鄱阳湖流域氮磷时空分布及其地球化学模拟
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摘要
随着社会和经济的发展，人为活动导致的湖泊污染己成为一个严重的环境问题。其中，湖泊富营养化是目前水环境中一个主要的问题，也是危害最大的环境问题之一。水体中过量的营养元素是引起富营养化的根本原因，其中氮和磷是主要的影响因素。为了能有效的预防控制湖泊的富营养化，就必须全面的了解湖泊氮磷等营养盐含量分布特征及其来源，为湖泊富营养化的控制和管理提供科学的理论依据。
鄱阳湖流域位于长江中游南岸，由五大河流(赣江、抚河、修水、饶河和信江)以及鄱阳湖组成。本论文以鄱阳湖及其五大支流为研究对象，通过分析测定水体水化学参数及其氮、磷含量，对其水化学特征及其氮磷时空分布特征进行了系统研究，对鄱阳湖水体富营养化状态进行了初步评价。通过测定部分农田水、地下水及城市污水氮磷含量，初步探讨了鄱阳湖水体氮磷的来源。同时对鄱阳湖水体的氢氧同位素进行了分析测定，并利用PHREEQC对其元素存在形态及矿物饱和指数进行模拟计算。得出如下主要结论：
丰水期，鄱阳湖、赣江、抚河、修水和昌江水化学类型属于[C]Na、CaI型水，而乐安江和信江则属于[C]CaI型；平水期，除信江属于[C]Na、CaI型水外，湖泊及其它河流都属于[C]NaI型；枯水期，鄱阳湖及各支流都属于[C]NaI型水；鄱阳湖湖水全年水化学类型为[C]NaI型水，与1988年得出的鄱阳湖水化学类型为[C]CaI型不同，这说明人为输入对鄱阳湖水质的影响日益显著。鄱阳湖流域大部分河水组成主要受岩石风化作用的影响。湖水和河水δD和δ~(18)O关系表明鄱阳湖湖水主要来源于各支流水。地下水比河水更富集氢同位素，这也许是地下水与其它类型水(如土壤水)混合作用的结果。
各河流中，修水受氮磷污染最轻，其次是抚河；赣江NO_3~--N含量最高；鄱阳县发达的水产养殖致使昌江和乐安江NH_4~+-N含量最高；信江TN和TP含量最高。鄱阳湖TN和TP含量明显高出湖泊富营养化的发生浓度，水体年平均富营养化指数为54.9，处于中富营养水平，以往年数据相比，鄱阳湖受氮磷污染趋势同益加重，正在朝富营养化方向发展。在不同水期鄱阳湖水体富营养化状态也不同，丰水期处于中富营养水平，平水期和枯水期处于富营养水平。
时间变化上，鄱阳湖水体氮磷含量按照枯水期→平水期→丰水期时间顺序呈下降趋势，而赣江NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N含量则呈上升趋势，其它河流NO_3~--N含量平水期时最低，枯水期时最高。抚河平水期时NH_4~+-N最低，枯水期时最高，其它河流季节性变化不明显。昌江和信江平水期TN含量最高，赣江、抚河平水期时TN最低，枯水期最高，修水枯水期时TN含量最高。抚河、信江和乐安江水体TP含量没有明显的时间变化特征，修水平水期时的最低，昌江枯水期时的最低，赣江以丰水期时TP含量最高。
空间变化上，枯水期，各河流中除修水氮含量以上游最高外，其它河流水体氮含量均以下游的最高；各河流TP含量都是下游最高，赣江、抚河和信江中游最低，修水上游和中游TP含量相差不大，而昌江和乐安江则按上、中、下游TP含量升高。平水期，昌江和乐安江沿水流方向氮磷含量递增，抚河、修水和信江水体NO_3~--N含量中游最低，而赣江按上、中、下游递增：昌江和乐安江从上游至下游NH_4~+-N含量递增，其它河流NH_4~+-N含量较低，没有呈现出明显的空间变化特征；TN含量除修水以上游最高外，其它河流都以下游最高；除赣江外，其它河流TP都是下游最高。丰水期，各河流水体氮磷含量空间变化特征不明显。鄱阳湖主航道氮、磷年平均含量都比其它湖域高，上游最高，中游最低。底层沉积有机物的降解和扰动导致鄱阳湖湖体底层水体氮磷含量高于表层。
鄱阳湖水体中主要的氮素形式是NO_3~--N，赣江是鄱阳湖水体氮素的主要贡献者。农田水、城市废水以及地下水氮磷含量较高，这些水体将对鄱阳湖及其五大支流水体的氮磷负荷产生重要的影响。
水体组分存在形式计算表明，鄱阳湖流域水体水化学组分存在形式的百分含量主要受其水体矿化度的影响。其中SO_4~(2-)离子的存在对水中游离Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量的变化有很大的影响。随着SO_4~(2-)含量的增加，游离Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)离子含量逐渐降低，而CaSO_4~0、MgSO_4~0等络合组分增多。磷主要的存在形式为HPO_4~(2-)和H_2PO_4~-，且与pH值相关性显著。氮主要存在形式有NO_3~-、NH_4~+、NH_3、NO_2~-等，模拟计算结果与实验测试结果非常吻合。
对鄱阳湖及其各河流矿物饱和指数计算表明，绝大部分水样针铁矿和赤铁矿都呈过饱和状态，将发生沉淀反应，而方解石、白云石、石膏和岩盐等矿物均处于非饱和状态，有向溶液溶解的趋势。
Lake pollution, induced by human activities with the development of society andeconomy, has been a serious environmental problem, of which the eutrophication isone of the most important and harmful environmental problem. Eutrophication isdefined as the enrichment of surface waters with nutrient. Of these nutrients nitrogen(N) and phosphorus (P) are important influence factors for primary productivity inaquatic ecosystems. In order to prevent and control the eutrophication effectively, thesources and spatio-temporal distribution of the nitrogen and phosphorus in lakeshould be understood comprehensively.
