中国黄土高原半干旱地区地表能量收支分析
|
摘要
兰州大学半干旱气候和环境观测站(SACOL)地处中国黄土高原西南部,属于典型的半干旱地区。SACOL作为唯一在黄土高原地区不间断观测的CEOP站点,自2005年9月建站以来取得了很多宝贵的观测资料。
本文利用SACOL站2006年5月1日至2007年4月30日的边界层气象常规数据、动量通量、CO_2和H_2O通量、各辐射分量以及潜热和感热通量资料,对该站点的平流场特征、湍流场特征,以及各辐射分量变化规律和地表能量平衡问题进行了分析。
结论如下:
1、SACOL常年盛行东南风和西北风;水平风速的日变化与垂直风速和摩擦风速的日变化相比表现了很好的一致性;湿度和气压具有明显的日变化特征;CO_2浓度与CO_2通量的日变化规律基本相似,呈现出单峰单谷型;SACOL所处地区生态系统薄弱,植被的光合与吸收作用对该地区CO_2浓度的影响表现的不明显。
2、由于海拔比平原地区高以及晴天次数相对较多,所以该地区日照资源丰富;地表反照率季节变化明显,数值介于同处于西北地区的张掖绿洲和敦煌戈壁之间,地表反照率受地表植被和降雪等天气过程影响明显;大气逆辐射与地面长波辐射随大气温度和地表温度变化明显。
3、土壤温度日变化表现为准正弦曲线,峰值发生时间随土壤深度而滞后,日变化振幅随深度而减小。降水与土壤湿度有着很好的相关性,深层土壤的湿度的变化与浅层相比存在一定的位相滞后。
4、白天,从上午到下午,能量闭合率是逐渐升高的。夜晚,能量不闭合情况比较显著的原因主要是因为湍流强度低。对于SACOL地区,由于空气湿度很低,导致感热通量比潜热通量要大很多,波文比年平均值为1.42。
5、利用同处于半干旱区的通榆观测站2003年6-8月的观测资料,对其地表能量平衡状况进行分析,并将SACOL与之对比:两地的净辐射大小基本相同,但潜热和感热通量相差很多,可见虽然同属半干旱区,由于夏季干湿状况不同,两地的地表能量分配差别很大。
Semi-Arid Climate and Environmental Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) is located in southwest China's Loess Plateau and it is typically semi-arid area. As the only uninterrupted observation CEOP site in Loess Plateau region, since the foundation in September 2005, SACOL has achieved a lot of valuable data.
In this paper, we use the conventional meteorological data of the boundary layer, momentum flux, CO_2 and H_2O flux, the radiation components and the latent heat and sensible heat flux of SACOL from May 1st, 2006 to April 30th, 2007 to analyze the average field characteristics, the characteristics of turbulence and the change law of radiation and the surface energy balance problems.
Our conclusions are as follows:
1. Southeast winds and northwest winds prevail in SACOL all the year round; the diurnal variation of horizontal wind speed and vertical wind speed, friction wind speed show good consistency; humidity and atmosphere pressure have obvious diurnal variation characteristics; the change laws of CO_2 concentration and fluxes of CO_2 are basically similar, presenting a single peak-valley-type; the ecological system in SACOL is weak; consequently, the effect of vegetation photosynthesis and absorption upon the concentration of CO_2 in this region is not obvious.
2. Because the elevation of SACOL is higher than plain areas and there are relatively more sunny days, the resources of sunshine in SACOL region is rich ; the surface albedo's seasonal change is obvious, and its value is between that of Zhangye oasis and Dunhuang Gobi which are located in the northwest areas. The albedo is affected significantly by surface vegetation, snowfall and other weather conditions. The atmospheric counter radiation and terrestrial long-wave radiation change with the air temperature and surface temperature significantly.
3. The diurnal variation of soil temperature performs like sine curve. The peak time lags with the increase of soil's depth, and the amplitude of diurnal variation decreases with depth. The precipitation and soil moisture have a very good correlation; and the moisture variation of deep soil has a certain phase lag compared to shallow soil.
4. The energy closure rate is gradually increasing from morning to afternoon. The main reason why energy imbalance is more serious at night is the low intensity of turbulence. In SACOL area, as the air humidity is very low, sensible heat flux is much larger than latent heat flux. The annual average ratio of Bowen is 1.42.
