美国公众史学运动简论
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摘要
美国公众史学运动兴起于20世纪下半期,是一场推动历史协作研究和实践的运动,它有自己的方法论和操作方法,致力于使专业成果更容易为公众所理解,并使公众从中受益。或者更宽泛地说,公众史学就是一种更为忠诚的方法论式的态度,是一种来自于历史学内部的对公众和社会的关怀。
最早,它的出现很直观的表现为美国史学危机中的一场自救运动。经过30年的发展,凭着其内容更具对公众的内在关怀和贴近日常生活的特点,公众史学运动涉及的研究范围越来越广泛,吸纳的成员越来越多,逐渐成熟走上职业化的道路。
文章重点分析了公众史学运动中三个关键的概念：教育、道德和新媒介。公众史学领域的道德规范则是学科走向成熟的标志,2007年道德规范再次修订,它在保护、团结和规范公众史学的行动中发挥重要作用；公众史学教育问题凝结了公众史学工作者对学科本身和未来发展的全部思考,是学科发展的重要衡量数据；尽管最初公众史学的发展标榜与学院史学的对立,但是两者在整个历史学科中密切联系,不可分割。然而公众史学对新媒介的敏感和使用却远超学院史学,而且历史学界对新媒介的运用大多数仍属公众史学的实践范围。
公众史学的发展对学院史学的学术观念、研究领域、研究方法都产生了重大的影响。但同时公众史学要达到最大的传播效果与有限的资源之间是存在矛盾的,在公众史学家和学院史学家的沟通、公众史学的机构建制及专业认证等方面也面临问题。
American Public History Movement rose in the late of 20th century.Public history is the movement about promoting collaborative research and practice, with its own methodology and way of operation,which is committed to make professional results more easily understood by the public and the public benefit from their works. Broadly speaking, public history is a type of attitude, like a kind of methodology and more loyal to the public.To be exact, it's concern to the public and society rising within history itself.
In the early time, public history appears intuitively as a self-help movement in the crisis of History in U.S.After 30 years' development, relying on more concern to the public and own characters close to the daily life, public history has extended the research scope,attracted more and more members and been walking on the way of professionalism.
This article focuses especially on three key concepts about public history:education, ethics and new media. Education of public history is stained with public historians'thoughts of the subject itself and future development, which is an important standard to measure the development of public history. Ethics in this field is the symbol of subject's maturity. After being amended in 2007, it plays an more important role in the fight of protecting, uniting and normalising the subject. Although public history initially developed on the basis of the clear contradiction with the academic history, two disciplines related closely and can't been split. Public historians' sensitivity and control of new media have far exceeded their counterparts in academic history. Additionally, most use of new media is still within the range of the practice of public history.
Public History have had a significant impact on academic concepts, research scope and methods of academic history. But it still faces problems, such as the contradiction between efforts for maximum results and limited resources, communication with academic historians, organizing members, and professional certification.
最早,它的出现很直观的表现为美国史学危机中的一场自救运动。经过30年的发展,凭着其内容更具对公众的内在关怀和贴近日常生活的特点,公众史学运动涉及的研究范围越来越广泛,吸纳的成员越来越多,逐渐成熟走上职业化的道路。
文章重点分析了公众史学运动中三个关键的概念：教育、道德和新媒介。公众史学领域的道德规范则是学科走向成熟的标志,2007年道德规范再次修订,它在保护、团结和规范公众史学的行动中发挥重要作用；公众史学教育问题凝结了公众史学工作者对学科本身和未来发展的全部思考,是学科发展的重要衡量数据；尽管最初公众史学的发展标榜与学院史学的对立,但是两者在整个历史学科中密切联系,不可分割。然而公众史学对新媒介的敏感和使用却远超学院史学,而且历史学界对新媒介的运用大多数仍属公众史学的实践范围。
公众史学的发展对学院史学的学术观念、研究领域、研究方法都产生了重大的影响。但同时公众史学要达到最大的传播效果与有限的资源之间是存在矛盾的,在公众史学家和学院史学家的沟通、公众史学的机构建制及专业认证等方面也面临问题。
American Public History Movement rose in the late of 20th century.Public history is the movement about promoting collaborative research and practice, with its own methodology and way of operation,which is committed to make professional results more easily understood by the public and the public benefit from their works. Broadly speaking, public history is a type of attitude, like a kind of methodology and more loyal to the public.To be exact, it's concern to the public and society rising within history itself.
