土壤、作物及微生物对污泥施用及Pb、Cd污染的反应
摘要
采用土壤盆栽试验，研究施用污泥及城市污泥对土壤作物重金属含量和土壤酶活性的影响以及Pb、Cd污染城市污泥的施用对土壤中Pb、Cd含量、土壤微生物数量及种群影响和作物对Pb、Cd胁迫的反应。主要结果如下：
1 工业污泥及城市污泥中都含有一定量的重金属，特别是Cu、Zn含量较高。不过都没有超过我国农用污泥使用标准中重金属的允许含量。
工业污泥几乎不含植物生长的营养元素，城市污泥除了含有丰富的有机质，还含量较高的N、P植物营养元素；工业污泥及城市污泥都含有一定的重金属且主要以非交换态存在；工业污泥及城市污泥的两季农业作物施用未发现土壤及作物重金属污染。
2 工业污泥及城市污泥都可以进行农田处理，城市污泥能提供作物营养，但施用时要注意施用量。
工业污泥及城市污泥的施用，有增加土壤中各种重金属总含量的趋势；土壤中各种重金属均主要以非交换态及碳酸盐结合形态存在。土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd的存在形态相对于Cu、Cr、Ni要活跃，主要以氧化物结合态及有机物结合态存在，而污泥的施用有增加土壤中氧化物结合态Pb、Cd含量的趋势，但污泥的施用主要增加的是土壤中各种重金属残留态含量。
工业污泥的施用对棉花植株重金属含量没有影响，但能促进棉花植株重金属的累积量；施用城市污泥能促进油菜产量的增加，增加油菜植株及籽粒对重金属的累积量，但却降低油菜植株及籽粒中重金属的含量。
3 啤酒底泥也含有较高的有机质及部分植物营养元素，其施用对土壤及棉花重金属含量影响不大。
啤酒底泥的施用能促进棉花株高、蕾铃数及桃数的增加，并增加棉花产量；其施用对潮土中交换态及总的重金属含量影响不大，对棉花植株中Pb、Cu、Cr、Ni重金属含量影响也不大。
4 有机肥料与城市污泥的混合施用有降低土壤中交换态重金属含量的趋势，并显著降低油菜植株及籽粒中Cu、Pb、Zn的含量；有机肥料及城市污泥的单独及混合施用都能促进土壤中性磷酸酶、脲酶的活性的增加，改变土壤微生物总C、P的平衡。
随着土壤中有机肥料的加入，成熟期油菜植株及籽粒中重金属Pb、Zn、Cd的含量降低但累积量却显著增加；随着污泥施用量的增加，油菜植株及籽粒中的重金属含量没有影响，但累积量也明显增加。在施用污泥的情况下再施用有机肥料，能降低土壤中中性磷酸酶的活性，在施用有机肥的情况下，增施污泥也能促进土壤中性磷酸酶及脲酶的活性，但随着污泥施用量的增加，却抑制土壤中的中性磷酸酶的活性，土壤微生物C和P与土壤交换态重金属含量有一定的相关性，但较难用来说
华中农业大学2003博士学位论文
明土壤重金属的污染状况。
5施用城市污泥对土壤重金属特别是Pb、Cd含量没有明显的影响，但土壤中全量
及交换态Pb、Cd的含量却与城市污泥中Pb、Cd的含量呈显著的正相关。
三季不同作物污泥的施用都对土壤Pb、Cd含量没有显著的影响，说明污泥的
限量施用不会造成土壤中重金属特别是Pb、Cd的污染。但Pb、Cd污染城市污泥的
施用能显著提高土壤中Pb、Cd的含量，城市污泥的过量施用或者是污泥中有较高
含量的Pb、Cd时能对土壤产生Pb、Cd污染的。
6施用城市污泥能促进小白菜及大豆作物产量的增加，土壤中Pb、Cd的单一及复
合污染能降低小白菜及大豆作物的产量。
施用城市污泥能增加小白菜及大豆的产量，且低Pb(350mg’kg一’)及低cd(0 .6
mgkg一’)含量的污泥施用也能增加小白菜的鲜重(对干重没有影响)。但随着污泥中
Pb、Cd含量的增加，显著降低小白菜的产量，且Pb、Cd的复合污染较单一污染对
小白菜产量的影响更为严重。因大豆的经济产量与生物产量有明显的竞争，土壤中
Cd的污染显著影响大豆的生物学产量，却增加其经济产量，土壤中Pb的污染对大
豆的产量没有明显的影响。
7城市污泥及Pb、Cd污染城市污泥的施用能提高小白菜及大豆中Pb、Cd的含量，
但对小白菜及大豆中Pb、Cd含量的影响有不同的结果。
施用城市污泥有增加小白菜及大豆植株中Pb、Cd含量的趋势;Pb、Cd污染
城市污泥的施用能增加小白菜及大豆两季作物中Cd的含量及大豆植株中Pb的含
量，植株中的Cd含量与土壤中的Cd含量呈显著的正相关，但小白菜中的Pb含量
与土壤Pb含量没有相关性。土壤中Pb、Cd的复合污染能促进小白菜及大豆植株对
Cd的吸收却抑制大豆对Cd的吸收。
8污泥的施用能增加土壤部分酶的活性，而土壤中不同程度Pb、Cd的污染对土壤
酶活性有不同的影响。
污泥的施用能促进土壤中多酚氧化酶、脉酶及中性磷酸酶活性的增加，土壤中
Pb的污染能降低土壤多酚氧化酶、中性磷酸酶及脉酶的活性，但随着土壤中Pb浓
度的增加，对不同作物及不同时期土壤中各种酶活性的影响不同。而土壤中Cd的
污染在低浓度时能促进土壤多酚氧化酶、中性磷酸酶及脉酶的活性，但随着土壤中
Cd浓度的升高，对土壤中这三种酶的活性均有抑制作用。
9污泥的施用能促进土壤细菌、放线菌数量的增加，增加土壤中微生物的总量。土
壤中Pb、Cd的污染主要是抑制土壤中细菌及放线菌的生长，却促进真菌数量的增
加;土壤中不同程度Pb、Cd的污染对土壤中各种微生物数量的影响不尽相同。
城
Pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of applying sewage sludge amended with Pb Cd on heavy metal contents in soils and plants, soils enzyme activities, microbial specials and population and results show that:
1 There are heavy metals especially high concentration of Cu Zn in industry sludge and sewage sludge, but the concentration of heavy metals are low than the limited standards of heavy metals in sludges which can be disposaled in farms land. Heavy metals in both sludges are live in unchangable fractions or unbioavailable fractions.
