冬小麦夏大豆种植方式与水分利用关系研究
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摘要
2007-2009年,在山东农业大学农学实验站,以冬小麦、夏大豆两种不同类型作物为供试材料。试验在大田条件下进行,探讨种植方式影响水分利用的状况及其在生产中的利用价值。夏大豆在3.09×10~5株/hm~2密度下,设置5个处理,即行距×株距分别为18cm×18cm(A),27cm×12cm(B),36cm×9cm(C),45cm×7.2cm(D),54cm×6cm(E)。冬小麦在1.8×10~6株/hm~2密度下,设置25cm等行距、“20+40”平作和“20+40”沟播三种种植方式;每种种植方式设三个灌水量处理,分别为90mm、135mm和180mm;每种灌水均分三次灌溉,即拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期,每次灌水量均为总量1/3。研究表明,种植方式能显著影响作物的产量和水分利用效率,有效改善作物的群体发育动态、生理生态特性及耗水规律。具体结果如下:
1种植方式对群体发育动态的影响
夏大豆较均匀分布A、B处理的叶面积指数(LAI)和总干物质积累量分别高出E处理30%和25%、20%和19%,达显著差异(P<0.05);A、B、C处理分枝豆荚重量和总豆荚重量显著高于E处理(P<0.05),D、E处理间无显著差异。
冬小麦群体分蘖数随生育进程推进差距逐渐减小,收获时种植方式间穗数无显著差异。沟播叶面积指数和总干物质积累量比等行距分别高出13.49%和9.82%,达显著差异(P<0.05)。灌溉显著提高冬小麦群体单茎数、LAI和干物质总量。
2种植方式对农田小气侯效应的影响
冬小麦“20+40”沟播处理增加了PAR反射率和透射率,增加了冠层中下部叶片的光能截获率,增加叶片总光合面积,提高总干物质积累量,从而显著提高总光能利用效率。灌溉可进一步改善近地面的农田小气候状况,不仅提高了冬小麦的RUE,还降低了田间空气温度、空气相对湿度和地表温度,从而减少冬小麦病虫害的发生。
3种植方式对叶片生理特性的影响
夏大豆分布相对均匀的A、B处理能有效改善叶片相对含水量、水势和渗透势等叶片水分生理指标。冬小麦“20+40”沟播能够显著提高旗叶水分、光合速率和荧光特性,从而维持较好的叶片持水能力和光合生理功能。灌溉显著提高冬小麦旗叶相对含水量、水势和光合、荧光参数等生理指标。
4种植方式和灌溉与农田耗水规律的关系
夏大豆种植方式间土壤水分含量无显著差异,A处理的农田总蒸散量显著低于其他处理。A、B处理能够提高0~30cm土层的水分含量和土壤总贮水量,0~30cm的土壤水分含量平均值最高处理A比最低处理E高出6.23%。
冬小麦“20+40”沟播能够明显提高各层次土壤含水量和总贮水量,降低农田总蒸散量。灌溉提高冬小麦土壤水分含量和总蒸散量,减小种植方式间土壤含水量差距。
5种植方式与产量、WUE及RUE的关系
夏大豆分布较均匀A、B处理与冬小麦“20+40”沟播具有较高产量和WUE。产量提高的直接原因为单株有效荚数、总粒数及百粒重的显著提高(夏大豆)或穗粒数和千粒重的显著增加(冬小麦);WUE提高的主要原因是农田总蒸散量的减少和产量的显著提高。另外,冬小麦“20+40”沟播还能够显著提高RUE。随灌水量增加,冬小麦的产量和RUE显著升高,而WUE显著降低。种植方式和灌溉量均能显著影响冬小麦水分利用效率,且二者之间存在明显互作效应。
进一步分析表明,夏大豆产量与WUE呈极显著正相关(R=0.998**);冬小麦的产量与WUE和RUE呈显著正相关(R=0.998*, 0.992*)。冬小麦沟播在灌水135mm条件下产量与等行距在灌水180mm条件下产量无显著差异,即沟播处理能够较等行距节水25%。综上所述,在本试验条件下,夏大豆B处理(27cm×12cm)、冬小麦灌水135mm条件下“20+40”沟播处理为田间配置的最理想种植方式。
The field experiment was conducted in agronomy experimental station of Shandong Agricultural University using different types of crop, which were the winter wheat and the summer soybean as experimental materials in 2007-2009 growing seasons. The objective of this paper was to investigate the effect and value in production of planting patterns on water utilization. Under the same plant population (3.09x10~5 plant hm~(-2)), the summer soybean experiment consisted of five planting patterns by adjusting the row spacing (cm)×plant spacing(cm),which were 18 cm×18 cm (A), 27 cm×12 cm (B), 36 cm×9 cm (C), 45 cm×7.2 cm (D), 54 cm×6 cm (E) respectively. The winter wheat experiment was composed of three planting patterns under the same plant density (1.8×10~6 plant hm~(-2)), containing uniform (25 cm) row, wild (40 cm) + narrow (20 cm) row for flat planting pattern and furrow planting. Each planting pattern had three irrigation treatments at jointing, heading and filling stages respectively, and the amount of irrigation was 30 mm, 45 mm and 60 mm every time. These results indicated that planting patterns could significantly affect the crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE), improve the dynamics of population development, physiological and ecological characteristics and water consumption rules effectively. The detailed results were as follows:
1. Effects of planting patterns on dynamics of population development
The leaf area index (LAI) and total dry matter accumulation of A and B treatments were higher than those of E treatment by 30% and 25%、20% and 19% respectively in summer soybean. The weight of pod and pod of branch in treatments A, B and C were significant higher than those in treatment E, while there was no significant difference between D and E treatments.
