中国青藏高原东部石笋氧同位素记录的气候变化研究
摘要
中国青藏高原东部洞穴石笋氧同位素记录的气候变化研究
由于器测记录太短(约150年)，使得我们在了解过去气候、研究当代气候和预测未来气候的变化规律方面产生极大的不确定性．为此，这次研究的目的是从中国青藏高原东部万象洞(33°19′47″N，105°00′19″E，1200 ma．s．l．)方解石(石笋)记录中挖掘出精确定年的过去气候变化的最近2000年期间和海洋氧同位素5阶段(MIS 5)的高分辨率的稳定氧同位素记录。
石笋记录很好地适用于高分辨率的古气候重建。由于它们总体上非常纯净、保存完好，以非常高的分辨率生长层记录了古环境替代数据，而且能够用~(230)Th方法精确定年。中国青藏高原东部是连接青藏高原与黄土高原的纽带，非常复杂的气候体系构成了全球气候系统的重要组成部分，处在亚洲季风系统的交互作用的影响之下；而且这个地区的气候和水文模式非常复杂并且难以模拟。因此，需要有更精确和详细的气候替代数据。
前人研究的结果在亚洲季风区表现为间冰期或间冰段内亚洲季风的强度增加，而在冰期或冰段内季风强度降低的这样一种总体模式，而在较短的时间尺度上的研究存在众多不确定性。这篇论文的目标是在详细研究具有不同海拔高度的三个洞穴(黄龙洞、万象洞和黄草洞)内现代水-碳酸盐氧同位素体系的基础上，详细讨论了最近1810年来氧同位素记录的亚洲季风变迁的真实模式、幅度及其原因，MIS 5期间亚洲季风变化与北半球高纬度Greenland极地冰芯δ~(18)O记录南半球石笋记录的关系，得出以下结论：
1．为了评估从化石石笋方解石稳定同位素的变化(δ~(18)O)中获得的高分辨率的古气候记录的潜力，系统完成了中国青藏高原东部具有不同海拔高度的黄龙洞、黄草洞和万象洞三个洞穴的现代水-碳酸盐的稳定同位素体系研究．所研究的洞穴水和当地降水样品的δ~(18)O和δD直接落在地方性的大气水线上，表明洞穴水的δ~(18)O和现代降水的δ~(18)O之间存在密切的关系。通过洞穴滴水的δ~(18)O和现代管状钟乳石方解石的δ~(18)O和碳酸盐古温度等式，计算出万象洞的内据洞口最远处洞穴温度为12.0℃，处于所测量的洞穴温度(10.99℃)和武都年平均温度(14.4℃)之间；对于黄龙洞内，计算出的洞穴温度为6.9℃，接近于黄龙洞5月与9月季风降水占优势期间所测量的洞穴平均温度(6.2℃)。说明这两个洞穴内的现代石笋形成在同位素平衡和／或准平衡条件下，大约平均在2℃范围内它们的同位素组成密切地反映了洞穴所在地地表平均温度和滴水组成的变化。在这个地区，温度的变化可能对化石石笋δ~(18)O值的影响很小，万象洞、黄龙洞和黄草洞中的石笋δ~(18)O记录主要由降水或者是季风变化所控制。
2．呈现出从甘肃武都万象洞收集的石笋(WX42B)记录的最近1810年来平均2.5年分辨率高精度~(230)Th绝对定年的氧同位素组成所反映的亚洲季风变迁的历史。在AD 1951-1984期间的30多年内WX42B的δ~(18)O记录与当地器测降水资料具有良好的相关性，万象洞石笋δ~(18)O值的变化主要受西南(印度)季风带来的降水量效应所控制，受温度的影响比较弱，至少在5年尺度上石笋δ~(18)O的轻重变化主要反映了季风降水δ~(18)O的信息，代表西南季风环流的变化。近半个世纪以来，万象洞石笋的氧同位素组成具有逐渐变重的趋势，即逐渐变得相对富集~(18)O，与亚洲季风区其它地区的石笋δ~(18)O具有相同的变化趋势，而且也与东亚、印度洋季风指数所指示的季风减弱趋势相一致，与全球季风指数密切相关。这种现代亚洲季风的减弱趋势主要是受太阳辐射变化的影响，并紧密地匹配于高空平流层的温度变化。