In the early time, public history appears intuitively as a self-help movement in the crisis of History in U.S.After 30 years' development, relying on more concern to the public and own characters close to the daily life, public history has extended the research scope,attracted more and more members and been walking on the way of professionalism.
This article focuses especially on three key concepts about public history:education, ethics and new media. Education of public history is stained with public historians'thoughts of the subject itself and future development, which is an important standard to measure the development of public history. Ethics in this field is the symbol of subject's maturity. After being amended in 2007, it plays an more important role in the fight of protecting, uniting and normalising the subject. Although public history initially developed on the basis of the clear contradiction with the academic history, two disciplines related closely and can't been split. Public historians' sensitivity and control of new media have far exceeded their counterparts in academic history. Additionally, most use of new media is still within the range of the practice of public history.
Public History have had a significant impact on academic concepts, research scope and methods of academic history. But it still faces problems, such as the contradiction between efforts for maximum results and limited resources, communication with academic historians, organizing members, and professional certification.
引文
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1 Harold L. Wilensky,"The Professionalization of Everyone?"The American Journal of Sociology, Vol.70, No.2 (September 1964),pp.137-158.
2 Peter Lambert, Phillipp Schofield, Making History:An Introduction to the History and Practices of a Discipline.London: Routledge,2004,p.9.
3 Peter Lambert, Phillipp Schofield, Making History:An Introduction to the History and Practices of a Discipline,p.20.
1 王加丰：《‘理解’：二十世纪西方历史学的追求》,《历史研究》2001年第3期,第164页。
2 主要有：美国公众史学委员会http://www.ncph.org,学术之外http://www.beyondacademe.com,公众史学评论 http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/ojs/index.php/phrj等等.
3 http://www.ucpress.edu/journals/tph/
4 Ian Tyrrell,Historians in Public:The Practice of American History, University Of Chicago Press,2005.
5 James B. Gardner, Peter S. Lapaglia, Public History:Essays from the Field, Kreiger Publishing Co.,2004.
6 Michel-Rolph Trouillot,Silencing the Past,Bacon Press,1995.
7 Peter Lambert(Editor).Making History:An Introduction to the Practices of History, Routledge.2004.
8 Roy Rosenzweig, Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier,Presenting the Past:Essays on History and the Public, Temple University Press,1986.
1 G.Wesley Johnson, "The Origins of The Public Historian and the National Council on Public History," The Public Historian Vol.21,No.3 (Summer 1999).
2 Heather A. Huyck,"Twenty-five Years of Public History:Perspectives from a Primary Document,"The Public Historian, Vol. 21,No.3(Winter 1999).
3 Ronald J. Grele,"Whose Public? Whose History? What is the Goal of a The Public Historian?" The Public Historian, Vol.3, No.1 (Winter 1981).
4 Heodore J. Karamanski,"Ethics and Public History:An Introduction,"The Public Historian, Vol.8, No.1,(Winter,1986).
5 Heodore J. Karamanski,"Reflections on Ethics and the Historical Profession,"The Public Historian, Vol.21,No.3,(Winter, 1999).
6 Roy Lopata,"Ethics in Public History:Clio Meets Ulasewizc,"The Public Historian, Vol.8, No.1,(Winter,1986).
7 Randall C. Jimerson,"Ethical Concerns for Archivists,"The Public Historian,Vol.28,No.1,(Winter 2006).
8 Alan S. Newell,"Personal and Professional Issues in Private Consulting,"The Public Historian,Vol.28,No.1,(Winter 2006).
