THz脉冲的产生与检测
|
摘要
太赫兹(THz)辐射是频率范围为300GHz-10THz的电磁辐射，这一波段位于红外光与微波之间，早期由于缺乏有效的产生和探测方法对THz技术的研究非常有限，近十几年来，超快激光技术的迅速发展为THz脉冲的产生提供了稳定、可靠的激发光源，使THz辐射的产生、检测和应用得到了蓬勃发展。本文对太赫兹脉冲的产生和检测技术进行了调研，并提出了自己的设计方案，搭建了试验平台，具体内容包括：
第一章介绍了THz辐射特性及其潜在的应用。物质在THz波段的光谱包含着丰富的物理和化学信息，因此THz技术在很多基础研究领域有很重要的应用。随着THz辐射技术的进步，THz辐射的应用将会涉及交叉学科领域，包括通讯、成像、医学诊疗、健康监控、环境控制以及化学和生物标识。
第二章介绍了THz辐射脉冲产生和检测的主要方法及原理。对于THz辐射脉冲的产生，介绍了常用的光电导方法和光整流方法。对于THz辐射脉冲的测量，介绍了光电导取样技术和电光取样技术；对THz辐射脉冲产生和测量的理论依据作了简要分析。
第三章采用电流起伏模型，分析了有限厚大孔径光电导天线产生太赫兹脉冲的表面场与远场的时域特性，模型在包含有限的载流子寿命与瞬变载流子迁移率等影响因素的基础上，还考虑了激发光脉冲在光电导材料中的时间延迟和吸收衰减，使模型更加趋近于反映真实的物理过程，根据模型我们分析了光通量、光脉宽、有限的载流子寿命和瞬变载流子迁移率、以及光电导材料厚度变化对THz表面场和远场时域波形的影响，并对比分析了考虑光电导材料厚度与不考虑厚度时太赫兹脉冲的远场时域波形，以及THz远场辐射强度受传播距离变化的影响。
第四章介绍了自行搭建的THz脉冲的产生与探测系统及初步实验。THz测量技术处于起步阶段，而实验系统的搭建是科研工作的起点，因此必须自己搭建实验系统，我们利用光学整流和电光取样方法对THz的产生和检测进行了实验，给出了整个实验的搭建方法，尤其是电光取样系统的搭建，并对获得的实验结果进行了分析和讨论。
第五章是对论文的总结。
Terahertz (THz) radiation, which occupies a large portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between the infrared and microwave bands. In the last decade, rapid progress in ultrafast laser technology provides a steady and reliable optical source for the terahertz (THz) pulses generation, which greatly promotes the research in the THz generation, detection and application that is difficult to access before. The thesis is organized as follows:
Chapter one presents an introduction to the general characteristics of THz radiation. THz spectra contain abundant physical and chemical information of materials. Therefore, THz technology has widely used in many domains, for example fundamental research. As THz technology is improving, new T ray capabilities will impact a range of interdisciplinary fields, including communications, imaging, medical diagnosis, health monitoring, environmental control, and chemical and biological identification.
Chapter two describes two ways to generate THz radiation pulse: photoconductive antennas and optical rectification. The physical essence of generation of THz radiation pulse is a second polarization process is emphasized. We also give an introduction of the two ways to detect THz radiation pulse: photoconductive sampling and free space electro-optic sampling. The theoretical basis is analyzed and described systematically.
Chapter three discusses the surface and far field temporal characteristics of terahertz radiation generated by biased large-aperture photoconductive antennas with finite thickness. Not only the effects of the finite lifetime and transient mobility, but also the effects of optical time lag and absorption attenuation in photoconductor material, are included in the presented model. The dependence of the waveforms of the radiated field on optical fluence, optical widths, carrier relaxation time, carrier lifetime and material thickness are discussed in detail. A comparison of the terahertz temporal profiles is made between ideal antennas without thickness and practical antennas with finite thickness.
Chapter four presents our experimental study of THz generation by optical rectification and detection by electro-optic sampling. We build an experimental setup in-house. We describe in detail the processes of the building the THz generation and detection system, especially free space electro-optic sampling system. Experimental results are presented and analyzed.
Chapter five is the summary of this thesis.