WX42B的长期δ~(18)O时间序列含有4个明显的偏负δ~(18)O段(AD 191-825，AD 950-1045，AD 1090-1315，和AD 1875-1984)和3个偏正的δ~(18)O段(AD825-950，AD 1045-1090，和AD 1315-1875)，它们分别代表了4期亚洲季风增强时期和3期亚洲季风减弱时期。中世纪暖期(MWP)在AD 950-1315之间，持续465年，并在AD 1045-1090出现强烈的季风减弱期；跟随的小冰期(LIA)发生AD 1315-1875之间，总体上表现为非常偏正的石笋δ~(18)O值，代表了减弱的夏季风。每一期夏季风的增强几乎都以石笋δ~(18)O值的突然偏负开始和逐渐变得偏正的结束为特征，指示了夏季风的突然爆发和逐渐的减弱特性。万象洞内1810年以来的季风记录与北半球温度有一定的相关性。同样地，石笋δ~(18)O记录密切地匹配于太阳的输出量，在黑暗冷期(DACP)和MWP期间的AD 530、AD 950和AD 1090，突然性偏负的δ~(18)O值(夏季风的突然加强)和在LIA期间从AD 1615开始的季风的逐渐加强都对应于~(14)C的最小值和／或太阳调谐函数变化的极大值，表明最近2000年以来亚洲季风的变迁不仅在百年尺度上而且在10年尺度上强烈地受控于太阳活动的变化。同时，WX42Bδ~(18)O记录的亚洲夏季风的周期性变化等时地与NAO相和北大西洋深水温度变化遥相关，密切的联系着由NAO驱动的挪威大西洋环流和北海北部水团的更新，即降雨量突然增加-季风突然加强和降雨量突然减少-季风减弱分别对应与海洋深水温度的上升和降低。这种高纬度北大西洋气候与中低纬度的亚洲季风之间通过西风带的紧密结合，构成了北半球太阳-海洋-大气之间偶合的气候体系。
3．呈现出位于青藏高原东部甘肃武都万象洞石笋WXSM51和WXSM52提供的MIS5阶段(118-79ka B. P. )高分辨率的δ~(18)O记录。研究表明，万象洞石笋δ~(18)O值与夏季风强度呈负相关关系，与我国西南部的贵州董歌洞石笋δ~(18)O记录有良好的对应关系，并与高纬度的格林兰NGRIP冰芯δ~(18)O记录和65°N太阳辐射强度有很好的一致性，说明万象洞石笋δ~(18)O记录了118-79 ka B. P.期间亚洲季风强度的变化，同时也说明东亚季风强度的变化和全球气候变化同步，而且主要受控于北半球太阳辐射强度的变化。同时它与地中海碳酸盐记录有很好的相似性，和巴西石笋δ~(18)O记录在千年尺度上表现出相反的变化趋势，说明东亚季风区、地中海地区以及巴西季风区之间存在密切的联系，指示了南北半球气候在千年尺度上存在“跷跷板”(seesaw)现象。万象洞石笋δ~(18)O记录的MIS5b与MIS 5a突发性转换，与NGRIP冰芯δ~(18)O记录相似，而与神农架记录存在差异，说明万象洞地区对亚洲季风强度的响应更为敏感。
在这次研究中，万象洞石笋氧同位素记录揭示的过去1810年以来和MIS5的亚洲季风变迁的历史，特别是极大地改善了目前亚洲季风区在1810年以来长期没有准确的绝对定年的有效的替代指标的局面，而且对石笋氧同位素组成记录的千年尺度上亚洲季风变化历史的正确理解起了重要的推动作用。季风记录与太阳辐射-NAO的密切关系，说明北半球气候在太阳活动的主要控制下低纬季风气候-高纬北大西洋气候等时的遥相关。因此，我们的结果将有利于更好的了解亚洲季风的驱动机理和它在全球气候系统中的地位，有利于将来气候的预测。
Too short Instrumental record (～150 year) makes us to produce many uncertainties in understanding past climate, studying current climate and forecasting future climate. The objective of my dissertation research is to explore precise-dating and high-resolution stable isotopic record from Wanxiang Cave (33°19'47''N, 105°00'19''E, 1200 m a.s.l.) on eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China during recent 2000 years and Marine Oxygen Stage 5 (MIS 5).