5. By using the observation data from June to August 2003 of Tongyu Observation which is also located in the semi-arid area, we analyze its surface energy balance condition and make comparison with SACOL: the net radiations of the two places are basically the same, but latent heat and sensible heat flux of the two places are different obviously. Although they are located in the same semi-arid area, owing to different humidity condition in summer, their surface energy distributions are quite different.
本文利用SACOL站2006年5月1日至2007年4月30日的边界层气象常规数据、动量通量、CO_2和H_2O通量、各辐射分量以及潜热和感热通量资料,对该站点的平流场特征、湍流场特征,以及各辐射分量变化规律和地表能量平衡问题进行了分析。
结论如下:
1、SACOL常年盛行东南风和西北风;水平风速的日变化与垂直风速和摩擦风速的日变化相比表现了很好的一致性;湿度和气压具有明显的日变化特征;CO_2浓度与CO_2通量的日变化规律基本相似,呈现出单峰单谷型;SACOL所处地区生态系统薄弱,植被的光合与吸收作用对该地区CO_2浓度的影响表现的不明显。
2、由于海拔比平原地区高以及晴天次数相对较多,所以该地区日照资源丰富;地表反照率季节变化明显,数值介于同处于西北地区的张掖绿洲和敦煌戈壁之间,地表反照率受地表植被和降雪等天气过程影响明显;大气逆辐射与地面长波辐射随大气温度和地表温度变化明显。
3、土壤温度日变化表现为准正弦曲线,峰值发生时间随土壤深度而滞后,日变化振幅随深度而减小。降水与土壤湿度有着很好的相关性,深层土壤的湿度的变化与浅层相比存在一定的位相滞后。
4、白天,从上午到下午,能量闭合率是逐渐升高的。夜晚,能量不闭合情况比较显著的原因主要是因为湍流强度低。对于SACOL地区,由于空气湿度很低,导致感热通量比潜热通量要大很多,波文比年平均值为1.42。
5、利用同处于半干旱区的通榆观测站2003年6-8月的观测资料,对其地表能量平衡状况进行分析,并将SACOL与之对比:两地的净辐射大小基本相同,但潜热和感热通量相差很多,可见虽然同属半干旱区,由于夏季干湿状况不同,两地的地表能量分配差别很大。
Semi-Arid Climate and Environmental Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) is located in southwest China's Loess Plateau and it is typically semi-arid area. As the only uninterrupted observation CEOP site in Loess Plateau region, since the foundation in September 2005, SACOL has achieved a lot of valuable data.
In this paper, we use the conventional meteorological data of the boundary layer, momentum flux, CO_2 and H_2O flux, the radiation components and the latent heat and sensible heat flux of SACOL from May 1st, 2006 to April 30th, 2007 to analyze the average field characteristics, the characteristics of turbulence and the change law of radiation and the surface energy balance problems.
Our conclusions are as follows:
1. Southeast winds and northwest winds prevail in SACOL all the year round; the diurnal variation of horizontal wind speed and vertical wind speed, friction wind speed show good consistency; humidity and atmosphere pressure have obvious diurnal variation characteristics; the change laws of CO_2 concentration and fluxes of CO_2 are basically similar, presenting a single peak-valley-type; the ecological system in SACOL is weak; consequently, the effect of vegetation photosynthesis and absorption upon the concentration of CO_2 in this region is not obvious.
2. Because the elevation of SACOL is higher than plain areas and there are relatively more sunny days, the resources of sunshine in SACOL region is rich ; the surface albedo's seasonal change is obvious, and its value is between that of Zhangye oasis and Dunhuang Gobi which are located in the northwest areas. The albedo is affected significantly by surface vegetation, snowfall and other weather conditions. The atmospheric counter radiation and terrestrial long-wave radiation change with the air temperature and surface temperature significantly.
3. The diurnal variation of soil temperature performs like sine curve. The peak time lags with the increase of soil's depth, and the amplitude of diurnal variation decreases with depth. The precipitation and soil moisture have a very good correlation; and the moisture variation of deep soil has a certain phase lag compared to shallow soil.
4. The energy closure rate is gradually increasing from morning to afternoon. The main reason why energy imbalance is more serious at night is the low intensity of turbulence. In SACOL area, as the air humidity is very low, sensible heat flux is much larger than latent heat flux. The annual average ratio of Bowen is 1.42.
5. By using the observation data from June to August 2003 of Tongyu Observation which is also located in the semi-arid area, we analyze its surface energy balance condition and make comparison with SACOL: the net radiations of the two places are basically the same, but latent heat and sensible heat flux of the two places are different obviously. Although they are located in the same semi-arid area, owing to different humidity condition in summer, their surface energy distributions are quite different.