第一章介绍了THz辐射特性及其潜在的应用。物质在THz波段的光谱包含着丰富的物理和化学信息，因此THz技术在很多基础研究领域有很重要的应用。随着THz辐射技术的进步，THz辐射的应用将会涉及交叉学科领域，包括通讯、成像、医学诊疗、健康监控、环境控制以及化学和生物标识。
第二章介绍了THz辐射脉冲产生和检测的主要方法及原理。对于THz辐射脉冲的产生，介绍了常用的光电导方法和光整流方法。对于THz辐射脉冲的测量，介绍了光电导取样技术和电光取样技术；对THz辐射脉冲产生和测量的理论依据作了简要分析。
第三章采用电流起伏模型，分析了有限厚大孔径光电导天线产生太赫兹脉冲的表面场与远场的时域特性，模型在包含有限的载流子寿命与瞬变载流子迁移率等影响因素的基础上，还考虑了激发光脉冲在光电导材料中的时间延迟和吸收衰减，使模型更加趋近于反映真实的物理过程，根据模型我们分析了光通量、光脉宽、有限的载流子寿命和瞬变载流子迁移率、以及光电导材料厚度变化对THz表面场和远场时域波形的影响，并对比分析了考虑光电导材料厚度与不考虑厚度时太赫兹脉冲的远场时域波形，以及THz远场辐射强度受传播距离变化的影响。
第四章介绍了自行搭建的THz脉冲的产生与探测系统及初步实验。THz测量技术处于起步阶段，而实验系统的搭建是科研工作的起点，因此必须自己搭建实验系统，我们利用光学整流和电光取样方法对THz的产生和检测进行了实验，给出了整个实验的搭建方法，尤其是电光取样系统的搭建，并对获得的实验结果进行了分析和讨论。
第五章是对论文的总结。
Terahertz (THz) radiation, which occupies a large portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between the infrared and microwave bands. In the last decade, rapid progress in ultrafast laser technology provides a steady and reliable optical source for the terahertz (THz) pulses generation, which greatly promotes the research in the THz generation, detection and application that is difficult to access before. The thesis is organized as follows:
Chapter one presents an introduction to the general characteristics of THz radiation. THz spectra contain abundant physical and chemical information of materials. Therefore, THz technology has widely used in many domains, for example fundamental research. As THz technology is improving, new T ray capabilities will impact a range of interdisciplinary fields, including communications, imaging, medical diagnosis, health monitoring, environmental control, and chemical and biological identification.
Chapter two describes two ways to generate THz radiation pulse: photoconductive antennas and optical rectification. The physical essence of generation of THz radiation pulse is a second polarization process is emphasized. We also give an introduction of the two ways to detect THz radiation pulse: photoconductive sampling and free space electro-optic sampling. The theoretical basis is analyzed and described systematically.
Chapter three discusses the surface and far field temporal characteristics of terahertz radiation generated by biased large-aperture photoconductive antennas with finite thickness. Not only the effects of the finite lifetime and transient mobility, but also the effects of optical time lag and absorption attenuation in photoconductor material, are included in the presented model. The dependence of the waveforms of the radiated field on optical fluence, optical widths, carrier relaxation time, carrier lifetime and material thickness are discussed in detail. A comparison of the terahertz temporal profiles is made between ideal antennas without thickness and practical antennas with finite thickness.
Chapter four presents our experimental study of THz generation by optical rectification and detection by electro-optic sampling. We build an experimental setup in-house. We describe in detail the processes of the building the THz generation and detection system, especially free space electro-optic sampling system. Experimental results are presented and analyzed.
Chapter five is the summary of this thesis.
引文
[1] J. W. Fleming, High resolution submillimeter-wave Fourier-transform spectrometry of gases. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., 1974,vol. MTT-22, pp. 1023-1025.
[2] 王少宏, 许景周, 汪力, 张希成.THz技术的应用及展望.物理, 2001,30:612-615.
[3] Ferguson B, Zhang X C. Materials for terahertz science and technology. Nature Materials, 2002,1:26-33.
[4] P. Y. Han, M. Tani, M. Usami et al, Journal of Applied Physics 2001, 89(4), pp. 2357
[5] M. C. Nuss, IEEE Circuits and Devices 1996,12(2), pp. 25-30
[6] M. wan Exter, C. Fattinger, and D. Grischkowsky, Optics Letters 1989,14(20), pp. 1128-1130
[7] L. Duvillaret, F. Garet and J. L. Coutaz, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics,1996, 2(3), pp. 739
[8]J M. Li,G Lu, X.-C. Zhang, S.Q. Wang and J. T. Kennedy, Applied Physics Letters 1999,74(15), pp2113.
[9] S. Mickan, D. Abbott, J. Munch et al, Microel- ectronics Journal, 2000, 31, pp. 503
[10] S W Smye, J M Chanberlain, A J Filzgerald et al,Physics in medicine and biology ,2001, 46, pp. 101
[11] L. Xu, X.-C. Zhang, D. H. Auston et al, Applied Physics Letters ,1991,59(27), pp. 3562-356
[12] S. D. Brorson, R. Buhlcier, I. E. Trofimon et al, Opt.Soc. Am. B.,1996, 13(9), pp. 1979
[13] D. M. Mittleman, J. Cunniam and M. C. Nuss, Applied Physics Letters .1997, 71(7), pp. 16
[14] S. Labbe-Lavigne, S. Barret, F. Garet et al, Journal of Applied Physics, 1998,83,pp. 6007
[15] S. D. Ganichev, E. Ziemann, Th. Gleim et al, Physical Review Letters ,1998, 89(11), pp. 2409
[16]I. Wilke, M. Khazan, C. T. Rieck et al, Journal of Applied Physics, 2000,87 (6), pp.2928-2931
[17] Michael Schall and P. U. Jepsen, Optics Letters ,2000, 25(1), pp. 13
[18] R. Huber, F. Tauser, A. Brodschelm et al, Letters to nature ,2001, 414(15), pp. 286
[19] H. Nemec, A. Pashkin, P. Kuzal, et al, Journal of Applied Physics, 2001, 90, pp.1303
[20]E. Knoesel, M. Bonn, J. Shan and T. F. Heinz, Physical Review Letters 2001,86(2), pp. 340-343.