9 Jo Blatti,"Harry Miller's Vision of Arkansas,1900-1910:A Case Study in Sponsored Projects/The Public Historian, Vol.28, No.1,(Winter 2006).
10 Russell Lewis,"Judgments of Value,Judgments of Fact:The Ethical Dimension of Biohistorical Research,"The Public Historian, Vol.28, No.1,(Winter 2006).
1 Melody Webb,"Cultural Landscapes in the National Park Service,"The Public Historian, Vol.9, No.2,(Spring,1987).
2 Stephanie S. Toothman,"Cultural Resource Management in Natural Areas of the National Park System,"The Public Historian, Vol.9, No.2, (Spring,1987).
3 Robert Kelley,"On the Teaching of Public History,"The Public Historian, Vol.9. No.3,(Spring,1987).
4 GWesley Johnson and Noel J.Stowe,"The Field of Public History:Planning the Curriculum:Introduction,"The Public Historian, Vol.9, No.3,1987.
1 C.范·伍德沃德,《历史的未来》,《现代史学的挑战——美国历史协会主席演说集1961—1988》,王建华等译,上海人民出版社,1990年版,第164页。
2 G.Wesley Johnson,"Professionalism:Foundation of Public History Instruction,"The Public Historian,Vol.9,No.3(Summer 1987), p.97.
3 G.Wesley Johnson, "Professionalism:Foundation of Public History Instruction," p.164.
4 Hayden V. White, "The Burden of History,"History and Theory, Vol.5, No.2(1966), p.112.
1 G.Wesley Johnson, "Professionalism:Foundation of Public History Instruction," pp.163-164.
2 美国学术团体理事会：《人文科学委员会的报告》,转引自《现代史学的挑战——美国历史协会主席演说集1961—1988》,王建华等译，上海人民出版社,1990年版,第167页。
3 G.Wesley Johnson, "Professionalism:Foundation of Public History Instruction," The Public Historian, Vol.9, No.3(Summer 1987), pp.98-99.
4 G.Wesley Johnson."Professionalism:Foundation of Public History Instruction."p.99.
5 G. Wesley Johnson. "Professionalism:Foundation of Public History Instruction,"p.99.
6 R.R.帕尔默：《美国历史协会在一九七零年》,《现代史学的挑战——美国历史协会主席演说集1961—1988》,王建华等译,上海人民出版社,1990年版,第185页。
1 李剑鸣：《关于20世纪美国史学的思考》,《美国研究》1999年第一期,第21页。
2 李剑鸣：《关于20世纪美国史学的思考》,第23页。
3 黄红霞、陈新：《后现代主义与公众史学的兴起》,《学术交流》,2007年第10期。
4 G.Wesley Johnson,"Professionalism:Foundation of Public History Instruction,"The Public Historian, Vol.9, No.3(Summer 1987), p.97.
1 Constance B.Schulz,"Becoming A Public Historian," in James B. Gardner and Peter S. Paglia, eds., Public History:Essays from the Field,Krieger Publishing Company,2006, pp.29-30.
2 University of Baltimore Public History web page.
3 http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/history/publichistory/main.htm.
4 Michael Gordon. http://www.uwm.edu/People/mgordon/hist700.html.
5 Robert Kelley, "Public History:Its origins. Nature and Prospects," The Public Historian, Vol.1,No.1 (Autumn 1978), p.16.
6 Chelsea Buffington. "Public History--What Is It?" http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/careers in history/19900/1.
7 Cathy Stanton, "What is Public History? Redux," Public History News, Vol.27, No.4(2007), p.1.
1 Heather A. Huyck,"Twenty Five Years of Public History:Perspectives from a Primary Document," The Public Historian, Vol. 21,No.3(Summer 1999),p.30.
2 Brit Allan Storey, "Hanging by Four Pine Needles," The Public Historian, Vol.14, No.3(Summer 1992),pp.16-17,作者将历史比做台阶式金字塔,每上一阶就代表更高的水平,最下面一层是历史学习,第二层是历史教学。Linda Shopes, "Building Bridges Between Academic and Public History." The Public Historian, Vol.19, No.2(Spring 1997), p.55.