引文
[1]张强,胡隐樵.大气边界层物理学的研究进展和面临的科学问题[J].地球科学进展,2001,16(4):526-532
[2]胡隐樵,高由禧.黑河实验(HEIFE)—对干旱区陆面过程的一些新认识[J].气象学报,1994,52(3):285-296
[3]吕达仁,陈佐忠,陈家宜,等.内蒙古半干旱草地土壤植被大气相互作用(IMGRASS)综合研究[J].地学前缘,2002,(2):295-306
[4]http://climate.lzu.edu.cn/
[5]王介民.陆面过程实验和地气相互作用—从HEIFI到IMGRASS和GAME—Tibet/TIPEX[J].高原气象,1999,18(3):280-294
[6]Baldocchi D,Falge E,Gu Lianhong,et al.FLUXNET:A new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide,Water Vapor,and Energy Flux Densities[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2001,82(11):2415-2434
[7]刘辉志,董文杰,符淙斌,等.半干旱地区吉林通榆“干旱化和有序人类活动”长期观测实验[J].气候与环境研究,2004,9(2):378-389
[8]刘辉志,涂钢,董文杰,等.半干旱地区地气界面水汽和二氧化碳通量的日变化和季节变化[J].大气科学,2006,30(1):108-118
[9]梁玲,吕世华,柳媛普.黄土高原植被变化对环境影响的数值模拟[J].高原气象,2006,25(4):575-582
[10]韦志刚,文军,吕世华.黄土高原陆-气相互作用预试验及其晴天地表能量特征分析[J].高原气象,2005,24(4):545-555
[1]http://climate.lzu.edu.cn/
[2]陈家宜,范邵华,赵传峰,等.涡旋相关法测定湍流通量偏低的研究[J].大气科学,2006,30(3):423-432
[3]黄宝霞.半干旱地区地表能量平衡特征研究[D].兰州大学:大气科学学院,2006
[4]卞林根,陆龙骅,程彦杰,等.青藏高原东南部昌都地区近地层湍流输送的观测研究[J].应用气象学报,2001,12(1):1-13
[5]黄妙芬.地表通量研究进展[J].干旱区地理,2003,26(2):159-165
[6]刘辉志,洪钟祥,张宏升,等.内蒙古奈曼流动沙丘下垫面湍流输送特征初步研究[J].大气科学,2003,27(3):389-398
[7]刘式适,刘适达.大气动力学 上册.北京:北京大学出版社,1991.138
[8]Webb E.K.Pearman G.I.and Leuning R.,Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer[J].Quart.J.Roy.Meteotol.Soc.1980,Vol.106:85-100.
[1]吴艾笙.大气中一半的二氧化碳消失到哪里去了[J].高原气象,1999,18(3):462-464
[2]朱德琴,陈文,刘辉志,等.我国西北典型干旱区和高原地区地表辐射能量收支特征的比较[J].气候与环境研究,2006,11(6):683-690
[3]郭建侠.华北玉米下垫面湍流输送特征及参数化方案比较研究[D].北京,南京:中国气象科学研究院,南京信息工程大学,2006
[4]郭晓峰,康凌,蔡旭晖,等.华南农田下垫面地气交换和能量收支的观测研究[J].大气科学,2006,30(3):453-463
[5]何奇瑾,周广胜,周莉,等.盘锦芦苇湿地水热通量计算方法的比较研究[J].气象与环境学报,2006,22(4):35-41
[6]汪宏宇,周广胜.盘锦湿地芦苇生态系统长期通量观测研究[J].气象与环境学报,2006,22(4):18-24
[1]郭建侠.华北玉米下垫面湍流输送特征及参数化方案比较研究[D].北京,南京:中国气象科学研究院,南京信息工程大学,2006
[2]范丽军,韦志刚,董文杰,等.西北干旱区地表辐射特性的初步研究[J].高原气象,2002,21(3):309-314
[3]马伟强,马耀明,胡泽勇,等.藏北高原地面辐射收支的初步分析[J].高原气象,2004,23(3):348-352
[4]钱泽雨,胡泽勇,杜萍,等.青藏高原北麓河地区近地层能量输送与微气象特征[J].高原气象,2005,24(1):43-48
[5]季国良,吕兰芝,邹基玲,等.藏北高原太阳辐射能收支的季节变化[J].太阳能学报,1995,16(4):340-346
[6]江灏,季国良.五道梁地区秋季的辐射能收支的初步分析[J].青藏高原形成演化、环境变迁与生态系统研究学术论文年刊(1994).北京:科学出版社,1994,314-321
[7]季国良,马晓燕,邹基玲,等.黑河地区绿州和沙漠地面辐射收支的若干特征[J].干旱气象,2003,21(3):29-33
[8]季国良,邹基玲.干旱地区绿洲和沙漠辐射收支的季节变化[J].干旱气象,1994,13(3):323-329
[9]季国良,江灏,查树芳.青藏高原地区有效辐射的计算及其分布特征[J].高原气象,1987,6(2):141-149
[10]季国良,侯旭宏,吕兰芝,等.干旱地区不同下垫面的辐射收支[J].太阳能学报,2004,25(1):37-40
[11]季国良.1982年8月—1983年7月青藏高原地区的辐射与气候[J].高原气象,1985,4(4)增刊:10-20
[12]Stull,R.B.,杨长新译,边界层气象导论[M].北京:气象出版社,1991,300-304.
