth and Sustainable Development, Increasing theimpact of EU development policy, COM（2010）629,10/11/2010:p.18.
①Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic andSocial Committee and the Committee of the Regions, on Security of Energy and International Cooperation-“theEU Energy Policy: Engaging with Partners beyond Our Borders”, COM2011)539,07/09/2011.
①《中国的能源状况与政策》白皮书，2007年12月26日，参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2007-12/26/content_844159.htm
②本部分有关数据和内容来自World Energy Outlook2011，available at www.worldenergyoutlook.org
①国务院2007年12月26日发布的《中国的能源状况与政策》白皮书中提出多元发展，中国将加快发展石油天然气，鼓励开发煤层气。参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2007-12/26/content_844159.htm
①低核情景假设在经合组织国家不会建设新的核反应堆，非经合组织国家只建造预计增量的一半，现有核电厂的运行寿命会缩短。
②Europe China Clean Energy Centre(EC2), Guidelines for Grant Applicants,20/04/2009, p.4.
③参见刘铁男主编，《中国能源发展报告2011》，北京：经济科学出版社2011年版，第3页。
①②参见中国可再生能源协会，中国新能源与可再生能源年鉴（2010），2011年版，第31页。参见张旭东《十二五规划：太阳能装机将成倍增长》第一财经日报，2011年12月16日http://money.163.com/11/1216/02/7LC2G6GI00253B0H.html
③④刘铁男主编，中国能源发展报告2011，北京：经济科学出版社2011年版，第106页。参见张旭东《十二五规划：太阳能装机将成倍增长》第一财经日报，2011年12月16日http://money.163.com/11/1216/02/7LC2G6GI00253B0H.html
⑤参见刘铁男主编，《中国能源发展报告2011》，北京：经济科学出版社2011年版，第106页。
⑥参见刘铁男主编，《中国能源发展报告2011》，北京：经济科学出版社2011年版，第107页。
⑦参见中国可再生能源协会，中国新能源与可再生能源年鉴（2010），2011年版，第5页。
⑧参见中国可再生能源协会，中国新能源与可再生能源年鉴（2010），2011年版，第7页。
①国务院关于印发“十二五”节能减排综合性工作方案的通知（国发〔2011〕26号），2011年8月31日，第1页。
②《核电中长期发展规划（2005－2020年）》，2007年11月2日，参见国家发展与改革委员会网址http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/nyjt/nyzywx/t20071102_170122.htm
③参见中国可再生能源协会，中国新能源与可再生能源年鉴（2010），2011年版，第132页。
④数据来源：中国可再生能源协会，中国新能源与可再生能源年鉴（2010），2011年版，第132页。
①参见胡锦涛：中国将大力发展可再生能源和核能，中国新闻网，2009年9月22日，参见网址
②http://www.chinanews.com/gn/news/2009/09-22/1880315.shtml参见张旭东《十二五规划：太阳能装机将成倍增长》第一财经日报，2011年12月16日http://money.163.com/11/1216/02/7LC2G6GI00253B0H.html
①参见中国可再生能源协会，中国新能源与可再生能源年鉴（2010），2011年版，第5页。
②③国务院关于印发“十二五”节能减排综合性工作方案的通知（国发〔2011〕26号），2011年8月31日。国务院关于印发“十二五”节能减排综合性工作方案的通知（国发〔2011〕26号），2011年8月31日。其中“十一五”各地区单位国内生产总值能耗降低率除新疆外均为国家统计局最终公布数据，新疆为初步核实数据。
①《核电中长期发展规划（2005－2020年）》，2007年11月2日，参见国家发展与改革委员会网址http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/nyjt/nyzywx/t20071102_170122.htm
②数据来源：中国可再生能源协会，中国新能源与可再生能源年鉴（2010），2011年版，第132页。
①参见国家发展与改革委员会网址http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/yjzq/t20071227_181560.htm
①参见李艳芳，论我国《能源法》的制定——兼论《中华人民共和国能源法》征求意见稿，法学家2008年第2期：第94页。
②参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/ztzl/2005-12/30/content_142165.htm
③参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2008-08/29/content_1084355.htm
①《中国的能源状况与政策》白皮书，2007年12月26日，参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2007-12/26/content_844159.htm
①国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要（2006-2020），2006年2月9日，参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2006-02/09/content_183787.htm
①关于加快培育和发展战略性新兴产业的决定，2010年10月10日，参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2010-10/18/content_1724848.htm
①参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/ziliao/flfg/2005-06/21/content_8275.htm
②参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2009-12/26/content_1497462.htm
①参见汪光焘，第十一届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十二次会议上《关于修改〈中华人民共和国可再生能源法〉草案的说明，全国人大常委会公报，2010年第1期。
②关于印发可再生能源中长期发展规划的通知，2007年8月31日，参见中国国家发展与改革委员会网址http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/2007tongzhi/t20070904_157352.htm
①关于印发《可再生能源发电价格和费用分摊管理试行办法》的通知，2006年1月4日，参见国家发展与改革委员会网址http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/jggl/zcfg/t20060120_57586.htm
②国家发改委，关于印发《可再生能源发电有关管理规定》的通知，2006年1月5日，参见中国新能源网网址http://www.newenergy.org.cn/html/0067/2006712_10847.html
①关于印发《可再生能源发展专项资金管理暂行办法》的通知，2006年5月30日，参见中国财政部网址http://www.mof.gov.cn/preview/jinjijianshesi/zhengwuxinxi/zhengcefagui/200805/t20080523_34033.html
②关于印发《可再生能源建筑应用专项资金管理暂行办法》的通知，2006年9月4日，参见中国财政部网址http://www.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/caizhengwengao/caizhengbuwengao2006/caizhengbuwengao200610/200805/t20080519_24660.html