Speleothems are well suited for high-resolution paleoclimate reconstructions as they are generally very pure, well-preserved, recorded paleoenvironmental proxy data in highly resolvable growth band, and can be precisely dated with the ~(230)Th method. The climate of the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, linking Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau to Loess Plateau, is significant because it is under the influence of the East Asian monsoon system, an important component of the global climate system. The climatic and hydrologic patterns in this region are very complex, and thus difficult to model, hence more accurate and detailed proxy climate data are necessary.
Previous records have exhibited a general pattern of increased Asian monsoon intensity during interglacial or interstadial periods, and decreased intensity during glacial or stadial periods. Moreover, this pattern still remains many uncertainties on shorter time-scale. The goal of my dissertation was to discuss the real pattern, amplitude and cause of Asian monsoon variability during recent 1810 year, and relationship between Asian monsoon variability, Greenland ice-coreδ~(18)O record from higher altitude of Northern Hemisphere and the speleothemδ~(18)O record from Southern Hemisphere during MIS 5, on the base of detailed study of Modern oxygen isotopic systematics between water and carbonate in Wanxiang Cave, Huanglong Cave and Huangcao Cave from the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. The following conclusions will be withdrawn:
1. To assess the potential for obtaining of high-resolution paleoclimate record from the stable isotopic variation (δ~(18)O) in fossil speleothem calcite, the result of a through study of the active water-carbonate system of Wanxiang Cave, Huanglong Cave and Huangcao Cave located on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Theδ~(18)O andδD of all cave waters and local precipitation samples plot directly on the local meteoric water line, suggesting that there is a close relationship between theδ~(18)O of the cave water and theδ~(18)O of modern precipitation. Using the measuredδ~(18)O values of cave drip water and modern soda straw calcite and the carbonate paleotemperature equation, the calculated temperature of 12.0℃in the deepest part of the cave is between measured temperature (10.99℃) and mean annual temperature (14.4℃); and the calculated temperature of 6.9℃in the Huanglong Cave is close to measured mean cave temperature (6.2℃) during dominant monsoon precipitation between May and September. This suggests that modern speleothems are forming under isotopic equilibrium and quis-equilibrium and that their composition reflects changes in temperature at the surface and changes in drip water composition. Fossil speleothems form two caves are, however, well suited forδ~(18)O based paleoclimate reconstructions, as theδ~(18)O of speleothem calcite is inversely related to summer monsoon intensity at this region.
2. The history of Asian summer monsoon variation is presented by high-precise absolute ~(230)Th dating oxygen isotopic composition of WX42B collected in Wanxiang Cave, Gansu with mean resolution of 2.5 years.
A comparison of the stalagmiteδ~(18)O record with instrumentally meteorological data during AD 1951-1984 indicates that shifts of theδ~(18)O are largely controlled by the amount effect of meteoric precipitation conveyed through Southwest monsoon (the Indian monsoon) and less affected by temperature. Therefore, the variations ofδ~(18)O record reflect the changes in monsoon precipitation on at least five time scales under the influence of Southwest monsoon. Like many other speleothemδ~(18)O records in Asian monsoon regions, theδ~(18)O record of the stalagmite from Wanxiang Cave also reveals a gradually enriched trend during the past more than 30 years, i.e., relatively enriched in ~(18)O. This trend may indicate the decline of Asian monsoon intensity which is consistent with the decrease of monsoon indices. The weakening of modern Asian monsoon well matched with the temperature changes in stratosphere, which may illustrate that the weakening of the monsoon is mainly resulted from the lowering of solar radiation.