Poyang Lake catchments situated at the south of Yangtze River midstream consistof five rivers (including Ganjiang River, Fuhe River, Xiushui River, Raohe River andXinjiang River) and Poyang Lake. The water chemistry and spatio-temporaldistribution of the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were studied in Poyang Lake andthe five rivers, and determined the N and P concentrations in lake water, the mainriver water, and some agricultural drainage, groundwater and urban sewage at thecircumference of Poyang Lake. And the sources of the N and P in the Poyang Lakewere discussed primarily. The hydrogen and oxygen isotope were measured in thelake water, river water, groundwater and rainwater. The chemical species and thesaturation indices for minerals were calculated by PHREEQC. The main conclusionshave been attained as follows.
The type of water chemistry in Poyang Lake, Ganjiang River, Fuhe River, XiushuiRiver and Changjiang River is [C]Na、CaI at high water period, but in Lean River andXinjing River is [C]NaI. At average water period, the type of water chemistry inPoyang Lake and other rivers is [C]NaI, except that of Xinjiang is [C]Na、Cal. Andthat of Poyang Lake and fiver rivers is [C]NaI at low water period. According to theaverage concentration of the ion at one year, the type of water chemistry in PoyangLake is [C]NaI, different from the result that the type of water chemistry in PoyangLake is [C]CaI at year 1988. This indicates that the Poyang Lake water wasinfluenced by the human action increasingly. The water is influenced by rock weathering mainly. The relationship betweenδD andδ~(18)O for the lake water and riverwater indicates riverwater is the dominant water source of Poyang Lake.The slope oftheδD-δ~(18)O relation is less than that of the Craig Line. That is the result of localevaporation. The heavier hydrogen isotopes occurring in groundwater may be theresult of mixing with other types of water (e.g. soil water).
The concentration of various form N and P is the lowest in Xiushui River,following is in the Fuhe River. The concentration of NO_3~--N is the highest inGanjiang River. The concentration of NH_4~+-N is the highest in Changjiang River andLean River. The concentration of TN and TP is the highest in Xinjiang River. Theconcentration of NO_3~--N, NH_4~+-N, TN and TP in Poyang Lake is higher than theresult of that in 1988. The concentration of TN and TP is higher than theconcentration, at which it is occurred eutrophication, and this indicaes that the PoyangLake is polluted by the N and P aggravatly and the eutrophication will appear whenthe condition is meeted. Poyang Lake is at middle trophic state at whole year, and thestate is different at different time. It is at middle and eutrophic state in high waterperiod, while at eutrophic state at average and low water period.