2 Both sludges can be disposaled in farms land and sewage sludge can improve the growth of plant. Applying of both sludges cann't increase heavy metals concentration in plants, and applying of sewage sludge can decrease the concentration of heavy metals in plant; but both of sludges's applying can increase the accumulation of heavy metals in plants. The heavy metals in soils lived in unchangeable and un-carbon-combind styles. Fraction of Pb Zn Cd in soils are more activity than C Cr Ni Pb Cd concentration in soils increase with the applying of sludges.
3 Beer plant sludge has high content of organic matters and can improve the growth of cotton. Applying of beer plant sludge also cann't effect the concentration of heavy metals in soils and plants.
4 Applying of organic-manure orsewage sludge, the concentration of heavy metals in rape plant and rapeseed has no changes but the accumulations of heavy metals in rape plant and rapeseeds were increased obviously.
The applying of organic-manure can increase the activities of neutral phosphatase and urease as weapplying sewage sludge, but the neutral phosphatase activities was decreased with applying of more sewage sludge, the biomass C and biomass P has positive relationship with the exchangable heavy metals concentration in soils.
5 Applying of sewage sludge has no obviously effect on Pb Cd concentration in soils, but Pb Cd concentration in soils has obviously positive relationship with the concentration of Pb Cd in soils.
6 Yield of Chinese cabbage and soy bean were increased with the applying of sewage sludge, and Pb or Cd pollution in soils can decrease the yield of Chinese cabbage and soy beans. The Cd polluted soils can decrease the biomass yield and increase the yield of
soybeans, but Pb polluted soils has no effect on soybean yields.
7 Applying of sewage sludge increase Pb Cd concentration in cabbage and soybean. Applying of sewage sludge amended with Pb Cd can obviously increase the Cd concentration in cabbage and soybean plants and Pb concentration in soybeans. Cd concentration in cabbage and soybeans has obviously positive relationship with Cd concentration in soils, Pb concentration in cabbage has no relationship with Pb concentration in soils. Pb polluted in soils can improve cabbage and soybeans to absorb more Cd and Pb can depress the soybeans to absorb the Pb.
8 Appliying of sewage sludge increase the urease, polyphenol oxidase and neutral phosphatase activities. Pb polluted soils can depress the polyphenol oxidase neutral phosphatase and urease activities, but the enzyme activities has different changes with concentration of Pb in soils. Lower concentration of Cd can improve the polyphenol oxidase, neutral phosphatase and urease activities and these enzyme activities were decressed with the increase of Cd concentration in soils.
9 Appliying of sewage sludge improve the populations of bacterials and actinomycetes in soils, especially improve the actinomycetes obviously. And increase the populations of microorganism in soils. The applying of sewage sludge also can improve the number of bacterial in soil with second times of plants (soybeans), but decreases the antinomycetes and fungus in soybeans soils.
