超宽带无线通信系统抗多径干扰技术的研究
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摘要
近年来,脉冲超宽带(IR-UWB)由于具有传输速率高、系统容量大、抗多径能力强等优点,受到了各研究机构和标准化组织的广泛关注。但是由密集多径信道产生的信号能量扩展造成的多径干扰,使信号产生严重的失真和波形展宽并导致信息波形重叠,将会引起躁声增强和误码率上升,制约了超宽带无线通信系统的性能。
本文从多径干扰给超宽带无线通信系统带来的影响出发,在研究IEEE802.15.3a推荐的修正S-V信道模型的基础上,就直扩超宽带(DS-UWB)系统的多径干扰问题进行了深入全面的研究。
首先,从时域均衡角度研究了抗多径干扰技术,提出了一种基于自适应步长LMS算法的DFE/RAKE接收机。该接收机的结构不依赖于传统RAKE接收机增加分支数目的方法来提高系统性能,而是利用均衡技术,在消除ISI的同时也降低了RAKE接收机的分支数目,从而降低了系统复杂度。仿真结果表明该算法能有效抑制多径干扰,改善误码率性能,降低系统复杂度。
然后,从改进RAKE接收机算法和降低复杂度的角度研究了抗多径干扰技术。通过研究存在多径干扰时的直扩超宽带系统的信号模型,提出了一种基于改进Kalman滤波算法的RAKE(MKFA-RAKE)接收机。该算法在考虑系统参数时变的情况下,首先利用Kalman滤波算法对各路径信号去相关,然后对各路径信号进行最大比合并。理论推导和仿真结果表明,该接收机有更好的输出信干比和误码率性能,且算法收敛速度快,复杂度低,有较强的抗多径干扰能力。
In recent years, Impulse Radio Ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) technology has attracted more and more attention in research institutions and standardization communities, due to its high data rate, large capacity, strong anti-multipath ability and so on. However, the serious distortion of the signal and the waveform broadening caused by multipath interference will lead to the overlapped information profile, which will bring about noise enhancement and the bit error rate rising, and affect the performance of UWB system severely.
In this paper, starting from the impacts caused by multipath interferences, based on the modified S-V channel model of IEEE 802.15.3a recommendation, we done some deep and full studies for multipath interferences of direct sequence Ultra-wideband(DS-UWB)system.
First, a kind of DFE/RAKE receiver based on adapted step LMS algorithm is put forward by studying the anti-multipath interferences technology from the perspective of time domain equalization. This receiver's structure does not rely on the traditional RAKE receiver which use the increasing number of the branch to enhance the system performance, instead to use equalization technology which eliminated ISI also reduced the system complexity by reducing the RAKE receiver's branch number. The simulation results show that this algorithm has suppressed the multipath interferences effectively, improved the bit error rate performance, and reduced the system complexity.
Then, a kind of RAKE receiver based on modified Kalman filtering algorithm (MKFA-RAKE)is put forward by studying the signal model of direct sequence Ultra-wideband system with multipath interferences, meanwhile the anti-multipath interferences technology is studied from the perspective of modified the RAKE receiver algorithm and reduced the complexity. By consideration of system parameters time-variable character, this algorithm uses the Kalman filtering algorithm to decor-relate the signals of each path, and then carries the Maximal Ratio Combining on signals of each path. Theoretical derivation and the simulation results show that this receiver has the better output signal to interference ratio and the bit error performance, and has the quick algorithm convergence rate, the low complexity and the strong ability of anti-multipath interferences.