4 Rebecca Conard,"Public History As Reflective Practice:An Introduction,"The Public Historian, Vol.28,No.1(Winter 2006), p.10.
1 Robert Kelley, "On the Teaching of Public History," The Public Historian, Vol.9, No.3(Summer 1987), p.38.
2 Ronald J.Grele,"Whose Public? Whose History? What is the Goal of a The Public Historian?" The Public Historian,Vol.3, No.1(Winter 1981),pp.42-47.
3 Ronald J.Grele,"Whose Public? Whose History? What is the Goal of a The Public Historian?" The Public Historian,Vol.3, No.1 (Winter 1981),pp.47-48.
4 Brit Allan Storey, "Hanging by Four Pine Needles," The Public Historian, Vol.14, No.3(Summer 1992), p.17.
5 Theodore J. Karamanski,"Making History Whole:Public Service,Public History,and the Profession," The Public Historian, Vol.12, No.3(Summer 1990), p.96.
1 Rebecca Conard, "Public History As Reflective Practice:An Introduction," The Public Historian, Vol.28, No.1(Winter 2006), p.9.
1 [德]约恩·吕森,隋俊等译,《历史思维中的道德与认知：一个西方的视角》,《山东社会科学》,2004年第11期(总第111期),第20页。
2 章益国在《章学诚“史德”说新解》提出：“史德”不是指对史事诚实,而是指史家对自己要诚实。“尽其天而不益以人”指史家要发扬“天性”,不能屈从“他人”,也不能滑向过度“主观”。章学诚的“史德”说不是主张“客观主义”而恰恰在“客观主义”的对立面,他是站在“个体知识”的立场上,在承认史家“自我一授权”的前提下,以“史德”的自律来保证史家主观在合法限度之内。参见章益国：《章学诚“史德”说新解》.《学术月刊》,2007年12月。
3笔者译,《公众史学工作者的道德准则和职业操守》,见附录。原文地址：http://ncph.org/cms/about/bylaws-and-ethics/
4笔者译,《公众史学工作者的道德准则和职业操守》,见附录。原文地址：http://ncph.org/cms/about/ylaws-and-ethics/
5 Theodore J. Karamanski, "Ethics and Public History:An Introduction,"The Public Historian, Vol.8, No.1,(Winter,1986), p.5.
1 成立于1981年,它由一群致力于促进本州历史资源保存、解读和管理的公众史学工作者组成。该组织认为由于公众史学工作者缺乏统一的标准,不可避免的导致了历史实践的失利从而影响了历史资源的利用。
2 Theodore J. Karamanski, "Ethics and Public History:An Introduction,"The Public Historian, Vol.8, No.1,(Winter,1986), p.8.
3 Roy Lopata,"Ethics in Public History:Clio Meets Ulasewizc,"The Public Historian, Vol.8, No.1,(Winter,1986), p.39.
1 Roy Lopata, "Ethics in Public History:Clio Meets Ulasewizc "The Public Historian, Vol.8, No.1(Winter,1986), p.39.
2 Randall C. Jimerson, "Ethical Concerns for Archivists,"The Public Historian, Vol.28, No.1 (Winter 2006),p.92.
3 Alan S. Newell, "Personal and Professional Issues in Private Consulting,"The Public Historian, Vol.28, No.1 (Winter 2006).P107.
1 笔者译,《公众史学工作者的道德准则和职业操守》,见附录。原文地址：http://ncph.org/cms/about/bylaws-and-ethics/
2 "Principles and Standards for Federal Historical Program,"The Public Historian, Vol.8, No.1,(Winter,1986), pp.60-68.
1 Robert pomeroy, "Historians'Skills and Business Needs,"The Pubic Hisorian,1979(winter),p.53.
2 Robert pomeroy, "Historians'Skills and Business Needs, "p.53.
3 Lawrence B.De Graaf, "Distinctiveness or Integration?The Future of Public History Curriculum,"The Pubic Historian,Vol.9, No.3,p.49.