Pb Cd polluted soils increase populations of bacterial and antinomycetes in cabbage soils, popolation of bacterial increase with increase of Pb concentration. Population of bacterial decrease with increase of Cd concentration in soils, and there are no relati
1 工业污泥及城市污泥中都含有一定量的重金属，特别是Cu、Zn含量较高。不过都没有超过我国农用污泥使用标准中重金属的允许含量。
工业污泥几乎不含植物生长的营养元素，城市污泥除了含有丰富的有机质，还含量较高的N、P植物营养元素；工业污泥及城市污泥都含有一定的重金属且主要以非交换态存在；工业污泥及城市污泥的两季农业作物施用未发现土壤及作物重金属污染。
2 工业污泥及城市污泥都可以进行农田处理，城市污泥能提供作物营养，但施用时要注意施用量。
工业污泥及城市污泥的施用，有增加土壤中各种重金属总含量的趋势；土壤中各种重金属均主要以非交换态及碳酸盐结合形态存在。土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd的存在形态相对于Cu、Cr、Ni要活跃，主要以氧化物结合态及有机物结合态存在，而污泥的施用有增加土壤中氧化物结合态Pb、Cd含量的趋势，但污泥的施用主要增加的是土壤中各种重金属残留态含量。
工业污泥的施用对棉花植株重金属含量没有影响，但能促进棉花植株重金属的累积量；施用城市污泥能促进油菜产量的增加，增加油菜植株及籽粒对重金属的累积量，但却降低油菜植株及籽粒中重金属的含量。
3 啤酒底泥也含有较高的有机质及部分植物营养元素，其施用对土壤及棉花重金属含量影响不大。
啤酒底泥的施用能促进棉花株高、蕾铃数及桃数的增加，并增加棉花产量；其施用对潮土中交换态及总的重金属含量影响不大，对棉花植株中Pb、Cu、Cr、Ni重金属含量影响也不大。
4 有机肥料与城市污泥的混合施用有降低土壤中交换态重金属含量的趋势，并显著降低油菜植株及籽粒中Cu、Pb、Zn的含量；有机肥料及城市污泥的单独及混合施用都能促进土壤中性磷酸酶、脲酶的活性的增加，改变土壤微生物总C、P的平衡。
随着土壤中有机肥料的加入，成熟期油菜植株及籽粒中重金属Pb、Zn、Cd的含量降低但累积量却显著增加；随着污泥施用量的增加，油菜植株及籽粒中的重金属含量没有影响，但累积量也明显增加。在施用污泥的情况下再施用有机肥料，能降低土壤中中性磷酸酶的活性，在施用有机肥的情况下，增施污泥也能促进土壤中性磷酸酶及脲酶的活性，但随着污泥施用量的增加，却抑制土壤中的中性磷酸酶的活性，土壤微生物C和P与土壤交换态重金属含量有一定的相关性，但较难用来说
华中农业大学2003博士学位论文
明土壤重金属的污染状况。
5施用城市污泥对土壤重金属特别是Pb、Cd含量没有明显的影响，但土壤中全量
及交换态Pb、Cd的含量却与城市污泥中Pb、Cd的含量呈显著的正相关。
三季不同作物污泥的施用都对土壤Pb、Cd含量没有显著的影响，说明污泥的
限量施用不会造成土壤中重金属特别是Pb、Cd的污染。但Pb、Cd污染城市污泥的
施用能显著提高土壤中Pb、Cd的含量，城市污泥的过量施用或者是污泥中有较高
含量的Pb、Cd时能对土壤产生Pb、Cd污染的。
6施用城市污泥能促进小白菜及大豆作物产量的增加，土壤中Pb、Cd的单一及复
合污染能降低小白菜及大豆作物的产量。
施用城市污泥能增加小白菜及大豆的产量，且低Pb(350mg’kg一’)及低cd(0 .6
mgkg一’)含量的污泥施用也能增加小白菜的鲜重(对干重没有影响)。但随着污泥中
Pb、Cd含量的增加，显著降低小白菜的产量，且Pb、Cd的复合污染较单一污染对
小白菜产量的影响更为严重。因大豆的经济产量与生物产量有明显的竞争，土壤中
Cd的污染显著影响大豆的生物学产量，却增加其经济产量，土壤中Pb的污染对大
豆的产量没有明显的影响。
7城市污泥及Pb、Cd污染城市污泥的施用能提高小白菜及大豆中Pb、Cd的含量，
但对小白菜及大豆中Pb、Cd含量的影响有不同的结果。
施用城市污泥有增加小白菜及大豆植株中Pb、Cd含量的趋势;Pb、Cd污染
城市污泥的施用能增加小白菜及大豆两季作物中Cd的含量及大豆植株中Pb的含
量，植株中的Cd含量与土壤中的Cd含量呈显著的正相关，但小白菜中的Pb含量
与土壤Pb含量没有相关性。土壤中Pb、Cd的复合污染能促进小白菜及大豆植株对
Cd的吸收却抑制大豆对Cd的吸收。
8污泥的施用能增加土壤部分酶的活性，而土壤中不同程度Pb、Cd的污染对土壤
酶活性有不同的影响。
污泥的施用能促进土壤中多酚氧化酶、脉酶及中性磷酸酶活性的增加，土壤中
Pb的污染能降低土壤多酚氧化酶、中性磷酸酶及脉酶的活性，但随着土壤中Pb浓
度的增加，对不同作物及不同时期土壤中各种酶活性的影响不同。而土壤中Cd的
污染在低浓度时能促进土壤多酚氧化酶、中性磷酸酶及脉酶的活性，但随着土壤中
Cd浓度的升高，对土壤中这三种酶的活性均有抑制作用。
9污泥的施用能促进土壤细菌、放线菌数量的增加，增加土壤中微生物的总量。土
壤中Pb、Cd的污染主要是抑制土壤中细菌及放线菌的生长，却促进真菌数量的增
加;土壤中不同程度Pb、Cd的污染对土壤中各种微生物数量的影响不尽相同。
城
Pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of applying sewage sludge amended with Pb Cd on heavy metal contents in soils and plants, soils enzyme activities, microbial specials and population and results show that:
1 There are heavy metals especially high concentration of Cu Zn in industry sludge and sewage sludge, but the concentration of heavy metals are low than the limited standards of heavy metals in sludges which can be disposaled in farms land. Heavy metals in both sludges are live in unchangable fractions or unbioavailable fractions.
2 Both sludges can be disposaled in farms land and sewage sludge can improve the growth of plant. Applying of both sludges cann't increase heavy metals concentration in plants, and applying of sewage sludge can decrease the concentration of heavy metals in plant; but both of sludges's applying can increase the accumulation of heavy metals in plants. The heavy metals in soils lived in unchangeable and un-carbon-combind styles. Fraction of Pb Zn Cd in soils are more activity than C Cr Ni Pb Cd concentration in soils increase with the applying of sludges.