[13]肖薇.农田冠层能量平衡和小气候要素的特征与模拟[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2006
[14]梁玲,吕世华,柳嫒普,等.黄土高原植被变化对环境影响的数值模拟[J].高原气象,2006,25(4):575-582
[15]蒲金涌,姚小英,贾海源,等.甘肃陇西黄土高原旱作区土壤水分变化规律及有效利用程度研究[J].土壤通报,2005,36(4):483-486.
[6]陈世强,吕世华,奥银焕,等.夏季不同土壤湿度和天气背景条件下绿洲土壤温湿特征的个例分析[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(4):621-626.
[1]张强,曹晓彦.敦煌地区荒漠戈壁地表热量和辐射平衡特征的研究[J].大气科学,2003,27(2):245-254
[2]朱德琴,陈文,刘辉志,等.我国西北典型干旱区和高原地区地表辐射能量收支特征的比较[J].气候与环境研究,2006,11(6):683-690
[3]郭晓峰,康凌,蔡旭晖,等.华南农田下垫面地气交换和能量收支的观测研究[J].大气科学,2006,30(3):453-463
[4]肖薇.农田冠层能量平衡和小气候要素的特征与模拟[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2006
[5]Wilson.K,Goldstein.A,Falge.E,et al.Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,113:223-243
[6]郭建侠.华北玉米下垫面湍流输送特征及参数化方案比较研究[D].北京,南京:中国气象科学研究院,南京信息工程大学,2006
[7]刘辉志,董文杰,符淙斌,等.半干旱地区吉林通榆“干旱化和有序人类活动”长期观测实验[J].气候与环境研究,2004,9(2):378-389
[8]郭晓峰,康凌,蔡旭晖,等.华南农田下垫面地气交换和能量收支的观测研究[J].大气科学,2006,30(3):453-463
[9]Xuhui Lee,T.Andrew Black.Atmospheric turbulence within and above a douglas-fir stand.Part Ⅱ:Eddy fluxes of sensible heat and water vapour[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology.1993,64(4):369-389
[10]Alan G.Barr,K.M.King,Gillespie T J,et al.A comparison of Bowen and eddy correlation sensible and latent heat flux measurements above deciduous forest[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology.1994,71:21-41
[11]陈家宜,范邵华,赵传峰,等.涡旋相关法测定湍流通量偏低的研究[J].大气科学,2006,30(3):423-432
[12]李胜功,原菌芳信,何宗颖,等.奈曼沙漠化对草地微气象特性影响的研究[J].大气科学,1994,18(6):758-763
[13]陈添宁,陈乾,李宝梓,等.卫星遥感结合地面观测估算中国西北区东部地表能量通量[J]. 干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(3):7-15
[14]马耀明,王介民,张庆荣,等.南沙海域大气湍流通量输送特征分析[J].高原气象,1997,16(1):45-51
[15]刘辉志,洪钟祥,张宏升,等.内蒙古奈曼流动沙丘下垫面湍流输送特征初步研究[J].大气科学,2003,27(3):389-398
[16]刘辉志,涂钢,董文杰,等.半干旱地区地气界面水汽和二氧化碳通量的日变化和季节变化[J].大气科学,2006,30(1):108-118
[17]刘辉志,董文杰,符淙斌,等.半干旱地区吉林通榆“干旱化和有序人类活动”长期观测实验[J].气候与环境研究,2004,9(2):378-389
[18]姜纪峰,延晓东,黄耀,等.半干旱区农田和草地与大气间二氧化碳和水热通量的模拟研究[J].气候与环境研究,2006,11(3):413-424
[2]胡隐樵,高由禧.黑河实验(HEIFE)—对干旱区陆面过程的一些新认识[J].气象学报,1994,52(3):285-296
[3]吕达仁,陈佐忠,陈家宜,等.内蒙古半干旱草地土壤植被大气相互作用(IMGRASS)综合研究[J].地学前缘,2002,(2):295-306
[4]http://climate.lzu.edu.cn/