In winter wheat experiment, the difference of the population tiller number among planting patterns became narrower with the advance of development, so there was no significant difference in planting patterns at maturity stage, consequently. The LAI and dry matter accumulation of furrow planting were 13.49% and 9.82% significantly higher than those of uniform (25 cm) row. Irrigation played an important role in population development dynamics. The number of tiller, LAI, and total dry matter accumulation were raised with the increase of irrigation amounts.
2. Effects of planting patterns on farmland microclimate
The furrow planting raised the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reflection ratio, penetration ratio and increased light capture ratio in 0-40 cm. Meanwhile, furrow planting increased the LAI, improve the total dry matter accumulation and thus significantly enhanced the Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE). Irrigation could further improve the farmland microclimate conditions near the ground, it not only increased the crop RUE significantly, but also reduces air relative humidity in plants, air and surface temperature, finally reducing the occurrence of disease in winter wheat.
3. Effects of planting patterns on leaf physiological characteristics
This study indicated that populations with relatively uniform distribution would improve leaf relative water content (RWC), water potential (Ψw), and osmotic potential (Ψs) and so on in summer soybean. The furrow planting improved leaf water characters, enhanced photosynthetic rate (Pn) and fluorescence in flag leaves of winter wheat, consequently maintain well leaf water characters and physiological functions. Irrigations had a significant effect on leaf physiological characteristics. RWC,Ψw, Pn and fluorescence rose with the increase of irrigation amount.
4. Effects of crop planting patterns and irrigation on the law of water consumption
The soil moisture content had no significant differences among different planting patterns in summer soybean. The field evapotranspiration of A treatment was significantly lower than that of the other treatments, and there were no significant differences among others. Compared with other treatments, A and B treatment could increase the soil moisture content in 0~30cm soil layer and soil storage water, and the soil moisture content in 0~30cm of A treatment was 6.23% higher than that of E treatment.
The furrow planting of winter wheat significantly improved the soil moisture content and soil storage water, and reduced the field evapotranspiration. The study also indicated that irrigation could increase the soil moisture content and total evapotranspiration, and reduce the difference among planting patterns in winter wheat.
5. Relationships of planting patterns, yield, WUE and RUE
The study found that the yield of A, B treatment in summer soybean and furrow planting in winter wheat had highest yield and WUE. The direct reason of yield increased was that the productive pod, seed numbers and 100 seed weight significantly increased in summer soybean or kernel numbers and thousand kernel weight significantly increased in winter wheat. The direct reason of WUE increased was that the field evapotranspiration reduced and yield significantly increased. Moerover, furrow planting can significantly improved RUE. The yield and RUE of winter wheat gradually raised, however, WUE significantly declined with the increase of irrigation amount. Planting pattern and irrigation both significantly affected WUE; moreover, they had a interaction with each other.