4 G. Wesley Johnson and Noel J.Stowe,"The Field of Public History:Planning the Curriculum:Introduction,"The Pubic Historian, Vol.9, No.3,1987.
1 Roberr Kelley,"On the Teaching of Public History,"The Pubic Historian,Vol.9, No.3,p.41.
2 G. Wesley Johnson and Noel J.Stowe, "The Field of Public History:Planning the Curriculum:Introduction,"p.16.
3 G.Wesley Johnson and Noel J.Stowe, "The Field of Public History:Planning the Curriculum:Introduction,"The Pubic Historian, Vol.9, No.3,p.17.
4 G.Wesley Johnson, "Professionalism:Foundation of Public History Instruction,"The Pubic Historian, Vol.9, No.3,p.108.
1 Lawrence B.De Graaf, "Distinctiveness or Integration?The Future of Public History Curriculum,"pp.63-64.
1 张广智：《影视史学：历史学的新生代》,《历史教学问题》,2007年第5期,第40页。
3 海登·怀特：《元史学：十九世纪欧洲的历史想像》,陈新译,译林出版社2004年,第2页.
4 海登·怀特：《元史学：十九世纪欧洲的历史想像》,第4页.
1 Theodore J. Karamanski," Making History Whole:Public Service, Public History, and the Profession,"The Public Historian,Vol.12,No.3,P.98.
2 转引自：蒋保：《影视史学刍议》,《安徽史学》2004年第5期,第8页。
3 Simon Schama,"Fine-Cutting Clio "The Public Historian,Vol.25,No.3,P.20.
1 马克·波斯特著,范静哗译,《第二媒介时代》,南京大学出版社,2005年版,第16页。
2 指损坏了历史感之发生的结构,并组织其重构一个新结构来实践受损结构所具有的功能,即连续完整的历史意识或者是认同链条的断裂,参见耶尔恩·吕森：《危机、创伤与认同》,《当代西方历史哲学读本》,第290页。
1 Carl L. Becker, "Everyman His Own Historian," The American Historical Review, Vol.37, Issue 2(1931),p.221.
2 Martin Reuss,"Public History and Environmental History," in Charles C. Cole,Jr.,"Public History:What Difference Has It Made?" The Public Historian, Vol.16, No.4(Fall 1994), p.17.
3 Stephen L. Recken, "Doing Public History:A Look at the How, but Especially the Why," American Quarterly, Vol.45, No. 1(March 1993),p.189.
1 Arnita A. Jones, "Practicing History Without a License," The Public Historian, Vol.10, No.3(Summer 1988), p.68.
2 Arnita A. Jones, "Practicing History Without a License," p.68.
3 Arnita A. Jones, "Practicing History Without a License," p.69.
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1 Harold L. Wilensky,"The Professionalization of Everyone?"The American Journal of Sociology, Vol.70, No.2 (September 1964),pp.137-158.
2 Peter Lambert, Phillipp Schofield, Making History:An Introduction to the History and Practices of a Discipline.London: Routledge,2004,p.9.
3 Peter Lambert, Phillipp Schofield, Making History:An Introduction to the History and Practices of a Discipline,p.20.
1 王加丰：《‘理解’：二十世纪西方历史学的追求》,《历史研究》2001年第3期,第164页。
2 主要有：美国公众史学委员会http://www.ncph.org,学术之外http://www.beyondacademe.com,公众史学评论 http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/ojs/index.php/phrj等等.
3 http://www.ucpress.edu/journals/tph/
4 Ian Tyrrell,Historians in Public:The Practice of American History, University Of Chicago Press,2005.
5 James B. Gardner, Peter S. Lapaglia, Public History:Essays from the Field, Kreiger Publishing Co.,2004.
6 Michel-Rolph Trouillot,Silencing the Past,Bacon Press,1995.
7 Peter Lambert(Editor).Making History:An Introduction to the Practices of History, Routledge.2004.
8 Roy Rosenzweig, Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier,Presenting the Past:Essays on History and the Public, Temple University Press,1986.