The long period of WX42Bδ~(18)O time-series can also present four distinct sections in more negativeδ~(18)O (AD 191-825, AD 950-1045, AD 1090-1315, and AD 1875-1984), and three distinct sections in more positiveδ~(18)O and three distinct sections in more positiveδ~(18)O (AD 825-950, AD 1045-1090, and AD 1315-1875), representing increased period of Asian monsoon and decreased period of Asian monsoon, respectively. So-called the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) with increased intensity of summer monsoon is between AD 950-1315 with 465 years of duration and dramatic weakening summer monsoon occurs between AD 1045-1090; and following the Little Ice Age (LIA) occurs AD 1315-1875, characterized by more positiveδ~(18)O values, generally exhibiting decreased intensity of Asian monsoon. Every period of increased sommer monsoon is almost characterized by abrupt beginning of more negativeδ~(18)O values and end of becoming more positiveδ~(18)O values, indicating the features of abrupt beginning and steplike weakening of Asian monsoon. Some similarities are presented through comparison between theδ~(18)O record and reconstructed mean North Hemispheric temperature. Likewise, stalagmiteδ~(18)O record match well with solar output; abrupt more negativeδ~(18)O (abrupt increased summer monsoon) at AD 530, AD 950 and AD 1090 during Dark Age Cold Period (DACP) and MWP, and at AD 1615 during LIA are corresponding to minimum ~(14)C production and/or maximum changes in solar modulation function, suggesting Asian monsoon variability during recent 1810 year is strongly controlled by change of solar activity not only on century-scale but also 5-10 year scale. At same time, the cyclical variability of Asian summer monsoon may synchronously tele-connect to change in winter Northern Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) phase and deep-water temperature of North Atlantic, closely link to renew of water mass in North of northern sea, i. e., abrupt increase of precipitation amount-abrupt strengthening of summer monsoon and abrupt decrease of precipitation amount-abrupt weakening of summer monsoon are corresponding to rising temperature and dropping of ocean deep water, respectively. This type of the tie linkage between Northern Atlantic climate in higher latitude and Asian summer monsoon in middle-low by westerly wind zone consists of the coupled climate system between Sun-ocean-atmosphere in Northern Hemisphere.
3. We also report high resolutionδ~(18)O records of MIS5 (from 79kaB.P. to 118kaB.P.) from two stalagmites (WXSM51 and WXSM52) collected form the Wanxiang Cave, Gansu Province (33°19'N, 105°00'E). The results indicate thatδ~(18)O of stalagmite at this site is inversely related to the East Asian summer monsoon intensity. Theδ~(18)O record of the Wanxiang Cave closely resembles the D3 record from the Dongge Cave, and also agrees well with the NGRIP record and the 65°N summer isolation curve. These indicate thatδ~(18)O of the Wanxiang Cave is a valid and robust proxy for paleomonsoon intensity analysis. These also suggest that the East Asian monsoon varies in step with global climate change and is largely controlled by solar variations in the Northern Hemisphere.
The Wanxiang record presents similarity to the Mediterranean speleothem records, and presents an inverse pattern compared with the Brazilian stalagmite BT2 record on the millennial timescales. These indicate that there are climate links among the East Asian monsoon, the Mediterranean and the Brazil summer monsoon regions, and further prove that the north-south climate seesaw did exist.
It should be pointed out that the pattern of the transition from MIS5b to MIS 5a recorded in the Wanxiang records differs from that in the Shennongjia stalagmite records. This difference, which does not seem to be caused by sampling resolution difference, may indicate thatδ~(18)O of the precipitation in the Wanxiang Cave region is more sensitive to changes in monsoon intensity due to its close location to the northern limit of the monsoon region.
The stalagmite oxygen isotopic record of Wanxiang Cave in this research provides the history of Asian summer monsoon variation since 1810 year and during MIS 5. In particular, it could ultimately leads to improve the status without precisely absolute dating and available proxy in Asian summer monsoon region since 1810 years for long time. It plays some active role for accurately understanding the history of Asian summer monsoon on millennium timescale by stalagmite's oxygen isotopic composition. The monsoon record is strong related to solar radiation and NAO, indicating the monsoon climate in low latitude synchronously presents tele-connection with Northern Atlantic climate in higher latitude. Our results may, therefore, be useful for better understanding of the forcing mechanisms behind the Asian monsoon and its role in the global climate system, more forecasting of future climate change.