The yield were positively correlated with WUE in summer soybean (R=0.998**); and the yield were positively correlated with WUE and RUE in winter wheat(R=0.998*, 0.992*). The yield of furrow planting in 135mm irrigation amount had no difference with uniform (25 cm) row in 180mm irrigation amount. In other words, compared with uniform (25 cm) row the furrow planting saved water by 25%. In conclusion, on this testing condition, the B treatment (27cmx12cm) of summer soybean and the furrow planting under the irrigation amount of 135mm of winter wheat were the optimal planting patterns.
1种植方式对群体发育动态的影响
夏大豆较均匀分布A、B处理的叶面积指数(LAI)和总干物质积累量分别高出E处理30%和25%、20%和19%,达显著差异(P<0.05);A、B、C处理分枝豆荚重量和总豆荚重量显著高于E处理(P<0.05),D、E处理间无显著差异。
冬小麦群体分蘖数随生育进程推进差距逐渐减小,收获时种植方式间穗数无显著差异。沟播叶面积指数和总干物质积累量比等行距分别高出13.49%和9.82%,达显著差异(P<0.05)。灌溉显著提高冬小麦群体单茎数、LAI和干物质总量。
2种植方式对农田小气侯效应的影响
冬小麦“20+40”沟播处理增加了PAR反射率和透射率,增加了冠层中下部叶片的光能截获率,增加叶片总光合面积,提高总干物质积累量,从而显著提高总光能利用效率。灌溉可进一步改善近地面的农田小气候状况,不仅提高了冬小麦的RUE,还降低了田间空气温度、空气相对湿度和地表温度,从而减少冬小麦病虫害的发生。
3种植方式对叶片生理特性的影响
夏大豆分布相对均匀的A、B处理能有效改善叶片相对含水量、水势和渗透势等叶片水分生理指标。冬小麦“20+40”沟播能够显著提高旗叶水分、光合速率和荧光特性,从而维持较好的叶片持水能力和光合生理功能。灌溉显著提高冬小麦旗叶相对含水量、水势和光合、荧光参数等生理指标。
4种植方式和灌溉与农田耗水规律的关系
夏大豆种植方式间土壤水分含量无显著差异,A处理的农田总蒸散量显著低于其他处理。A、B处理能够提高0~30cm土层的水分含量和土壤总贮水量,0~30cm的土壤水分含量平均值最高处理A比最低处理E高出6.23%。
冬小麦“20+40”沟播能够明显提高各层次土壤含水量和总贮水量,降低农田总蒸散量。灌溉提高冬小麦土壤水分含量和总蒸散量,减小种植方式间土壤含水量差距。
5种植方式与产量、WUE及RUE的关系
夏大豆分布较均匀A、B处理与冬小麦“20+40”沟播具有较高产量和WUE。产量提高的直接原因为单株有效荚数、总粒数及百粒重的显著提高(夏大豆)或穗粒数和千粒重的显著增加(冬小麦);WUE提高的主要原因是农田总蒸散量的减少和产量的显著提高。另外,冬小麦“20+40”沟播还能够显著提高RUE。随灌水量增加,冬小麦的产量和RUE显著升高,而WUE显著降低。种植方式和灌溉量均能显著影响冬小麦水分利用效率,且二者之间存在明显互作效应。
进一步分析表明,夏大豆产量与WUE呈极显著正相关(R=0.998**);冬小麦的产量与WUE和RUE呈显著正相关(R=0.998*, 0.992*)。冬小麦沟播在灌水135mm条件下产量与等行距在灌水180mm条件下产量无显著差异,即沟播处理能够较等行距节水25%。综上所述,在本试验条件下,夏大豆B处理(27cm×12cm)、冬小麦灌水135mm条件下“20+40”沟播处理为田间配置的最理想种植方式。
The field experiment was conducted in agronomy experimental station of Shandong Agricultural University using different types of crop, which were the winter wheat and the summer soybean as experimental materials in 2007-2009 growing seasons. The objective of this paper was to investigate the effect and value in production of planting patterns on water utilization. Under the same plant population (3.09x10~5 plant hm~(-2)), the summer soybean experiment consisted of five planting patterns by adjusting the row spacing (cm)×plant spacing(cm),which were 18 cm×18 cm (A), 27 cm×12 cm (B), 36 cm×9 cm (C), 45 cm×7.2 cm (D), 54 cm×6 cm (E) respectively. The winter wheat experiment was composed of three planting patterns under the same plant density (1.8×10~6 plant hm~(-2)), containing uniform (25 cm) row, wild (40 cm) + narrow (20 cm) row for flat planting pattern and furrow planting. Each planting pattern had three irrigation treatments at jointing, heading and filling stages respectively, and the amount of irrigation was 30 mm, 45 mm and 60 mm every time. These results indicated that planting patterns could significantly affect the crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE), improve the dynamics of population development, physiological and ecological characteristics and water consumption rules effectively. The detailed results were as follows:
1. Effects of planting patterns on dynamics of population development
The leaf area index (LAI) and total dry matter accumulation of A and B treatments were higher than those of E treatment by 30% and 25%、20% and 19% respectively in summer soybean. The weight of pod and pod of branch in treatments A, B and C were significant higher than those in treatment E, while there was no significant difference between D and E treatments.