本文从多径干扰给超宽带无线通信系统带来的影响出发,在研究IEEE802.15.3a推荐的修正S-V信道模型的基础上,就直扩超宽带(DS-UWB)系统的多径干扰问题进行了深入全面的研究。
首先,从时域均衡角度研究了抗多径干扰技术,提出了一种基于自适应步长LMS算法的DFE/RAKE接收机。该接收机的结构不依赖于传统RAKE接收机增加分支数目的方法来提高系统性能,而是利用均衡技术,在消除ISI的同时也降低了RAKE接收机的分支数目,从而降低了系统复杂度。仿真结果表明该算法能有效抑制多径干扰,改善误码率性能,降低系统复杂度。
然后,从改进RAKE接收机算法和降低复杂度的角度研究了抗多径干扰技术。通过研究存在多径干扰时的直扩超宽带系统的信号模型,提出了一种基于改进Kalman滤波算法的RAKE(MKFA-RAKE)接收机。该算法在考虑系统参数时变的情况下,首先利用Kalman滤波算法对各路径信号去相关,然后对各路径信号进行最大比合并。理论推导和仿真结果表明,该接收机有更好的输出信干比和误码率性能,且算法收敛速度快,复杂度低,有较强的抗多径干扰能力。
In recent years, Impulse Radio Ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) technology has attracted more and more attention in research institutions and standardization communities, due to its high data rate, large capacity, strong anti-multipath ability and so on. However, the serious distortion of the signal and the waveform broadening caused by multipath interference will lead to the overlapped information profile, which will bring about noise enhancement and the bit error rate rising, and affect the performance of UWB system severely.
In this paper, starting from the impacts caused by multipath interferences, based on the modified S-V channel model of IEEE 802.15.3a recommendation, we done some deep and full studies for multipath interferences of direct sequence Ultra-wideband(DS-UWB)system.
First, a kind of DFE/RAKE receiver based on adapted step LMS algorithm is put forward by studying the anti-multipath interferences technology from the perspective of time domain equalization. This receiver's structure does not rely on the traditional RAKE receiver which use the increasing number of the branch to enhance the system performance, instead to use equalization technology which eliminated ISI also reduced the system complexity by reducing the RAKE receiver's branch number. The simulation results show that this algorithm has suppressed the multipath interferences effectively, improved the bit error rate performance, and reduced the system complexity.
Then, a kind of RAKE receiver based on modified Kalman filtering algorithm (MKFA-RAKE)is put forward by studying the signal model of direct sequence Ultra-wideband system with multipath interferences, meanwhile the anti-multipath interferences technology is studied from the perspective of modified the RAKE receiver algorithm and reduced the complexity. By consideration of system parameters time-variable character, this algorithm uses the Kalman filtering algorithm to decor-relate the signals of each path, and then carries the Maximal Ratio Combining on signals of each path. Theoretical derivation and the simulation results show that this receiver has the better output signal to interference ratio and the bit error performance, and has the quick algorithm convergence rate, the low complexity and the strong ability of anti-multipath interferences.
引文
[1]Barrett T W.History of Ultra Wide Band (UWB)Radar & Communications: Pioneers and Innovators.In:Progress In Electromagnetics Symposium 2000,PIERS2000,2000
[2]TW Barrett-Proc.History of Ultra Wideband Communications and Radar: Part 2,UWB Radar and Sensors. Microwave Journal,2001
[3]Benett C L,Ross G F.Time-domain electromagnetics and its applications.IEEE,1978,66(3):299-318P
[4]Hewish M,Gourley S.R. Ultra-wideband technology opens up new horizons.Janes International Defense Review,1999:20-22P
[5]FCC 02-48,FIRST REPORT AND ORDER. Adopted:2002,February 14, Released:2002
[6]王金龙,王呈贵.等无线超宽带(UWB)通信原理与应用.北京：人民邮电出版社.2005：10-14页
[7]Jeffrey H,Reed.An Introduction to Ultra Wideband Communication Systems. Prentice Hall PTR,2005
[8]徐斌,毕光国.超宽带脉冲无线传输技术.计算机世界报.2004
[9]Cuomo F,et al.Radio Resource Sharing for Ad Hoe Net. Working With UWB. IEEE JSAC.2002:1722-1732P