由于器测记录太短(约150年)，使得我们在了解过去气候、研究当代气候和预测未来气候的变化规律方面产生极大的不确定性．为此，这次研究的目的是从中国青藏高原东部万象洞(33°19′47″N，105°00′19″E，1200 ma．s．l．)方解石(石笋)记录中挖掘出精确定年的过去气候变化的最近2000年期间和海洋氧同位素5阶段(MIS 5)的高分辨率的稳定氧同位素记录。
石笋记录很好地适用于高分辨率的古气候重建。由于它们总体上非常纯净、保存完好，以非常高的分辨率生长层记录了古环境替代数据，而且能够用~(230)Th方法精确定年。中国青藏高原东部是连接青藏高原与黄土高原的纽带，非常复杂的气候体系构成了全球气候系统的重要组成部分，处在亚洲季风系统的交互作用的影响之下；而且这个地区的气候和水文模式非常复杂并且难以模拟。因此，需要有更精确和详细的气候替代数据。
前人研究的结果在亚洲季风区表现为间冰期或间冰段内亚洲季风的强度增加，而在冰期或冰段内季风强度降低的这样一种总体模式，而在较短的时间尺度上的研究存在众多不确定性。这篇论文的目标是在详细研究具有不同海拔高度的三个洞穴(黄龙洞、万象洞和黄草洞)内现代水-碳酸盐氧同位素体系的基础上，详细讨论了最近1810年来氧同位素记录的亚洲季风变迁的真实模式、幅度及其原因，MIS 5期间亚洲季风变化与北半球高纬度Greenland极地冰芯δ~(18)O记录南半球石笋记录的关系，得出以下结论：
1．为了评估从化石石笋方解石稳定同位素的变化(δ~(18)O)中获得的高分辨率的古气候记录的潜力，系统完成了中国青藏高原东部具有不同海拔高度的黄龙洞、黄草洞和万象洞三个洞穴的现代水-碳酸盐的稳定同位素体系研究．所研究的洞穴水和当地降水样品的δ~(18)O和δD直接落在地方性的大气水线上，表明洞穴水的δ~(18)O和现代降水的δ~(18)O之间存在密切的关系。通过洞穴滴水的δ~(18)O和现代管状钟乳石方解石的δ~(18)O和碳酸盐古温度等式，计算出万象洞的内据洞口最远处洞穴温度为12.0℃，处于所测量的洞穴温度(10.99℃)和武都年平均温度(14.4℃)之间；对于黄龙洞内，计算出的洞穴温度为6.9℃，接近于黄龙洞5月与9月季风降水占优势期间所测量的洞穴平均温度(6.2℃)。说明这两个洞穴内的现代石笋形成在同位素平衡和／或准平衡条件下，大约平均在2℃范围内它们的同位素组成密切地反映了洞穴所在地地表平均温度和滴水组成的变化。在这个地区，温度的变化可能对化石石笋δ~(18)O值的影响很小，万象洞、黄龙洞和黄草洞中的石笋δ~(18)O记录主要由降水或者是季风变化所控制。
2．呈现出从甘肃武都万象洞收集的石笋(WX42B)记录的最近1810年来平均2.5年分辨率高精度~(230)Th绝对定年的氧同位素组成所反映的亚洲季风变迁的历史。在AD 1951-1984期间的30多年内WX42B的δ~(18)O记录与当地器测降水资料具有良好的相关性，万象洞石笋δ~(18)O值的变化主要受西南(印度)季风带来的降水量效应所控制，受温度的影响比较弱，至少在5年尺度上石笋δ~(18)O的轻重变化主要反映了季风降水δ~(18)O的信息，代表西南季风环流的变化。近半个世纪以来，万象洞石笋的氧同位素组成具有逐渐变重的趋势，即逐渐变得相对富集~(18)O，与亚洲季风区其它地区的石笋δ~(18)O具有相同的变化趋势，而且也与东亚、印度洋季风指数所指示的季风减弱趋势相一致，与全球季风指数密切相关。这种现代亚洲季风的减弱趋势主要是受太阳辐射变化的影响，并紧密地匹配于高空平流层的温度变化。