③关于印发《可再生能源建筑示范项目评审办法》的通知，2006年9月4日，参见中国财政部网址http://www.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/caizhengwengao/caizhengbuwengao2006/caizhengbuwengao200610/200805/t20080519_24670.html
④关于印发《可再生能源发展基金征收使用管理暂行办法》的通知，参见中国国土资源部网址http://www.mlr.gov.cn/xwdt/bmdt/201112/t20111220_1047196.htm
⑤参见国家能源局网址http://nyj.ndrc.gov.cn/nyfhb/nyfhb1/nyfhb15/t20070117_111859.htm
①参见国家能源局网址http://nyj.ndrc.gov.cn/nyfhb/nyfhb1/nyfhb15/t20070117_111860.htm
②参见国家能源局网址http://nyj.ndrc.gov.cn/nyfhb/nyfhb1/nyfhb15/t20070117_111861.htm
①参见国家能源局网址http://nyj.ndrc.gov.cn/nyfhb/nyfhb1/nyfhb15/t20070117_111914.htm
②参见国家能源局网址http://nyj.ndrc.gov.cn/nyfhb/nyfhb1/nyfhb15/t20070117_111915.htm
③参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2007-07/19/content_690167.htm
①《核电中长期发展规划（2005－2020年）》，2007年11月2日，参见国家发展与改革委员会网址http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/nyjt/nyzywx/t20071102_170122.htm
②参见国家能源局网址http://nyj.ndrc.gov.cn/nyfhb/nyfhb1/nyfhb16/t20070117_111916.htm
①参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2008-08/07/content_1067062.htm
②参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2006/content_421780.htm
①参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2011-09/07/content_1941731.htm
②参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2007-06/03/content_634545.htm
①参见觅法网网址http://www.34law.com/lawfg/law/6/1187/law_4316894325.shtml
②参见中国新能源网网址http://www.newenergy.org.cn/html/0114/461139556_2.html
③参见国家发展与改革委员会网址http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/2009tz/t20090727_292827.htm
①参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2011-07/15/content_1907124.htm
②参见国家发展与改革委员会网址http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/2007tongzhi/t20090123_258060.htm
①参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2009-03/26/content_1269282.htm
②参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2011-08/01/content_1917358.htm
③参见中国网网址http://www.china.com.cn/guoqing/2011-10/12/content_23603774.htm
①参见百度网址http://wenku.baidu.com/view/7a546f8a6529647d2728525a.html
②参见杨泽伟，美国《2009年清洁能源与安全法》及其对中国的启示，《中国能源法研究报告2010》，上海：立信会计出版社2011年版，第133页。
③参见百度网址http://baike.baidu.com/view/2097170.htm
④U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, May9,1992, S. Treaty Doc.No.102-38(1992),1771U.N.T.S.108.
⑤Kyoto Protocol to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, Dec.10,1997,37I.L.M.32.
①European Commission, the Energy Dimension of Climate Change, COM (97)196final,14/05/1997.
②European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament onEU policies and Measures to reduce green gas emissions: towards a European Climate Programme (ECCP),COM(2000)88final,08/03/2000.
③参见欧委会气候行动网址http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/package/index_en.htm.
④U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, June3-14,1992, Rio Declaration on Environment andDevelopment, U.N. Doc.A/CONF.151/26(1992).
⑤See World Energy Outlook2011，available at www.worldenergyoutlook.org
①参见郭冬梅，气候变化法律应对实证分析——从国家公约到国内法的转化，《中国能源法研究报告2010》，上海：立信会计出版社2011年版：第238页。
①参见汪光焘，第十一届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十二次会议上《关于修改〈中华人民共和国可再生能源法〉草案的说明，全国人大常委会公报，2010年第1期。
①参见陈兴华，对我国清洁能源产业发展的反思及立法跟进，《中国能源法研究报告2010》，上海：立信会计出版社2011年版：第123页。
①参见郭关玉，《中国-欧盟合作研究》，北京：世界知识出版社2006年版，第89页。
②参见http://www.riel.whu.edu.cn/article.asp?id=2767
③参见中国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2010-04/29/content_1595630.htm
①参见郭关玉，《中国-欧盟合作研究》，北京：世界知识出版社2006年版，第87页。
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[1]中华人民共和国中央人民政府网址http://www.gov.cn
[2]国家发展与改革委员会网址http://www.sdpc.gov.cn
[3]中华人民共和国财政部网址http://www.mof.gov.cn
[4]中国国土资源部网址http://www.mlr.gov.cn
[5]国家能源局网址http://nyj.ndrc.gov.cn
[6]中国新能源网网址http://www.newenergy.org.cn/
[7]中国资源综合利用协会网址http://www.carcu.org/
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[2] European Commission：http://ec.europa.eu
[3] EURATOM: http://www.euratom.org/
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