[10]Nakagawa M,Zhang H,Sato H. Ubiquitous Homelinks Based on IEEE 1394 and Ultra Wideband Solutions. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2003:74-82P
[11]张士兵,张力军.超宽带信道建模与仿真.南京邮电学院学报.2005,25(3)：50-53页
[12]Ambuj Parihar,Lutz Lampe,Robert Schober. Cyril leung.Analysis of Equalization for DS-UWB Systems. IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband,2005:170-175P
[13]Kenichi Takizawa,Ryuji Kohno.Low-Complexity Viterbi Equalizer for MBOK DS-UWB Systems.IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics,Communications and Computer Sciences,September 2005, 88(9):2350-2355P
[14]Lin Zhiwei,Benjamin Premkumar,A S Madhukumar. A Combined MMSE Receiver for High Data Rate UWB Systems. IEEE Singapore International Conference on Communication Systems,2004:1-5P
[15]Sinan Gezicil,Andreas F.Molisch,Hisashi Kobayashi,H. Vincent Poor. Low-Complexity MMSE Combining for Linear Impulse Radio UWB Receivers.Communications,2006 IEEE International Conference on,June 2006,10:4706-4711P
[16]Youssef Dhibi,Thomas Kaiser. On the Impulsiveness of Multiuser Interferences in TH-PPM-UWB Systems. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING,2006,54(7):2853-2857P
[17]Krikidis I.,J. L. Danger,L. Naviner. Interpath interference suppression in WCDMA systems with low spreading factors.Electronics Letters,Jan. 2005,41(1):22-24P
[18]葛利嘉,曾凡鑫,刘郁林,岳光荣.超宽带无线通信.北京：国防工业出版社.2005：5-6页
[19]曾兴雯,刘乃安,孙献璞.扩展频谱通信及其多址技术.西安：西安电子科技大学出版社.2004：105-106页
[20]W.W.Peterson,E. J. Weldon,Error Correcting Codes,2/e.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press,1972
[21]W.Feller. An Introduction of Probability Theory and Its Applications. Vol. 1.New York,NY:Wiley,1968
[22]L. F,Fenton. The sum of log-normal probability distributions in scatter transmission systems. IRE Trans.Commun.,1960,3(8):57-67P
[23]M.E. Austin. Decision-feedback equalization for digital communication over channels. Tech. Rep.,MIT Lincoln Lab.,Lexington,MA.,August 1967
[24]C. A. Belfiore,J.J.H. Park. Decision-feedback equalization, in Proc. IEEE,1979:1143-1156P
[25]G.D.Forney,Jr. Maximum likelihood sequence estimation of digital sequence in the presence of intersymbol interference. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory,1972,18(5):363-378P
[26]R. D. Gitlin,S.B.Weinstein. Fractionally spaced equalization:an improved digital transversal equalizer. Bell System Tech. J., 1981:275-296P
[27]M. Ho,V.Somayazulu,J. Foerster,S.Roy. A differential detector for an Ultra-Wideband communications system, in Proc. Vehicular Technology Conf.,2002:1896-1900P
[28]M. Z. Win,Z. A. Kosti. Virtual path analysis of selective Rake receiver in dense multipath channels.IEEE common. Lett,1999,3:308-310P
[29]M.Z.Win,C. Chrisikos,N. R. Sollenberger. Performance of Rake in dense multipath channels:Implication of spreading bandwidth and selection diversity order. IEEE J.Select. AreasCommun.,2000, 18:1516-1525P
[30]M.Z.Win,G. Chrisikos.Impact of spreading bandwidth and selection diversity order on Rake reception. Wideband Wireless Digital Communications,2001:424-454P
[31]Mohsen Eslami,Xiaodai Dong. Rake-MMSE-Equalizer Performance for UWB.IEEE Communications Letters,June 2005,9(6):502-504P
[32]Lin Zhiwei,Benjamin Premkumar,A. S.Madhukumar. Tap Selection Based MMSE Equalization for High Data Rate UWB Communication Systems. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems,2005,6: 5421-5424P
[33]Lin Zhiwei,Benjamin Premkumar,A. S. Madhukumar,Francois Chin. Diagonally Loaded Linear MMSE Equalization for UWB Multipath Channel Under Limited Training Sample Support. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference,2006:2359-2363P
[34]Lin Zhiwei,Benjamin Premkumar,A. S.Madhukumar. Applying Multistage Wiener Filter to UWB Multipath Channel Equalization under Limited Training Sample Support. International Conference on Information Communications and Signal Processing,2005:821-825P