WX42B的长期δ~(18)O时间序列含有4个明显的偏负δ~(18)O段(AD 191-825，AD 950-1045，AD 1090-1315，和AD 1875-1984)和3个偏正的δ~(18)O段(AD825-950，AD 1045-1090，和AD 1315-1875)，它们分别代表了4期亚洲季风增强时期和3期亚洲季风减弱时期。中世纪暖期(MWP)在AD 950-1315之间，持续465年，并在AD 1045-1090出现强烈的季风减弱期；跟随的小冰期(LIA)发生AD 1315-1875之间，总体上表现为非常偏正的石笋δ~(18)O值，代表了减弱的夏季风。每一期夏季风的增强几乎都以石笋δ~(18)O值的突然偏负开始和逐渐变得偏正的结束为特征，指示了夏季风的突然爆发和逐渐的减弱特性。万象洞内1810年以来的季风记录与北半球温度有一定的相关性。同样地，石笋δ~(18)O记录密切地匹配于太阳的输出量，在黑暗冷期(DACP)和MWP期间的AD 530、AD 950和AD 1090，突然性偏负的δ~(18)O值(夏季风的突然加强)和在LIA期间从AD 1615开始的季风的逐渐加强都对应于~(14)C的最小值和／或太阳调谐函数变化的极大值，表明最近2000年以来亚洲季风的变迁不仅在百年尺度上而且在10年尺度上强烈地受控于太阳活动的变化。同时，WX42Bδ~(18)O记录的亚洲夏季风的周期性变化等时地与NAO相和北大西洋深水温度变化遥相关，密切的联系着由NAO驱动的挪威大西洋环流和北海北部水团的更新，即降雨量突然增加-季风突然加强和降雨量突然减少-季风减弱分别对应与海洋深水温度的上升和降低。这种高纬度北大西洋气候与中低纬度的亚洲季风之间通过西风带的紧密结合，构成了北半球太阳-海洋-大气之间偶合的气候体系。
3．呈现出位于青藏高原东部甘肃武都万象洞石笋WXSM51和WXSM52提供的MIS5阶段(118-79ka B. P. )高分辨率的δ~(18)O记录。研究表明，万象洞石笋δ~(18)O值与夏季风强度呈负相关关系，与我国西南部的贵州董歌洞石笋δ~(18)O记录有良好的对应关系，并与高纬度的格林兰NGRIP冰芯δ~(18)O记录和65°N太阳辐射强度有很好的一致性，说明万象洞石笋δ~(18)O记录了118-79 ka B. P.期间亚洲季风强度的变化，同时也说明东亚季风强度的变化和全球气候变化同步，而且主要受控于北半球太阳辐射强度的变化。同时它与地中海碳酸盐记录有很好的相似性，和巴西石笋δ~(18)O记录在千年尺度上表现出相反的变化趋势，说明东亚季风区、地中海地区以及巴西季风区之间存在密切的联系，指示了南北半球气候在千年尺度上存在“跷跷板”(seesaw)现象。万象洞石笋δ~(18)O记录的MIS5b与MIS 5a突发性转换，与NGRIP冰芯δ~(18)O记录相似，而与神农架记录存在差异，说明万象洞地区对亚洲季风强度的响应更为敏感。
在这次研究中，万象洞石笋氧同位素记录揭示的过去1810年以来和MIS5的亚洲季风变迁的历史，特别是极大地改善了目前亚洲季风区在1810年以来长期没有准确的绝对定年的有效的替代指标的局面，而且对石笋氧同位素组成记录的千年尺度上亚洲季风变化历史的正确理解起了重要的推动作用。季风记录与太阳辐射-NAO的密切关系，说明北半球气候在太阳活动的主要控制下低纬季风气候-高纬北大西洋气候等时的遥相关。因此，我们的结果将有利于更好的了解亚洲季风的驱动机理和它在全球气候系统中的地位，有利于将来气候的预测。
Too short Instrumental record (～150 year) makes us to produce many uncertainties in understanding past climate, studying current climate and forecasting future climate. The objective of my dissertation research is to explore precise-dating and high-resolution stable isotopic record from Wanxiang Cave (33°19'47''N, 105°00'19''E, 1200 m a.s.l.) on eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China during recent 2000 years and Marine Oxygen Stage 5 (MIS 5).