In winter wheat experiment, the difference of the population tiller number among planting patterns became narrower with the advance of development, so there was no significant difference in planting patterns at maturity stage, consequently. The LAI and dry matter accumulation of furrow planting were 13.49% and 9.82% significantly higher than those of uniform (25 cm) row. Irrigation played an important role in population development dynamics. The number of tiller, LAI, and total dry matter accumulation were raised with the increase of irrigation amounts.
2. Effects of planting patterns on farmland microclimate
The furrow planting raised the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reflection ratio, penetration ratio and increased light capture ratio in 0-40 cm. Meanwhile, furrow planting increased the LAI, improve the total dry matter accumulation and thus significantly enhanced the Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE). Irrigation could further improve the farmland microclimate conditions near the ground, it not only increased the crop RUE significantly, but also reduces air relative humidity in plants, air and surface temperature, finally reducing the occurrence of disease in winter wheat.
3. Effects of planting patterns on leaf physiological characteristics
This study indicated that populations with relatively uniform distribution would improve leaf relative water content (RWC), water potential (Ψw), and osmotic potential (Ψs) and so on in summer soybean. The furrow planting improved leaf water characters, enhanced photosynthetic rate (Pn) and fluorescence in flag leaves of winter wheat, consequently maintain well leaf water characters and physiological functions. Irrigations had a significant effect on leaf physiological characteristics. RWC,Ψw, Pn and fluorescence rose with the increase of irrigation amount.
4. Effects of crop planting patterns and irrigation on the law of water consumption
The soil moisture content had no significant differences among different planting patterns in summer soybean. The field evapotranspiration of A treatment was significantly lower than that of the other treatments, and there were no significant differences among others. Compared with other treatments, A and B treatment could increase the soil moisture content in 0~30cm soil layer and soil storage water, and the soil moisture content in 0~30cm of A treatment was 6.23% higher than that of E treatment.
The furrow planting of winter wheat significantly improved the soil moisture content and soil storage water, and reduced the field evapotranspiration. The study also indicated that irrigation could increase the soil moisture content and total evapotranspiration, and reduce the difference among planting patterns in winter wheat.
5. Relationships of planting patterns, yield, WUE and RUE
The study found that the yield of A, B treatment in summer soybean and furrow planting in winter wheat had highest yield and WUE. The direct reason of yield increased was that the productive pod, seed numbers and 100 seed weight significantly increased in summer soybean or kernel numbers and thousand kernel weight significantly increased in winter wheat. The direct reason of WUE increased was that the field evapotranspiration reduced and yield significantly increased. Moerover, furrow planting can significantly improved RUE. The yield and RUE of winter wheat gradually raised, however, WUE significantly declined with the increase of irrigation amount. Planting pattern and irrigation both significantly affected WUE; moreover, they had a interaction with each other.
The yield were positively correlated with WUE in summer soybean (R=0.998**); and the yield were positively correlated with WUE and RUE in winter wheat(R=0.998*, 0.992*). The yield of furrow planting in 135mm irrigation amount had no difference with uniform (25 cm) row in 180mm irrigation amount. In other words, compared with uniform (25 cm) row the furrow planting saved water by 25%. In conclusion, on this testing condition, the B treatment (27cmx12cm) of summer soybean and the furrow planting under the irrigation amount of 135mm of winter wheat were the optimal planting patterns.
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