3 Beer plant sludge has high content of organic matters and can improve the growth of cotton. Applying of beer plant sludge also cann't effect the concentration of heavy metals in soils and plants.
4 Applying of organic-manure orsewage sludge, the concentration of heavy metals in rape plant and rapeseed has no changes but the accumulations of heavy metals in rape plant and rapeseeds were increased obviously.
The applying of organic-manure can increase the activities of neutral phosphatase and urease as weapplying sewage sludge, but the neutral phosphatase activities was decreased with applying of more sewage sludge, the biomass C and biomass P has positive relationship with the exchangable heavy metals concentration in soils.
5 Applying of sewage sludge has no obviously effect on Pb Cd concentration in soils, but Pb Cd concentration in soils has obviously positive relationship with the concentration of Pb Cd in soils.
6 Yield of Chinese cabbage and soy bean were increased with the applying of sewage sludge, and Pb or Cd pollution in soils can decrease the yield of Chinese cabbage and soy beans. The Cd polluted soils can decrease the biomass yield and increase the yield of
soybeans, but Pb polluted soils has no effect on soybean yields.
7 Applying of sewage sludge increase Pb Cd concentration in cabbage and soybean. Applying of sewage sludge amended with Pb Cd can obviously increase the Cd concentration in cabbage and soybean plants and Pb concentration in soybeans. Cd concentration in cabbage and soybeans has obviously positive relationship with Cd concentration in soils, Pb concentration in cabbage has no relationship with Pb concentration in soils. Pb polluted in soils can improve cabbage and soybeans to absorb more Cd and Pb can depress the soybeans to absorb the Pb.
8 Appliying of sewage sludge increase the urease, polyphenol oxidase and neutral phosphatase activities. Pb polluted soils can depress the polyphenol oxidase neutral phosphatase and urease activities, but the enzyme activities has different changes with concentration of Pb in soils. Lower concentration of Cd can improve the polyphenol oxidase, neutral phosphatase and urease activities and these enzyme activities were decressed with the increase of Cd concentration in soils.
9 Appliying of sewage sludge improve the populations of bacterials and actinomycetes in soils, especially improve the actinomycetes obviously. And increase the populations of microorganism in soils. The applying of sewage sludge also can improve the number of bacterial in soil with second times of plants (soybeans), but decreases the antinomycetes and fungus in soybeans soils.
Pb Cd polluted soils increase populations of bacterial and antinomycetes in cabbage soils, popolation of bacterial increase with increase of Pb concentration. Population of bacterial decrease with increase of Cd concentration in soils, and there are no relati
引文
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