Speleothems are well suited for high-resolution paleoclimate reconstructions as they are generally very pure, well-preserved, recorded paleoenvironmental proxy data in highly resolvable growth band, and can be precisely dated with the ~(230)Th method. The climate of the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, linking Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau to Loess Plateau, is significant because it is under the influence of the East Asian monsoon system, an important component of the global climate system. The climatic and hydrologic patterns in this region are very complex, and thus difficult to model, hence more accurate and detailed proxy climate data are necessary.
Previous records have exhibited a general pattern of increased Asian monsoon intensity during interglacial or interstadial periods, and decreased intensity during glacial or stadial periods. Moreover, this pattern still remains many uncertainties on shorter time-scale. The goal of my dissertation was to discuss the real pattern, amplitude and cause of Asian monsoon variability during recent 1810 year, and relationship between Asian monsoon variability, Greenland ice-coreδ~(18)O record from higher altitude of Northern Hemisphere and the speleothemδ~(18)O record from Southern Hemisphere during MIS 5, on the base of detailed study of Modern oxygen isotopic systematics between water and carbonate in Wanxiang Cave, Huanglong Cave and Huangcao Cave from the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. The following conclusions will be withdrawn:
1. To assess the potential for obtaining of high-resolution paleoclimate record from the stable isotopic variation (δ~(18)O) in fossil speleothem calcite, the result of a through study of the active water-carbonate system of Wanxiang Cave, Huanglong Cave and Huangcao Cave located on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Theδ~(18)O andδD of all cave waters and local precipitation samples plot directly on the local meteoric water line, suggesting that there is a close relationship between theδ~(18)O of the cave water and theδ~(18)O of modern precipitation. Using the measuredδ~(18)O values of cave drip water and modern soda straw calcite and the carbonate paleotemperature equation, the calculated temperature of 12.0℃in the deepest part of the cave is between measured temperature (10.99℃) and mean annual temperature (14.4℃); and the calculated temperature of 6.9℃in the Huanglong Cave is close to measured mean cave temperature (6.2℃) during dominant monsoon precipitation between May and September. This suggests that modern speleothems are forming under isotopic equilibrium and quis-equilibrium and that their composition reflects changes in temperature at the surface and changes in drip water composition. Fossil speleothems form two caves are, however, well suited forδ~(18)O based paleoclimate reconstructions, as theδ~(18)O of speleothem calcite is inversely related to summer monsoon intensity at this region.
2. The history of Asian summer monsoon variation is presented by high-precise absolute ~(230)Th dating oxygen isotopic composition of WX42B collected in Wanxiang Cave, Gansu with mean resolution of 2.5 years.
A comparison of the stalagmiteδ~(18)O record with instrumentally meteorological data during AD 1951-1984 indicates that shifts of theδ~(18)O are largely controlled by the amount effect of meteoric precipitation conveyed through Southwest monsoon (the Indian monsoon) and less affected by temperature. Therefore, the variations ofδ~(18)O record reflect the changes in monsoon precipitation on at least five time scales under the influence of Southwest monsoon. Like many other speleothemδ~(18)O records in Asian monsoon regions, theδ~(18)O record of the stalagmite from Wanxiang Cave also reveals a gradually enriched trend during the past more than 30 years, i.e., relatively enriched in ~(18)O. This trend may indicate the decline of Asian monsoon intensity which is consistent with the decrease of monsoon indices. The weakening of modern Asian monsoon well matched with the temperature changes in stratosphere, which may illustrate that the weakening of the monsoon is mainly resulted from the lowering of solar radiation.