[21] Bret N. Flanders, Xiaoming Shang and Norbert F. Scherer and Daniei Grischkowsky, J Phys. Chem. A 1999,103, pp. 10054-10064
[22] Winnewisser, P, Uhd Iepsen, M. Schall, V. Schyja, and H. Heim, Applied Physics Lettters 1997, 70, pp. 3069-3071
[23] R. A. Cheville and D. Grischkowsky, Optical Society ofAmerica, 1995, pp. 1646-1648
[24] R. A. Cheville and D. Grischkowsky, Optics Letters 1998,23(7), pp. 531-533,
[25] J. E. Boyd, A. Briskman and Vicki L. Cdvin, Physics Review Letters 2001,87(14), pp. 14740
[26] R. H. Jacobsen, D. M. Mittleman and M. C. Nuss, Optics Letters 1996,21(24), pp. 2011-2013
[27] D. M. Mittleman, R. H. Jacobsen, R. Neelamani, R. G Baraniuk and M. C. Nuss, Applied Physics B. 1998,67, pp 379-390
[28] A. Wittlin, L. Genzel, F. Kremer, S. Haseler, A. Poglitsch and A. Rupprecht, Physics Review A 1986,34(1), pp 493-500
[29] M. Walther, B. Fischer, M. Schall, H. Helm and P. Uhd Jepsen, Chemical Physics Letters 2000,332, pp. 389-395,
[30] M. Brucherseifer, M. Nagel, P. Haring Bolivar. H. Kruz, A. Bosserhoff and R. Buttne, Applied Physics Letters 2000,77(24), pp. 4049-4051
[31] A. G. Markelz, A. Roitberg and E. J. Heilweil, Chmical Physics Letters 2000,320, pp. 42-48,
[32] T. R. Globus, D. L. Woolard, A. C. Samuels, B. L. Gelmont, J. Hesler, T. W Crowe and M.Bykhovskaia, Journal of Applied Physics 2002,91(9), pp. 6105-6113
[33] M. Nagel, P. Haring Bolivar, M. Brucherseifer, H. Kurz, A. Bosserhoff and R. Buttner, Applied Physics Letters 2002,80(1), pp. 154-156
[34] H. Han, H. Park, M. Cho and J. Kim, Applied Physics Letters 2002,80, pp.2634-2636
[35] Zhiping Jiang, Ming Li and X.-C. Zhang, Applied Physics Letters 2000,76(22), pp.3221-3223
[36] J M. Li, G. C. Cho, T-M. Lu, X.-C. Zhang, S.Q. Wang and J. T. Kennedy, Applied Physics Letters 1999,74(15), pp,2113.
[37] P. R. Smith, D. H. Auston and M. C. Nuss, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 1988,24 (2), pp. 255-260
[38] P. Y Han, G. C. Cho and X.-C. Zhang, Optics Letters 2000,25(4), pp. 242-244,
[39] Nancy D. Rowell, Biophotonics International, 2002,21.
[40] O. Mitrofanov, M. G. Wanke, R. R. Ruel., J. D. Wynn, A. Bluce and J. Federici, Applied Physics Letters 2000, 77(4), pp. 591-593
[41] Q. Chen and X.-C. Zhang. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 2001,7(4), pp. 608-614
[42] Mittleman D M, Gupta M, Neelamani R et al. Appl. Phys. B 1999,68: 1085
[43] A. Nahata, J. T. Yardley and T. F. Heinz, Applied Physics Letters 1999,75 (17), pp. 2524-2526,
[44] M. Nagel, P Haring Bolivar, M. Brucherseifer, H. Kurz, A. Bosserhoff and R. Buttner, Applied Physics Letters 2002,80(1), pp. 154-156
[45] 王秀敏，徐新龙，李富利．THz技术进展．首都师范大学学报，2003，24：17-25．
[46] Zhiping Jiang and X.-C. Zhang, Applied Physics Letters 1998, 72(16), pp. 1945-1947
[47] Zhiping Jiang and X.-C. Zhang, IEEE. J of quantum Electronics 2000,36(10), pp. 1214-1222.
[48] Q. Chen, M. Tani, Z. Jiang and X.-C. Zhang, Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics 2001 18 (6), pp. 823-831
[49] D. H. Auston and K.PCheung, Coherent time-domain far-Infrared spectroscopy, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B,1984, 45, 284.
[50] Ch. Fattinger and D. Grischkowskyt, THz Beams,Appl.Phys. Lett.,1989,54, 490.
[51] M. V Exter, C. Fattinger and D. Grlschkowsky, Thrahertz time-domain spectroscopy of water, Opt. Lett., 1989, 14, 1128.
[52] L. Wu, X. -C. Zhang and D. H. Auston,Terahertz beam generation by femtosec-and optical pulses in electro-optic materials, Appl. Phys., Lett.,1992, 61, 1784.
[53] B. Hu, X-C.Zhang and D.H. Auston et al, Free space radiation from electro-optic crystal, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1990, 56, 506.
[54] Y. Cai, 1. Brener, J. Lopata, J. Wynn, L. Pfeiffer and J. Federici, Applied Physics Letters 71 (15), pp. 2076-2078. 1997
[55] D. R. Dykaar, B. I. Greene,J. F. Federici, A. F. Levi, L. N. Pfeiffer and R. E Kopf, Applied Physics Letters 1991,59 (3), pp. 262-264
[56] G. Arjavalingam, Y. Pastol, J.-M. Halbout and W. M. Robertson, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 1991,33 (1), pp. 7-11
[57] M. Gitin, F. W. Wise, G. Arjavalingam, Y. Pastol and R. C. Compton, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 1994,42 (3), pp. 335-39,
[58] T. Pfeider, H.M. Heiliger, E. S .von Kamienski, Ef. G Roskos and H. Kurz, Journal of the Optical Society of America B:Optical Physics 1994,11 (12), pp. 2547 -2552
[59] I. Brener, D. Dykaar, A. Frommer, L. N. Pfeiffer, J. Lopata, J. Wynn, K. West and M. C. Nuns, Optics Letters 1996,21 (23), pp. 1924-1926.