According to the turn from the low water period to the average water period to thehigh water period, the concentration of the various forms of N and P is declining inPoyang Lake, but the concentration of NO_3~--N and NH_4~+-N is ascending in GanjiangRiver. The concentration of NO_3~--N in the other rivers is the lowest at average waterperiod, and is the highest at low water period. The concentration of NH_4~+-N is thelowest at average water period, and is the highest at the low water period in FuheRiver, but it doesn't present significant temporal characteristic in the other river. Ataverage period, the concentration of TN is the highest in Changjiang River andXinjiang River, and is the lowest in Ganjiang and Fuhe River. The concentration ofTP presents no significant temporal characteristic in Fuhe River, Xinjiang Rive andLean River. The concentration of TP of Xiushui River is the lowest at average waterperiod, and that of Changjiang River is the lowest at low water period, but that ofGanjiang River is the highest at high water period.
At low water period, the concentration of the various forms of N of other rivers isthe highest at downstream, but that is the highest at upstream in Xiushui River. The concentration of TP in five rivers water is the highest at downstream, and is thelowest at midstream in Ganjiang River, Fuhe River and Xinjiang River. At averagewater period, the concentration of the various forms of N and P is increasing with thewater flow in Changjiang River and Lean River. The concentration of NO_3~--N islowest at midstream in Fuhe River, Xiushui River and Xinjiang River, but increasingwith the water flow in Ganjiang River. The concentration of NH_4~+-N is increasingfrom upstream to downstream in Changjiang River and Lean River, but it presents nosignificant spatial characteristic in other rivers. The concentration of TN is the highestat downstream in other rivers, except at upstream in Xiushui River. The concentrationof TP is the highest at downstream in other rivers but Ganjiang River. At high waterperiod, it presents no significant spatial characteristic in all rivers in the N and P'sconcentrations. The concentrations of N and P are higher in surface water than inbottom water due to the degradation of sedimentary organic matters and disturbance.NO_3~--N dominated in the forms of N in Poyang Lake, most of those came fromGanjiang River water. The agricultural drainage, groundwater and urban sewagewhich contain high concentration of N and P is the main sources of the N and P inPoyang Lake and the five rivers.
With PHREEQC, chemical species were calculated for surface water in PoyangLake catchments. The results shows the contents of major complexes are influencedby TDS. The contents of Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+) decrease but the contents of CaSO_4~0、MgSO_4~0increase with the increasing of the contents of SO_4~(2-). The major species of P is HPO_4~(2-)and H_2PO_4~-; their contents are correlated with pH significantly. The major species ofN is NO_3~-、NH_4~+、NH_3、NO_2~-, the result of calculation is similar with that ofexperiment.The calculation result of the mineral saturation indices indiating thatgoethite and hematite is saturated in most of sampling sites, they will deposit. But thecalcite、dolomite, gypsum and halite etc are non-saturated, they will soluble.