The long period of WX42Bδ~(18)O time-series can also present four distinct sections in more negativeδ~(18)O (AD 191-825, AD 950-1045, AD 1090-1315, and AD 1875-1984), and three distinct sections in more positiveδ~(18)O and three distinct sections in more positiveδ~(18)O (AD 825-950, AD 1045-1090, and AD 1315-1875), representing increased period of Asian monsoon and decreased period of Asian monsoon, respectively. So-called the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) with increased intensity of summer monsoon is between AD 950-1315 with 465 years of duration and dramatic weakening summer monsoon occurs between AD 1045-1090; and following the Little Ice Age (LIA) occurs AD 1315-1875, characterized by more positiveδ~(18)O values, generally exhibiting decreased intensity of Asian monsoon. Every period of increased sommer monsoon is almost characterized by abrupt beginning of more negativeδ~(18)O values and end of becoming more positiveδ~(18)O values, indicating the features of abrupt beginning and steplike weakening of Asian monsoon. Some similarities are presented through comparison between theδ~(18)O record and reconstructed mean North Hemispheric temperature. Likewise, stalagmiteδ~(18)O record match well with solar output; abrupt more negativeδ~(18)O (abrupt increased summer monsoon) at AD 530, AD 950 and AD 1090 during Dark Age Cold Period (DACP) and MWP, and at AD 1615 during LIA are corresponding to minimum ~(14)C production and/or maximum changes in solar modulation function, suggesting Asian monsoon variability during recent 1810 year is strongly controlled by change of solar activity not only on century-scale but also 5-10 year scale. At same time, the cyclical variability of Asian summer monsoon may synchronously tele-connect to change in winter Northern Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) phase and deep-water temperature of North Atlantic, closely link to renew of water mass in North of northern sea, i. e., abrupt increase of precipitation amount-abrupt strengthening of summer monsoon and abrupt decrease of precipitation amount-abrupt weakening of summer monsoon are corresponding to rising temperature and dropping of ocean deep water, respectively. This type of the tie linkage between Northern Atlantic climate in higher latitude and Asian summer monsoon in middle-low by westerly wind zone consists of the coupled climate system between Sun-ocean-atmosphere in Northern Hemisphere.
3. We also report high resolutionδ~(18)O records of MIS5 (from 79kaB.P. to 118kaB.P.) from two stalagmites (WXSM51 and WXSM52) collected form the Wanxiang Cave, Gansu Province (33°19'N, 105°00'E). The results indicate thatδ~(18)O of stalagmite at this site is inversely related to the East Asian summer monsoon intensity. Theδ~(18)O record of the Wanxiang Cave closely resembles the D3 record from the Dongge Cave, and also agrees well with the NGRIP record and the 65°N summer isolation curve. These indicate thatδ~(18)O of the Wanxiang Cave is a valid and robust proxy for paleomonsoon intensity analysis. These also suggest that the East Asian monsoon varies in step with global climate change and is largely controlled by solar variations in the Northern Hemisphere.
The Wanxiang record presents similarity to the Mediterranean speleothem records, and presents an inverse pattern compared with the Brazilian stalagmite BT2 record on the millennial timescales. These indicate that there are climate links among the East Asian monsoon, the Mediterranean and the Brazil summer monsoon regions, and further prove that the north-south climate seesaw did exist.
It should be pointed out that the pattern of the transition from MIS5b to MIS 5a recorded in the Wanxiang records differs from that in the Shennongjia stalagmite records. This difference, which does not seem to be caused by sampling resolution difference, may indicate thatδ~(18)O of the precipitation in the Wanxiang Cave region is more sensitive to changes in monsoon intensity due to its close location to the northern limit of the monsoon region.
The stalagmite oxygen isotopic record of Wanxiang Cave in this research provides the history of Asian summer monsoon variation since 1810 year and during MIS 5. In particular, it could ultimately leads to improve the status without precisely absolute dating and available proxy in Asian summer monsoon region since 1810 years for long time. It plays some active role for accurately understanding the history of Asian summer monsoon on millennium timescale by stalagmite's oxygen isotopic composition. The monsoon record is strong related to solar radiation and NAO, indicating the monsoon climate in low latitude synchronously presents tele-connection with Northern Atlantic climate in higher latitude. Our results may, therefore, be useful for better understanding of the forcing mechanisms behind the Asian monsoon and its role in the global climate system, more forecasting of future climate change.
引文
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