[60]S. Feng and H. G Winful, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics '98 ,59 -60,Optical Society of America San Francisco, CA, U. S. A., 1998
[61]D. Liu, D. Carette, M. Bergeron, H. Karwacki, S. Adams, B. Lanning and F. Kustas, IEEE PhotonicsTechnology Letters 1998,10 (5), pp. 716 -718
[62] S. R. Andrews, P. G Huggard and A. Armitage, J. M. Chamberlain and M. A. Smith eds.,First International Conference on Biomedical Imaging &Sensing Applications of Terahertz Technology, Leeds, UK, 2001
[63] G Zhao, R. N. Schouten, N. van der Valk, W. T. Wenckebach and P. C. M. Planken, Review of Scientific Instruments 2002,73 (4), pp. 1715 -1719
[64] Zhiping Jiang and X.-C. Zhang, THz Sensing and Imaging Technology, Springer-Verlag, 2001
[65]赵尚弘,陈国夫等. 2000,24(6), pp.351
[66] P. K. Benicewicz and A. J. Taylor, Optics Letters 1993,18 (16), pp. 1332 — 1338
[67]P. K. Benicewicz, J. P. Roberts and A. J. Taylor. Journal of the Optical Society of America B:Optical Physics 1994,11 (12), pp. 2533 — 546
[68] M. Tani, S. Matsuura, K. Sakai and S. Nakashima, Applied Optics 1997,36 (30), pp. 7853 -7859
[69] H. Nemec, A. Pashkin, P. Kuzel, M. Khazan, S. SchnAull and I. Wilkein ,Carriers dynamics in low-temperature grown GaAs by terahertz emission spectroscopy, J. Appl. Phys., 2001,90 (3),1303.
[70]P.K.Benicewicz and A.J.Taylor, Scaling of terahertz radiation from large-aperture biased InP photoconductors, Opt. Lett., 1993, 18 (16), 1332.
[71] D. Grischkowsky, Keiding, M. van Exter and C. Fattinger, Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics , 1990,7 (10), pp. 2006 -2015
[72]D.H.Auston,K.P.Cheung,and P.R.Smith. Picosecond photoconducting Hertzian dipoles. Appl.phys. 1984,45(3),284-286.
[73] R. W. Ziolkowski and J. B. Judkins, Propagation characteristics of ultrawide bandwidth pulsed Gaussian beams, J.Opt.Soc.Am A, 1992,9, 2021.
[74] J. T. Darrow, X.-C. Zhang, and D. H. Auston, Power scaling of large-aperture photoconducting antennas, Appl. Phys. Lett.,1991, 58 (1), 25.
[75] Darrow J T, Zhang X C, Auston D H, Morse J D. Saturation properties of large-aperture photo-conducting antennas, IEEE. J. Quantum Electron., 1992, 28(6):1607~1616
[76]X.-C. Zhang, B. B. Hu, J. T. Darrow, and D. H. Auston. Generation of femtosecond electromagnetic pulses from semiconductor surfaces. Appl. Phys.Lett. 1990, 56 (11), 1011-1013.
[77] A. Bonvalet, M. Joffre, J.-1.. Martin and A. Migus, Applied Physics Letters 1995,67 (20), pp. 2907 -2909.
[78] P. Y. Han and X.-C. Zhang, in Measurement Science and Technology 2001,12, pp. 1747-1756
[79] A. Rice, Y. Jin, X. F. Ma and X.-C. Zhang et al, Applied Physics Letters 1994,64(11), pp. 1324-1326
[80] J. B. Khurgin, JOSA B, 1994,11 (12), pp. 2492 -2501
[81] The Encyclopedia of Imaging Science & Technology, Imaging Technology & Systems Section, edited by J. Hornak -Wiley, New York, 2002, Vol. 2, pp. 1993-1404.
[82] A. Bonvalet, M. Joffre, J.-.Martin and A. Migus, Applied Physics Letters 1995,67 (20), pp. 2907 -2909
[83] N.M.Froberg,B.B.Hu,X.-C.Zhang,et al, Time-division multiplexing performed by a photoconducting antenna array ,Appl. Phys, Lett.1991, 59, 3207.
[84] B.B.Hu,E.A.de Souze et al, Identifying the distinct phases of carriers traps- port in semiconductors with 10fs resolution, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1995,74,1689.
[85] LBerner, D.Dykaar, A.Frommer, et al, Terahertz emission from electric field singularities in biased semiconductors, Opt. Lett. 1996, 21,1925.
[86] D. M. Mittleman, H. Jacobsen, et al, T Ray Imaging, J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron. 1996, 2, 679.
[87] Q.Wu,X.C.Zhang, Free-Space Electro-Optic Sampling of Terahertz Beam, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1995, 67, 3523.
[88] Q.Wu, F.GSun, P.Campbell, et al, Dynamic range of an electro-optic field sensor and its imaging applications, Appl. Phys. Lett.,1996, 68, 3224.