1 G.Wesley Johnson, "The Origins of The Public Historian and the National Council on Public History," The Public Historian Vol.21,No.3 (Summer 1999).
2 Heather A. Huyck,"Twenty-five Years of Public History:Perspectives from a Primary Document,"The Public Historian, Vol. 21,No.3(Winter 1999).
3 Ronald J. Grele,"Whose Public? Whose History? What is the Goal of a The Public Historian?" The Public Historian, Vol.3, No.1 (Winter 1981).
4 Heodore J. Karamanski,"Ethics and Public History:An Introduction,"The Public Historian, Vol.8, No.1,(Winter,1986).
5 Heodore J. Karamanski,"Reflections on Ethics and the Historical Profession,"The Public Historian, Vol.21,No.3,(Winter, 1999).
6 Roy Lopata,"Ethics in Public History:Clio Meets Ulasewizc,"The Public Historian, Vol.8, No.1,(Winter,1986).
7 Randall C. Jimerson,"Ethical Concerns for Archivists,"The Public Historian,Vol.28,No.1,(Winter 2006).
8 Alan S. Newell,"Personal and Professional Issues in Private Consulting,"The Public Historian,Vol.28,No.1,(Winter 2006).
9 Jo Blatti,"Harry Miller's Vision of Arkansas,1900-1910:A Case Study in Sponsored Projects/The Public Historian, Vol.28, No.1,(Winter 2006).
10 Russell Lewis,"Judgments of Value,Judgments of Fact:The Ethical Dimension of Biohistorical Research,"The Public Historian, Vol.28, No.1,(Winter 2006).
1 Melody Webb,"Cultural Landscapes in the National Park Service,"The Public Historian, Vol.9, No.2,(Spring,1987).
2 Stephanie S. Toothman,"Cultural Resource Management in Natural Areas of the National Park System,"The Public Historian, Vol.9, No.2, (Spring,1987).
3 Robert Kelley,"On the Teaching of Public History,"The Public Historian, Vol.9. No.3,(Spring,1987).
4 GWesley Johnson and Noel J.Stowe,"The Field of Public History:Planning the Curriculum:Introduction,"The Public Historian, Vol.9, No.3,1987.
1 C.范·伍德沃德,《历史的未来》,《现代史学的挑战——美国历史协会主席演说集1961—1988》,王建华等译,上海人民出版社,1990年版,第164页。
2 G.Wesley Johnson,"Professionalism:Foundation of Public History Instruction,"The Public Historian,Vol.9,No.3(Summer 1987), p.97.
3 G.Wesley Johnson, "Professionalism:Foundation of Public History Instruction," p.164.
4 Hayden V. White, "The Burden of History,"History and Theory, Vol.5, No.2(1966), p.112.
1 G.Wesley Johnson, "Professionalism:Foundation of Public History Instruction," pp.163-164.
2 美国学术团体理事会：《人文科学委员会的报告》,转引自《现代史学的挑战——美国历史协会主席演说集1961—1988》,王建华等译，上海人民出版社,1990年版,第167页。
3 G.Wesley Johnson, "Professionalism:Foundation of Public History Instruction," The Public Historian, Vol.9, No.3(Summer 1987), pp.98-99.
4 G.Wesley Johnson."Professionalism:Foundation of Public History Instruction."p.99.
5 G. Wesley Johnson. "Professionalism:Foundation of Public History Instruction,"p.99.
6 R.R.帕尔默：《美国历史协会在一九七零年》,《现代史学的挑战——美国历史协会主席演说集1961—1988》,王建华等译,上海人民出版社,1990年版,第185页。
1 李剑鸣：《关于20世纪美国史学的思考》,《美国研究》1999年第一期,第21页。
2 李剑鸣：《关于20世纪美国史学的思考》,第23页。
3 黄红霞、陈新：《后现代主义与公众史学的兴起》,《学术交流》,2007年第10期。
4 G.Wesley Johnson,"Professionalism:Foundation of Public History Instruction,"The Public Historian, Vol.9, No.3(Summer 1987), p.97.