[5]王介民.陆面过程实验和地气相互作用—从HEIFI到IMGRASS和GAME—Tibet/TIPEX[J].高原气象,1999,18(3):280-294
[6]Baldocchi D,Falge E,Gu Lianhong,et al.FLUXNET:A new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide,Water Vapor,and Energy Flux Densities[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2001,82(11):2415-2434
[7]刘辉志,董文杰,符淙斌,等.半干旱地区吉林通榆“干旱化和有序人类活动”长期观测实验[J].气候与环境研究,2004,9(2):378-389
[8]刘辉志,涂钢,董文杰,等.半干旱地区地气界面水汽和二氧化碳通量的日变化和季节变化[J].大气科学,2006,30(1):108-118
[9]梁玲,吕世华,柳媛普.黄土高原植被变化对环境影响的数值模拟[J].高原气象,2006,25(4):575-582
[10]韦志刚,文军,吕世华.黄土高原陆-气相互作用预试验及其晴天地表能量特征分析[J].高原气象,2005,24(4):545-555
[1]http://climate.lzu.edu.cn/
[2]陈家宜,范邵华,赵传峰,等.涡旋相关法测定湍流通量偏低的研究[J].大气科学,2006,30(3):423-432
[3]黄宝霞.半干旱地区地表能量平衡特征研究[D].兰州大学:大气科学学院,2006
[4]卞林根,陆龙骅,程彦杰,等.青藏高原东南部昌都地区近地层湍流输送的观测研究[J].应用气象学报,2001,12(1):1-13
[5]黄妙芬.地表通量研究进展[J].干旱区地理,2003,26(2):159-165
[6]刘辉志,洪钟祥,张宏升,等.内蒙古奈曼流动沙丘下垫面湍流输送特征初步研究[J].大气科学,2003,27(3):389-398
[7]刘式适,刘适达.大气动力学 上册.北京:北京大学出版社,1991.138
[8]Webb E.K.Pearman G.I.and Leuning R.,Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer[J].Quart.J.Roy.Meteotol.Soc.1980,Vol.106:85-100.
[1]吴艾笙.大气中一半的二氧化碳消失到哪里去了[J].高原气象,1999,18(3):462-464
[2]朱德琴,陈文,刘辉志,等.我国西北典型干旱区和高原地区地表辐射能量收支特征的比较[J].气候与环境研究,2006,11(6):683-690
[3]郭建侠.华北玉米下垫面湍流输送特征及参数化方案比较研究[D].北京,南京:中国气象科学研究院,南京信息工程大学,2006
[4]郭晓峰,康凌,蔡旭晖,等.华南农田下垫面地气交换和能量收支的观测研究[J].大气科学,2006,30(3):453-463
[5]何奇瑾,周广胜,周莉,等.盘锦芦苇湿地水热通量计算方法的比较研究[J].气象与环境学报,2006,22(4):35-41
[6]汪宏宇,周广胜.盘锦湿地芦苇生态系统长期通量观测研究[J].气象与环境学报,2006,22(4):18-24
[1]郭建侠.华北玉米下垫面湍流输送特征及参数化方案比较研究[D].北京,南京:中国气象科学研究院,南京信息工程大学,2006
[2]范丽军,韦志刚,董文杰,等.西北干旱区地表辐射特性的初步研究[J].高原气象,2002,21(3):309-314
[3]马伟强,马耀明,胡泽勇,等.藏北高原地面辐射收支的初步分析[J].高原气象,2004,23(3):348-352
[4]钱泽雨,胡泽勇,杜萍,等.青藏高原北麓河地区近地层能量输送与微气象特征[J].高原气象,2005,24(1):43-48
[5]季国良,吕兰芝,邹基玲,等.藏北高原太阳辐射能收支的季节变化[J].太阳能学报,1995,16(4):340-346
[6]江灏,季国良.五道梁地区秋季的辐射能收支的初步分析[J].青藏高原形成演化、环境变迁与生态系统研究学术论文年刊(1994).北京:科学出版社,1994,314-321
[7]季国良,马晓燕,邹基玲,等.黑河地区绿州和沙漠地面辐射收支的若干特征[J].干旱气象,2003,21(3):29-33
[8]季国良,邹基玲.干旱地区绿洲和沙漠辐射收支的季节变化[J].干旱气象,1994,13(3):323-329
[9]季国良,江灏,查树芳.青藏高原地区有效辐射的计算及其分布特征[J].高原气象,1987,6(2):141-149
[10]季国良,侯旭宏,吕兰芝,等.干旱地区不同下垫面的辐射收支[J].太阳能学报,2004,25(1):37-40
[11]季国良.1982年8月—1983年7月青藏高原地区的辐射与气候[J].高原气象,1985,4(4)增刊:10-20
[12]Stull,R.B.,杨长新译,边界层气象导论[M].北京:气象出版社,1991,300-304.