[89] O.Wu, X.C.Zhang, Design and Characterization of Traveling-Wave Electro-optic THz Sensors, J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron, 1996,2, 693
[90] Q.Wu, X.C.Zhang, Free-Space Electro-Optic Sampling of Mid-Infrared Pulses, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1997, 71,1285.
[91] Zhiping Jiang, X.C.Zhang, Electro-optic measurement of THz field pulses with a chirped optical beam,Appl. Phys. Ixtt., 1998, 72, 1945.
[92] C. Winnewisser, P Uhd Jepsen, M. Schall, V Schyja, and H. Heim, "Electro-opti detection ofTHz radiation in LiTa03, LiNb03 and ZnTe," Appl. Phys. Lett. 1997,70, 3069 .
[93] P. R. Smith, D. H. Auston and M. C. Nuss, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 1988,24 (2), pp. 255-260
[94] S. Kono, M. Tani, P. Gu and K. Sakai, Applied Physics Letters 77 (25), pp. 4104 -4106, 2000
[95] S. Kono, M. Tani and K. Sakai, Applied Physics Letters. 2001,79 (7), pp. 898 -900.
[96] A. Bonvalet, M. Joffre, J.-.Martin and A. Migus, Applied Physics Letters 67 (20), pp. 2907 -2909, 1995
[97] B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics, John Wiley &Sons, Inc, New York, 1991
[98] Y .R. Shen, The Principles of Nonlinear Optics, Wiley, New York, 1984
[99] A. Yariv, Quantum Electronics, 3rd ed. Whey, New York, 1989
[100] G Gallot, Z. Jiangquan, R. W. McGowan, T.-I. Jeon and D. Grischkowsky. Applied Physics Letters.1999,74 (23) pp. 345x-3452,
[101] Q. Wu and X.-C. Zhang, Applied Physics Letters 1997 ,70 (14), pp. 1784-1786.
[102] Budiarto E, Margolies J, Jeong S, Son J, Bokor J. High-intensity terahertz pulses at 1-kHz repetition rate.IEEE J.Quantum Electron., 1996, 32(10): 1839-1846
[103] Hattori T, Tukamoto K, Nakatsuka H. Time resolved study Of intense terahertz pulses generated by a large-aperture photoconductive antenna. Jpn. J.Appl. Phys, 2001,40(8):4907-4912
[104] Darrow J T, Zhang X C, Auston D H, Morse J D. Saturation properties of large-aperture photo-conducting antennas, IEEE. J. Quantum Electron., 1992, 28(6):1607～1616
[105] 张同意，曹俊诚．大孔径光电导天线产生的太赫兹脉冲时间特性研究．稀有金属，2004：28(3)：588～589
[106] Benicewicz P K, Roberts J P, Taylor A J. Scaling of terahertz radiation from large-aperture biased photoconductors. J. Opt. Soc. Amer.B, 1994, 11(12): 2533～2546
[107] Zhang T Y, Cao J C. study of the surface and far fields of terahertz radiation generated by large-aperture photoconductive antennas. Chinese Physics, 2004, 13(10):1742～1746.
[108] Park S G, Weiner A M, Melloch M R, et al. High-power narrow-band terahertz generation using large-aperture photoconductors. IEEE. J. Quantum Electron., 1999, 35(8):1257～1268
[109] D. T. F. MarpLe, J. Appl. Phys.,1964, 25, 539.
[110] T. Hattori, Y.Homma, A.Mitsuishi and M.Tacke, Opt. Commun., 1973,7, 229.
[111] Y. Cai, I.Brener, J.Lopata et, al Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998,73 (4): 444-446
[112] Q. Wu and X.-C. Zhang, 7 terahertz broadband GaP electro-optic sensor. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1997,70 (14): 1784～1786
[113] Ajay Nahata,Aniruddha S. Weling, and Tony F. Heinz. A wideband coherent terahertz spectroscopy system using optical rectification and electro-optic sampling Appl. Phys. Lett.1996,69 (16):2321-2323
[2] 王少宏, 许景周, 汪力, 张希成.THz技术的应用及展望.物理, 2001,30:612-615.
[3] Ferguson B, Zhang X C. Materials for terahertz science and technology. Nature Materials, 2002,1:26-33.
[4] P. Y. Han, M. Tani, M. Usami et al, Journal of Applied Physics 2001, 89(4), pp. 2357
[5] M. C. Nuss, IEEE Circuits and Devices 1996,12(2), pp. 25-30
[6] M. wan Exter, C. Fattinger, and D. Grischkowsky, Optics Letters 1989,14(20), pp. 1128-1130
[7] L. Duvillaret, F. Garet and J. L. Coutaz, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics,1996, 2(3), pp. 739
[8]J M. Li,G Lu, X.-C. Zhang, S.Q. Wang and J. T. Kennedy, Applied Physics Letters 1999,74(15), pp2113.