1 Constance B.Schulz,"Becoming A Public Historian," in James B. Gardner and Peter S. Paglia, eds., Public History:Essays from the Field,Krieger Publishing Company,2006, pp.29-30.
2 University of Baltimore Public History web page.
3 http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/history/publichistory/main.htm.
4 Michael Gordon. http://www.uwm.edu/People/mgordon/hist700.html.
5 Robert Kelley, "Public History:Its origins. Nature and Prospects," The Public Historian, Vol.1,No.1 (Autumn 1978), p.16.
6 Chelsea Buffington. "Public History--What Is It?" http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/careers in history/19900/1.
7 Cathy Stanton, "What is Public History? Redux," Public History News, Vol.27, No.4(2007), p.1.
1 Heather A. Huyck,"Twenty Five Years of Public History:Perspectives from a Primary Document," The Public Historian, Vol. 21,No.3(Summer 1999),p.30.
2 Brit Allan Storey, "Hanging by Four Pine Needles," The Public Historian, Vol.14, No.3(Summer 1992),pp.16-17,作者将历史比做台阶式金字塔,每上一阶就代表更高的水平,最下面一层是历史学习,第二层是历史教学。Linda Shopes, "Building Bridges Between Academic and Public History." The Public Historian, Vol.19, No.2(Spring 1997), p.55.
4 Rebecca Conard,"Public History As Reflective Practice:An Introduction,"The Public Historian, Vol.28,No.1(Winter 2006), p.10.
1 Robert Kelley, "On the Teaching of Public History," The Public Historian, Vol.9, No.3(Summer 1987), p.38.
2 Ronald J.Grele,"Whose Public? Whose History? What is the Goal of a The Public Historian?" The Public Historian,Vol.3, No.1(Winter 1981),pp.42-47.
3 Ronald J.Grele,"Whose Public? Whose History? What is the Goal of a The Public Historian?" The Public Historian,Vol.3, No.1 (Winter 1981),pp.47-48.
4 Brit Allan Storey, "Hanging by Four Pine Needles," The Public Historian, Vol.14, No.3(Summer 1992), p.17.
5 Theodore J. Karamanski,"Making History Whole:Public Service,Public History,and the Profession," The Public Historian, Vol.12, No.3(Summer 1990), p.96.
1 Rebecca Conard, "Public History As Reflective Practice:An Introduction," The Public Historian, Vol.28, No.1(Winter 2006), p.9.
1 [德]约恩·吕森,隋俊等译,《历史思维中的道德与认知：一个西方的视角》,《山东社会科学》,2004年第11期(总第111期),第20页。
2 章益国在《章学诚“史德”说新解》提出：“史德”不是指对史事诚实,而是指史家对自己要诚实。“尽其天而不益以人”指史家要发扬“天性”,不能屈从“他人”,也不能滑向过度“主观”。章学诚的“史德”说不是主张“客观主义”而恰恰在“客观主义”的对立面,他是站在“个体知识”的立场上,在承认史家“自我一授权”的前提下,以“史德”的自律来保证史家主观在合法限度之内。参见章益国：《章学诚“史德”说新解》.《学术月刊》,2007年12月。
3笔者译,《公众史学工作者的道德准则和职业操守》,见附录。原文地址：http://ncph.org/cms/about/bylaws-and-ethics/
4笔者译,《公众史学工作者的道德准则和职业操守》,见附录。原文地址：http://ncph.org/cms/about/ylaws-and-ethics/
5 Theodore J. Karamanski, "Ethics and Public History:An Introduction,"The Public Historian, Vol.8, No.1,(Winter,1986), p.5.
1 成立于1981年,它由一群致力于促进本州历史资源保存、解读和管理的公众史学工作者组成。该组织认为由于公众史学工作者缺乏统一的标准,不可避免的导致了历史实践的失利从而影响了历史资源的利用。
2 Theodore J. Karamanski, "Ethics and Public History:An Introduction,"The Public Historian, Vol.8, No.1,(Winter,1986), p.8.