[13]肖薇.农田冠层能量平衡和小气候要素的特征与模拟[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2006
[14]梁玲,吕世华,柳嫒普,等.黄土高原植被变化对环境影响的数值模拟[J].高原气象,2006,25(4):575-582
[15]蒲金涌,姚小英,贾海源,等.甘肃陇西黄土高原旱作区土壤水分变化规律及有效利用程度研究[J].土壤通报,2005,36(4):483-486.
[6]陈世强,吕世华,奥银焕,等.夏季不同土壤湿度和天气背景条件下绿洲土壤温湿特征的个例分析[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(4):621-626.
[1]张强,曹晓彦.敦煌地区荒漠戈壁地表热量和辐射平衡特征的研究[J].大气科学,2003,27(2):245-254
[2]朱德琴,陈文,刘辉志,等.我国西北典型干旱区和高原地区地表辐射能量收支特征的比较[J].气候与环境研究,2006,11(6):683-690
[3]郭晓峰,康凌,蔡旭晖,等.华南农田下垫面地气交换和能量收支的观测研究[J].大气科学,2006,30(3):453-463
[4]肖薇.农田冠层能量平衡和小气候要素的特征与模拟[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2006
[5]Wilson.K,Goldstein.A,Falge.E,et al.Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,113:223-243
[6]郭建侠.华北玉米下垫面湍流输送特征及参数化方案比较研究[D].北京,南京:中国气象科学研究院,南京信息工程大学,2006
[7]刘辉志,董文杰,符淙斌,等.半干旱地区吉林通榆“干旱化和有序人类活动”长期观测实验[J].气候与环境研究,2004,9(2):378-389
[8]郭晓峰,康凌,蔡旭晖,等.华南农田下垫面地气交换和能量收支的观测研究[J].大气科学,2006,30(3):453-463
[9]Xuhui Lee,T.Andrew Black.Atmospheric turbulence within and above a douglas-fir stand.Part Ⅱ:Eddy fluxes of sensible heat and water vapour[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology.1993,64(4):369-389
[10]Alan G.Barr,K.M.King,Gillespie T J,et al.A comparison of Bowen and eddy correlation sensible and latent heat flux measurements above deciduous forest[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology.1994,71:21-41
[11]陈家宜,范邵华,赵传峰,等.涡旋相关法测定湍流通量偏低的研究[J].大气科学,2006,30(3):423-432
[12]李胜功,原菌芳信,何宗颖,等.奈曼沙漠化对草地微气象特性影响的研究[J].大气科学,1994,18(6):758-763
[13]陈添宁,陈乾,李宝梓,等.卫星遥感结合地面观测估算中国西北区东部地表能量通量[J]. 干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(3):7-15
[14]马耀明,王介民,张庆荣,等.南沙海域大气湍流通量输送特征分析[J].高原气象,1997,16(1):45-51
[15]刘辉志,洪钟祥,张宏升,等.内蒙古奈曼流动沙丘下垫面湍流输送特征初步研究[J].大气科学,2003,27(3):389-398
[16]刘辉志,涂钢,董文杰,等.半干旱地区地气界面水汽和二氧化碳通量的日变化和季节变化[J].大气科学,2006,30(1):108-118
[17]刘辉志,董文杰,符淙斌,等.半干旱地区吉林通榆“干旱化和有序人类活动”长期观测实验[J].气候与环境研究,2004,9(2):378-389
[18]姜纪峰,延晓东,黄耀,等.半干旱区农田和草地与大气间二氧化碳和水热通量的模拟研究[J].气候与环境研究,2006,11(3):413-424