鄱阳湖流域位于长江中游南岸，由五大河流(赣江、抚河、修水、饶河和信江)以及鄱阳湖组成。本论文以鄱阳湖及其五大支流为研究对象，通过分析测定水体水化学参数及其氮、磷含量，对其水化学特征及其氮磷时空分布特征进行了系统研究，对鄱阳湖水体富营养化状态进行了初步评价。通过测定部分农田水、地下水及城市污水氮磷含量，初步探讨了鄱阳湖水体氮磷的来源。同时对鄱阳湖水体的氢氧同位素进行了分析测定，并利用PHREEQC对其元素存在形态及矿物饱和指数进行模拟计算。得出如下主要结论：
丰水期，鄱阳湖、赣江、抚河、修水和昌江水化学类型属于[C]Na、CaI型水，而乐安江和信江则属于[C]CaI型；平水期，除信江属于[C]Na、CaI型水外，湖泊及其它河流都属于[C]NaI型；枯水期，鄱阳湖及各支流都属于[C]NaI型水；鄱阳湖湖水全年水化学类型为[C]NaI型水，与1988年得出的鄱阳湖水化学类型为[C]CaI型不同，这说明人为输入对鄱阳湖水质的影响日益显著。鄱阳湖流域大部分河水组成主要受岩石风化作用的影响。湖水和河水δD和δ~(18)O关系表明鄱阳湖湖水主要来源于各支流水。地下水比河水更富集氢同位素，这也许是地下水与其它类型水(如土壤水)混合作用的结果。
各河流中，修水受氮磷污染最轻，其次是抚河；赣江NO_3~--N含量最高；鄱阳县发达的水产养殖致使昌江和乐安江NH_4~+-N含量最高；信江TN和TP含量最高。鄱阳湖TN和TP含量明显高出湖泊富营养化的发生浓度，水体年平均富营养化指数为54.9，处于中富营养水平，以往年数据相比，鄱阳湖受氮磷污染趋势同益加重，正在朝富营养化方向发展。在不同水期鄱阳湖水体富营养化状态也不同，丰水期处于中富营养水平，平水期和枯水期处于富营养水平。
时间变化上，鄱阳湖水体氮磷含量按照枯水期→平水期→丰水期时间顺序呈下降趋势，而赣江NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N含量则呈上升趋势，其它河流NO_3~--N含量平水期时最低，枯水期时最高。抚河平水期时NH_4~+-N最低，枯水期时最高，其它河流季节性变化不明显。昌江和信江平水期TN含量最高，赣江、抚河平水期时TN最低，枯水期最高，修水枯水期时TN含量最高。抚河、信江和乐安江水体TP含量没有明显的时间变化特征，修水平水期时的最低，昌江枯水期时的最低，赣江以丰水期时TP含量最高。
空间变化上，枯水期，各河流中除修水氮含量以上游最高外，其它河流水体氮含量均以下游的最高；各河流TP含量都是下游最高，赣江、抚河和信江中游最低，修水上游和中游TP含量相差不大，而昌江和乐安江则按上、中、下游TP含量升高。平水期，昌江和乐安江沿水流方向氮磷含量递增，抚河、修水和信江水体NO_3~--N含量中游最低，而赣江按上、中、下游递增：昌江和乐安江从上游至下游NH_4~+-N含量递增，其它河流NH_4~+-N含量较低，没有呈现出明显的空间变化特征；TN含量除修水以上游最高外，其它河流都以下游最高；除赣江外，其它河流TP都是下游最高。丰水期，各河流水体氮磷含量空间变化特征不明显。鄱阳湖主航道氮、磷年平均含量都比其它湖域高，上游最高，中游最低。底层沉积有机物的降解和扰动导致鄱阳湖湖体底层水体氮磷含量高于表层。
鄱阳湖水体中主要的氮素形式是NO_3~--N，赣江是鄱阳湖水体氮素的主要贡献者。农田水、城市废水以及地下水氮磷含量较高，这些水体将对鄱阳湖及其五大支流水体的氮磷负荷产生重要的影响。
水体组分存在形式计算表明，鄱阳湖流域水体水化学组分存在形式的百分含量主要受其水体矿化度的影响。其中SO_4~(2-)离子的存在对水中游离Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量的变化有很大的影响。随着SO_4~(2-)含量的增加，游离Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)离子含量逐渐降低，而CaSO_4~0、MgSO_4~0等络合组分增多。磷主要的存在形式为HPO_4~(2-)和H_2PO_4~-，且与pH值相关性显著。氮主要存在形式有NO_3~-、NH_4~+、NH_3、NO_2~-等，模拟计算结果与实验测试结果非常吻合。
对鄱阳湖及其各河流矿物饱和指数计算表明，绝大部分水样针铁矿和赤铁矿都呈过饱和状态，将发生沉淀反应，而方解石、白云石、石膏和岩盐等矿物均处于非饱和状态，有向溶液溶解的趋势。
Lake pollution, induced by human activities with the development of society andeconomy, has been a serious environmental problem, of which the eutrophication isone of the most important and harmful environmental problem. Eutrophication isdefined as the enrichment of surface waters with nutrient. Of these nutrients nitrogen(N) and phosphorus (P) are important influence factors for primary productivity inaquatic ecosystems. In order to prevent and control the eutrophication effectively, thesources and spatio-temporal distribution of the nitrogen and phosphorus in lakeshould be understood comprehensively.
Poyang Lake catchments situated at the south of Yangtze River midstream consistof five rivers (including Ganjiang River, Fuhe River, Xiushui River, Raohe River andXinjiang River) and Poyang Lake. The water chemistry and spatio-temporaldistribution of the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were studied in Poyang Lake andthe five rivers, and determined the N and P concentrations in lake water, the mainriver water, and some agricultural drainage, groundwater and urban sewage at thecircumference of Poyang Lake. And the sources of the N and P in the Poyang Lakewere discussed primarily. The hydrogen and oxygen isotope were measured in thelake water, river water, groundwater and rainwater. The chemical species and thesaturation indices for minerals were calculated by PHREEQC. The main conclusionshave been attained as follows.