3 Roy Lopata,"Ethics in Public History:Clio Meets Ulasewizc,"The Public Historian, Vol.8, No.1,(Winter,1986), p.39.
1 Roy Lopata, "Ethics in Public History:Clio Meets Ulasewizc "The Public Historian, Vol.8, No.1(Winter,1986), p.39.
2 Randall C. Jimerson, "Ethical Concerns for Archivists,"The Public Historian, Vol.28, No.1 (Winter 2006),p.92.
3 Alan S. Newell, "Personal and Professional Issues in Private Consulting,"The Public Historian, Vol.28, No.1 (Winter 2006).P107.
1 笔者译,《公众史学工作者的道德准则和职业操守》,见附录。原文地址：http://ncph.org/cms/about/bylaws-and-ethics/
2 "Principles and Standards for Federal Historical Program,"The Public Historian, Vol.8, No.1,(Winter,1986), pp.60-68.
1 Robert pomeroy, "Historians'Skills and Business Needs,"The Pubic Hisorian,1979(winter),p.53.
2 Robert pomeroy, "Historians'Skills and Business Needs, "p.53.
3 Lawrence B.De Graaf, "Distinctiveness or Integration?The Future of Public History Curriculum,"The Pubic Historian,Vol.9, No.3,p.49.
4 G. Wesley Johnson and Noel J.Stowe,"The Field of Public History:Planning the Curriculum:Introduction,"The Pubic Historian, Vol.9, No.3,1987.
1 Roberr Kelley,"On the Teaching of Public History,"The Pubic Historian,Vol.9, No.3,p.41.
2 G. Wesley Johnson and Noel J.Stowe, "The Field of Public History:Planning the Curriculum:Introduction,"p.16.
3 G.Wesley Johnson and Noel J.Stowe, "The Field of Public History:Planning the Curriculum:Introduction,"The Pubic Historian, Vol.9, No.3,p.17.
4 G.Wesley Johnson, "Professionalism:Foundation of Public History Instruction,"The Pubic Historian, Vol.9, No.3,p.108.
1 Lawrence B.De Graaf, "Distinctiveness or Integration?The Future of Public History Curriculum,"pp.63-64.
1 张广智：《影视史学：历史学的新生代》,《历史教学问题》,2007年第5期,第40页。
3 海登·怀特：《元史学：十九世纪欧洲的历史想像》,陈新译,译林出版社2004年,第2页.
4 海登·怀特：《元史学：十九世纪欧洲的历史想像》,第4页.
1 Theodore J. Karamanski," Making History Whole:Public Service, Public History, and the Profession,"The Public Historian,Vol.12,No.3,P.98.
2 转引自：蒋保：《影视史学刍议》,《安徽史学》2004年第5期,第8页。
3 Simon Schama,"Fine-Cutting Clio "The Public Historian,Vol.25,No.3,P.20.
1 马克·波斯特著,范静哗译,《第二媒介时代》,南京大学出版社,2005年版,第16页。
2 指损坏了历史感之发生的结构,并组织其重构一个新结构来实践受损结构所具有的功能,即连续完整的历史意识或者是认同链条的断裂,参见耶尔恩·吕森：《危机、创伤与认同》,《当代西方历史哲学读本》,第290页。
1 Carl L. Becker, "Everyman His Own Historian," The American Historical Review, Vol.37, Issue 2(1931),p.221.
2 Martin Reuss,"Public History and Environmental History," in Charles C. Cole,Jr.,"Public History:What Difference Has It Made?" The Public Historian, Vol.16, No.4(Fall 1994), p.17.
3 Stephen L. Recken, "Doing Public History:A Look at the How, but Especially the Why," American Quarterly, Vol.45, No. 1(March 1993),p.189.
1 Arnita A. Jones, "Practicing History Without a License," The Public Historian, Vol.10, No.3(Summer 1988), p.68.
2 Arnita A. Jones, "Practicing History Without a License," p.68.
3 Arnita A. Jones, "Practicing History Without a License," p.69.