[9] S. Mickan, D. Abbott, J. Munch et al, Microel- ectronics Journal, 2000, 31, pp. 503
[10] S W Smye, J M Chanberlain, A J Filzgerald et al,Physics in medicine and biology ,2001, 46, pp. 101
[11] L. Xu, X.-C. Zhang, D. H. Auston et al, Applied Physics Letters ,1991,59(27), pp. 3562-356
[12] S. D. Brorson, R. Buhlcier, I. E. Trofimon et al, Opt.Soc. Am. B.,1996, 13(9), pp. 1979
[13] D. M. Mittleman, J. Cunniam and M. C. Nuss, Applied Physics Letters .1997, 71(7), pp. 16
[14] S. Labbe-Lavigne, S. Barret, F. Garet et al, Journal of Applied Physics, 1998,83,pp. 6007
[15] S. D. Ganichev, E. Ziemann, Th. Gleim et al, Physical Review Letters ,1998, 89(11), pp. 2409
[16]I. Wilke, M. Khazan, C. T. Rieck et al, Journal of Applied Physics, 2000,87 (6), pp.2928-2931
[17] Michael Schall and P. U. Jepsen, Optics Letters ,2000, 25(1), pp. 13
[18] R. Huber, F. Tauser, A. Brodschelm et al, Letters to nature ,2001, 414(15), pp. 286
[19] H. Nemec, A. Pashkin, P. Kuzal, et al, Journal of Applied Physics, 2001, 90, pp.1303
[20]E. Knoesel, M. Bonn, J. Shan and T. F. Heinz, Physical Review Letters 2001,86(2), pp. 340-343.
[21] Bret N. Flanders, Xiaoming Shang and Norbert F. Scherer and Daniei Grischkowsky, J Phys. Chem. A 1999,103, pp. 10054-10064
[22] Winnewisser, P, Uhd Iepsen, M. Schall, V. Schyja, and H. Heim, Applied Physics Lettters 1997, 70, pp. 3069-3071
[23] R. A. Cheville and D. Grischkowsky, Optical Society ofAmerica, 1995, pp. 1646-1648
[24] R. A. Cheville and D. Grischkowsky, Optics Letters 1998,23(7), pp. 531-533,
[25] J. E. Boyd, A. Briskman and Vicki L. Cdvin, Physics Review Letters 2001,87(14), pp. 14740
[26] R. H. Jacobsen, D. M. Mittleman and M. C. Nuss, Optics Letters 1996,21(24), pp. 2011-2013
[27] D. M. Mittleman, R. H. Jacobsen, R. Neelamani, R. G Baraniuk and M. C. Nuss, Applied Physics B. 1998,67, pp 379-390
[28] A. Wittlin, L. Genzel, F. Kremer, S. Haseler, A. Poglitsch and A. Rupprecht, Physics Review A 1986,34(1), pp 493-500
[29] M. Walther, B. Fischer, M. Schall, H. Helm and P. Uhd Jepsen, Chemical Physics Letters 2000,332, pp. 389-395,
[30] M. Brucherseifer, M. Nagel, P. Haring Bolivar. H. Kruz, A. Bosserhoff and R. Buttne, Applied Physics Letters 2000,77(24), pp. 4049-4051
[31] A. G. Markelz, A. Roitberg and E. J. Heilweil, Chmical Physics Letters 2000,320, pp. 42-48,
[32] T. R. Globus, D. L. Woolard, A. C. Samuels, B. L. Gelmont, J. Hesler, T. W Crowe and M.Bykhovskaia, Journal of Applied Physics 2002,91(9), pp. 6105-6113
[33] M. Nagel, P. Haring Bolivar, M. Brucherseifer, H. Kurz, A. Bosserhoff and R. Buttner, Applied Physics Letters 2002,80(1), pp. 154-156
[34] H. Han, H. Park, M. Cho and J. Kim, Applied Physics Letters 2002,80, pp.2634-2636
[35] Zhiping Jiang, Ming Li and X.-C. Zhang, Applied Physics Letters 2000,76(22), pp.3221-3223
[36] J M. Li, G. C. Cho, T-M. Lu, X.-C. Zhang, S.Q. Wang and J. T. Kennedy, Applied Physics Letters 1999,74(15), pp,2113.
[37] P. R. Smith, D. H. Auston and M. C. Nuss, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 1988,24 (2), pp. 255-260
[38] P. Y Han, G. C. Cho and X.-C. Zhang, Optics Letters 2000,25(4), pp. 242-244,
[39] Nancy D. Rowell, Biophotonics International, 2002,21.
[40] O. Mitrofanov, M. G. Wanke, R. R. Ruel., J. D. Wynn, A. Bluce and J. Federici, Applied Physics Letters 2000, 77(4), pp. 591-593
[41] Q. Chen and X.-C. Zhang. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 2001,7(4), pp. 608-614
[42] Mittleman D M, Gupta M, Neelamani R et al. Appl. Phys. B 1999,68: 1085
[43] A. Nahata, J. T. Yardley and T. F. Heinz, Applied Physics Letters 1999,75 (17), pp. 2524-2526,
[44] M. Nagel, P Haring Bolivar, M. Brucherseifer, H. Kurz, A. Bosserhoff and R. Buttner, Applied Physics Letters 2002,80(1), pp. 154-156
[45] 王秀敏，徐新龙，李富利．THz技术进展．首都师范大学学报，2003，24：17-25．
[46] Zhiping Jiang and X.-C. Zhang, Applied Physics Letters 1998, 72(16), pp. 1945-1947
[47] Zhiping Jiang and X.-C. Zhang, IEEE. J of quantum Electronics 2000,36(10), pp. 1214-1222.
[48] Q. Chen, M. Tani, Z. Jiang and X.-C. Zhang, Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics 2001 18 (6), pp. 823-831
[49] D. H. Auston and K.PCheung, Coherent time-domain far-Infrared spectroscopy, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B,1984, 45, 284.