The type of water chemistry in Poyang Lake, Ganjiang River, Fuhe River, XiushuiRiver and Changjiang River is [C]Na、CaI at high water period, but in Lean River andXinjing River is [C]NaI. At average water period, the type of water chemistry inPoyang Lake and other rivers is [C]NaI, except that of Xinjiang is [C]Na、Cal. Andthat of Poyang Lake and fiver rivers is [C]NaI at low water period. According to theaverage concentration of the ion at one year, the type of water chemistry in PoyangLake is [C]NaI, different from the result that the type of water chemistry in PoyangLake is [C]CaI at year 1988. This indicates that the Poyang Lake water wasinfluenced by the human action increasingly. The water is influenced by rock weathering mainly. The relationship betweenδD andδ~(18)O for the lake water and riverwater indicates riverwater is the dominant water source of Poyang Lake.The slope oftheδD-δ~(18)O relation is less than that of the Craig Line. That is the result of localevaporation. The heavier hydrogen isotopes occurring in groundwater may be theresult of mixing with other types of water (e.g. soil water).
The concentration of various form N and P is the lowest in Xiushui River,following is in the Fuhe River. The concentration of NO_3~--N is the highest inGanjiang River. The concentration of NH_4~+-N is the highest in Changjiang River andLean River. The concentration of TN and TP is the highest in Xinjiang River. Theconcentration of NO_3~--N, NH_4~+-N, TN and TP in Poyang Lake is higher than theresult of that in 1988. The concentration of TN and TP is higher than theconcentration, at which it is occurred eutrophication, and this indicaes that the PoyangLake is polluted by the N and P aggravatly and the eutrophication will appear whenthe condition is meeted. Poyang Lake is at middle trophic state at whole year, and thestate is different at different time. It is at middle and eutrophic state in high waterperiod, while at eutrophic state at average and low water period.
According to the turn from the low water period to the average water period to thehigh water period, the concentration of the various forms of N and P is declining inPoyang Lake, but the concentration of NO_3~--N and NH_4~+-N is ascending in GanjiangRiver. The concentration of NO_3~--N in the other rivers is the lowest at average waterperiod, and is the highest at low water period. The concentration of NH_4~+-N is thelowest at average water period, and is the highest at the low water period in FuheRiver, but it doesn't present significant temporal characteristic in the other river. Ataverage period, the concentration of TN is the highest in Changjiang River andXinjiang River, and is the lowest in Ganjiang and Fuhe River. The concentration ofTP presents no significant temporal characteristic in Fuhe River, Xinjiang Rive andLean River. The concentration of TP of Xiushui River is the lowest at average waterperiod, and that of Changjiang River is the lowest at low water period, but that ofGanjiang River is the highest at high water period.
At low water period, the concentration of the various forms of N of other rivers isthe highest at downstream, but that is the highest at upstream in Xiushui River. The concentration of TP in five rivers water is the highest at downstream, and is thelowest at midstream in Ganjiang River, Fuhe River and Xinjiang River. At averagewater period, the concentration of the various forms of N and P is increasing with thewater flow in Changjiang River and Lean River. The concentration of NO_3~--N islowest at midstream in Fuhe River, Xiushui River and Xinjiang River, but increasingwith the water flow in Ganjiang River. The concentration of NH_4~+-N is increasingfrom upstream to downstream in Changjiang River and Lean River, but it presents nosignificant spatial characteristic in other rivers. The concentration of TN is the highestat downstream in other rivers, except at upstream in Xiushui River. The concentrationof TP is the highest at downstream in other rivers but Ganjiang River. At high waterperiod, it presents no significant spatial characteristic in all rivers in the N and P'sconcentrations. The concentrations of N and P are higher in surface water than inbottom water due to the degradation of sedimentary organic matters and disturbance.NO_3~--N dominated in the forms of N in Poyang Lake, most of those came fromGanjiang River water. The agricultural drainage, groundwater and urban sewagewhich contain high concentration of N and P is the main sources of the N and P inPoyang Lake and the five rivers.
With PHREEQC, chemical species were calculated for surface water in PoyangLake catchments. The results shows the contents of major complexes are influencedby TDS. The contents of Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+) decrease but the contents of CaSO_4~0、MgSO_4~0increase with the increasing of the contents of SO_4~(2-). The major species of P is HPO_4~(2-)and H_2PO_4~-; their contents are correlated with pH significantly. The major species ofN is NO_3~-、NH_4~+、NH_3、NO_2~-, the result of calculation is similar with that ofexperiment.The calculation result of the mineral saturation indices indiating thatgoethite and hematite is saturated in most of sampling sites, they will deposit. But thecalcite、dolomite, gypsum and halite etc are non-saturated, they will soluble.
引文
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