[50] Ch. Fattinger and D. Grischkowskyt, THz Beams,Appl.Phys. Lett.,1989,54, 490.
[51] M. V Exter, C. Fattinger and D. Grlschkowsky, Thrahertz time-domain spectroscopy of water, Opt. Lett., 1989, 14, 1128.
[52] L. Wu, X. -C. Zhang and D. H. Auston,Terahertz beam generation by femtosec-and optical pulses in electro-optic materials, Appl. Phys., Lett.,1992, 61, 1784.
[53] B. Hu, X-C.Zhang and D.H. Auston et al, Free space radiation from electro-optic crystal, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1990, 56, 506.
[54] Y. Cai, 1. Brener, J. Lopata, J. Wynn, L. Pfeiffer and J. Federici, Applied Physics Letters 71 (15), pp. 2076-2078. 1997
[55] D. R. Dykaar, B. I. Greene,J. F. Federici, A. F. Levi, L. N. Pfeiffer and R. E Kopf, Applied Physics Letters 1991,59 (3), pp. 262-264
[56] G. Arjavalingam, Y. Pastol, J.-M. Halbout and W. M. Robertson, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 1991,33 (1), pp. 7-11
[57] M. Gitin, F. W. Wise, G. Arjavalingam, Y. Pastol and R. C. Compton, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 1994,42 (3), pp. 335-39,
[58] T. Pfeider, H.M. Heiliger, E. S .von Kamienski, Ef. G Roskos and H. Kurz, Journal of the Optical Society of America B:Optical Physics 1994,11 (12), pp. 2547 -2552
[59] I. Brener, D. Dykaar, A. Frommer, L. N. Pfeiffer, J. Lopata, J. Wynn, K. West and M. C. Nuns, Optics Letters 1996,21 (23), pp. 1924-1926.
[60]S. Feng and H. G Winful, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics '98 ,59 -60,Optical Society of America San Francisco, CA, U. S. A., 1998
[61]D. Liu, D. Carette, M. Bergeron, H. Karwacki, S. Adams, B. Lanning and F. Kustas, IEEE PhotonicsTechnology Letters 1998,10 (5), pp. 716 -718
[62] S. R. Andrews, P. G Huggard and A. Armitage, J. M. Chamberlain and M. A. Smith eds.,First International Conference on Biomedical Imaging &Sensing Applications of Terahertz Technology, Leeds, UK, 2001
[63] G Zhao, R. N. Schouten, N. van der Valk, W. T. Wenckebach and P. C. M. Planken, Review of Scientific Instruments 2002,73 (4), pp. 1715 -1719
[64] Zhiping Jiang and X.-C. Zhang, THz Sensing and Imaging Technology, Springer-Verlag, 2001
[65]赵尚弘,陈国夫等. 2000,24(6), pp.351
[66] P. K. Benicewicz and A. J. Taylor, Optics Letters 1993,18 (16), pp. 1332 — 1338
[67]P. K. Benicewicz, J. P. Roberts and A. J. Taylor. Journal of the Optical Society of America B:Optical Physics 1994,11 (12), pp. 2533 — 546
[68] M. Tani, S. Matsuura, K. Sakai and S. Nakashima, Applied Optics 1997,36 (30), pp. 7853 -7859
[69] H. Nemec, A. Pashkin, P. Kuzel, M. Khazan, S. SchnAull and I. Wilkein ,Carriers dynamics in low-temperature grown GaAs by terahertz emission spectroscopy, J. Appl. Phys., 2001,90 (3),1303.
[70]P.K.Benicewicz and A.J.Taylor, Scaling of terahertz radiation from large-aperture biased InP photoconductors, Opt. Lett., 1993, 18 (16), 1332.
[71] D. Grischkowsky, Keiding, M. van Exter and C. Fattinger, Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics , 1990,7 (10), pp. 2006 -2015
[72]D.H.Auston,K.P.Cheung,and P.R.Smith. Picosecond photoconducting Hertzian dipoles. Appl.phys. 1984,45(3),284-286.
[73] R. W. Ziolkowski and J. B. Judkins, Propagation characteristics of ultrawide bandwidth pulsed Gaussian beams, J.Opt.Soc.Am A, 1992,9, 2021.
[74] J. T. Darrow, X.-C. Zhang, and D. H. Auston, Power scaling of large-aperture photoconducting antennas, Appl. Phys. Lett.,1991, 58 (1), 25.
[75] Darrow J T, Zhang X C, Auston D H, Morse J D. Saturation properties of large-aperture photo-conducting antennas, IEEE. J. Quantum Electron., 1992, 28(6):1607~1616
[76]X.-C. Zhang, B. B. Hu, J. T. Darrow, and D. H. Auston. Generation of femtosecond electromagnetic pulses from semiconductor surfaces. Appl. Phys.Lett. 1990, 56 (11), 1011-1013.
[77] A. Bonvalet, M. Joffre, J.-1.. Martin and A. Migus, Applied Physics Letters 1995,67 (20), pp. 2907 -2909.
[78] P. Y. Han and X.-C. Zhang, in Measurement Science and Technology 2001,12, pp. 1747-1756
[79] A. Rice, Y. Jin, X. F. Ma and X.-C. Zhang et al, Applied Physics Letters 1994,64(11), pp. 1324-1326
[80] J. B. Khurgin, JOSA B, 1994,11 (12), pp. 2492 -2501
[81] The Encyclopedia of Imaging Science & Technology, Imaging Technology & Systems Section, edited by J. Hornak -Wiley, New York, 2002, Vol. 2, pp. 1993-1404.
[82] A. Bonvalet, M. Joffre, J.-.Martin and A. Migus, Applied Physics Letters 1995,67 (20), pp. 2907 -2909
[83] N.M.Froberg,B.B.Hu,X.-C.Zhang,et al, Time-division multiplexing performed by a photoconducting antenna array ,Appl. Phys, Lett.1991, 59, 3207.
[84] B.B.Hu,E.A.de Souze et al, Identifying the distinct phases of carriers traps- port in semiconductors with 10fs resolution, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1995,74,1689.
[85] LBerner, D.Dykaar, A.Frommer, et al, Terahertz emission from electric field singularities in biased semiconductors, Opt. Lett. 1996, 21,1925.
[86] D. M. Mittleman, H. Jacobsen, et al, T Ray Imaging, J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron. 1996, 2, 679.
[87] Q.Wu,X.C.Zhang, Free-Space Electro-Optic Sampling of Terahertz Beam, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1995, 67, 3523.
[88] Q.Wu, F.GSun, P.Campbell, et al, Dynamic range of an electro-optic field sensor and its imaging applications, Appl. Phys. Lett.,1996, 68, 3224.
[89] O.Wu, X.C.Zhang, Design and Characterization of Traveling-Wave Electro-optic THz Sensors, J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron, 1996,2, 693
[90] Q.Wu, X.C.Zhang, Free-Space Electro-Optic Sampling of Mid-Infrared Pulses, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1997, 71,1285.
[91] Zhiping Jiang, X.C.Zhang, Electro-optic measurement of THz field pulses with a chirped optical beam,Appl. Phys. Ixtt., 1998, 72, 1945.
[92] C. Winnewisser, P Uhd Jepsen, M. Schall, V Schyja, and H. Heim, "Electro-opti detection ofTHz radiation in LiTa03, LiNb03 and ZnTe," Appl. Phys. Lett. 1997,70, 3069 .
[93] P. R. Smith, D. H. Auston and M. C. Nuss, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 1988,24 (2), pp. 255-260
[94] S. Kono, M. Tani, P. Gu and K. Sakai, Applied Physics Letters 77 (25), pp. 4104 -4106, 2000
[95] S. Kono, M. Tani and K. Sakai, Applied Physics Letters. 2001,79 (7), pp. 898 -900.
[96] A. Bonvalet, M. Joffre, J.-.Martin and A. Migus, Applied Physics Letters 67 (20), pp. 2907 -2909, 1995
[97] B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics, John Wiley &Sons, Inc, New York, 1991
[98] Y .R. Shen, The Principles of Nonlinear Optics, Wiley, New York, 1984
[99] A. Yariv, Quantum Electronics, 3rd ed. Whey, New York, 1989
[100] G Gallot, Z. Jiangquan, R. W. McGowan, T.-I. Jeon and D. Grischkowsky. Applied Physics Letters.1999,74 (23) pp. 345x-3452,
[101] Q. Wu and X.-C. Zhang, Applied Physics Letters 1997 ,70 (14), pp. 1784-1786.
[102] Budiarto E, Margolies J, Jeong S, Son J, Bokor J. High-intensity terahertz pulses at 1-kHz repetition rate.IEEE J.Quantum Electron., 1996, 32(10): 1839-1846
[103] Hattori T, Tukamoto K, Nakatsuka H. Time resolved study Of intense terahertz pulses generated by a large-aperture photoconductive antenna. Jpn. J.Appl. Phys, 2001,40(8):4907-4912
[104] Darrow J T, Zhang X C, Auston D H, Morse J D. Saturation properties of large-aperture photo-conducting antennas, IEEE. J. Quantum Electron., 1992, 28(6):1607～1616
[105] 张同意，曹俊诚．大孔径光电导天线产生的太赫兹脉冲时间特性研究．稀有金属，2004：28(3)：588～589
[106] Benicewicz P K, Roberts J P, Taylor A J. Scaling of terahertz radiation from large-aperture biased photoconductors. J. Opt. Soc. Amer.B, 1994, 11(12): 2533～2546
[107] Zhang T Y, Cao J C. study of the surface and far fields of terahertz radiation generated by large-aperture photoconductive antennas. Chinese Physics, 2004, 13(10):1742～1746.
[108] Park S G, Weiner A M, Melloch M R, et al. High-power narrow-band terahertz generation using large-aperture photoconductors. IEEE. J. Quantum Electron., 1999, 35(8):1257～1268
[109] D. T. F. MarpLe, J. Appl. Phys.,1964, 25, 539.
[110] T. Hattori, Y.Homma, A.Mitsuishi and M.Tacke, Opt. Commun., 1973,7, 229.
[111] Y. Cai, I.Brener, J.Lopata et, al Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998,73 (4): 444-446
[112] Q. Wu and X.-C. Zhang, 7 terahertz broadband GaP electro-optic sensor. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1997,70 (14): 1784～1786
[113] Ajay Nahata,Aniruddha S. Weling, and Tony F. Heinz. A wideband coherent terahertz spectroscopy system using optical rectification and electro-optic sampling Appl. Phys. Lett.1996,69 (16):2321-2323