[35]Ambuj Parihar,Lutz Lampe,Robert Schober. Analysis of Equalization for DS-UWB Systems.IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, 2005:170-175P
[36]Sato H., T. Ohtsuki. Frequency domain channel estimation and equalisation for direct sequence ultra wideband (DS-UWB)system. IEE Proceedings:Communications,February 2006,153(1):93-98P
[37]Armaghan P.,Shafiee H. Receiver architectures for DS-CDMA ultrawideband communication systems. International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks,2005:112-116P
[38]Kenichi Takizawa,Ryuji Kohno.Low-Complexity Rake Reception and Equalization for MBOK DS-UWB Systems. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference,2004,2:1249-1253P
[39]Kenichi Takizawa,Ryuji Kohno.Low-Complexity Viterbi Equalizer for MBOK DS-UWB Systems. IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics.Communications and Computer Sciences,September 2005, 88(9):2350-2355P
[40]Husain Syed lrntial,Jinho Chio. Single Correlator Based UWB Receiver Implemetation Through Channel Shortening Equalizer. Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications,2005:610-614P
[41]Ren-Jr Chen,Chang-Lan Tsai. Design and Performance Analysis of the Receivers for DS-UWB Communication Systems. The IEEE 2006 International Conference on Ultra-Wideband,2006:651-656P
[42]Foerster J.The performance of a direct-sequence spread ultra-wideband system in the presence of multipath,narrowband,interference,and multiuser interference. In Proc. IEEE UWBST2002,2002:87-91P
[43]Liuqing Yang,Giannakis,G. B. Ultra-wideband communications:an idea whose time has come. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,Volume 21, Issue 6,Nov.2004
[44]Y. Chao,R. A. Scholtz. Optimal and suboptimal receivers for Ultra wideband transmitted reference systems.in Proc.Global Telecommunications Conf.,2003:744-748P
[45]A. G. Klein,D.R. Brown,,D.L. Goeckel,C.R. Johnson. RAKE reception for UWB communication systems with intersymbol interference. IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications, 2003:244-248P
[46]N. Boubaker,K. B.Letaief. A Low Complexity MMSE-RAKE Receiver in a Realistic UWB Channeland in the Presence of NBI.Wireless Communications and Networking Conference,2003:233-237P
[47]赵树立,郑继禹,林基明.超宽带数字RAKE接收机多径合成权系数分析.桂林电子工业学院学报.2005,25(3)：11-15页
[48]Chu Xiaoli,Murch Ross D.Generalized selection combining with log-likelihood ratio threshold test per path for Rake reception in ultra-wideband communications.IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2005,61(2):1360-1364P
[49]Sinan Gezici,H. Vincent Poor,ed.Molisch. Optimal and Suboptimal Linear Receivers for Impulse Radio UWB Systems.2004International Workshop on Ultra Wideband Systems,2004:11-15P
[50]Sinan Gezici,Hisashi Kobayashi,H. Vincent Poor,Andreas F.Molisch. Optimal and Suboptimal Linear Receivers for Time Hopping Impluse Radio Systems. International Workshop on Joint UWBST & IWUWBS, 2004:11-15P
[51]Qin Yan,Saeed Vaseghi,Esfandiar Zavarehei.Formant tracking linear prediction model using HMMs and Kalman filters for noisy speech processing. Computer Speech & Language,2007,21(3):543-561P
[52]E. J. Godolphin,KostasTriantafyllopouIo.Decomposition of time series models in state-space form. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 2006,50(9):2232-2246P
[53]Denaro R P,Loomis P V W. GPS Navigation Processing and Kalman Filtering. AGARD,1989:111-119P
[54]Tenney R R,Hebbert R S,Sadell N R. Tracking Filter for Maneuvering Sources. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1997,AC-22 (2):246-251P
[55]Tam P K,Moore J B.Improved Demodulation and Sampled FM Signals in High Noise. IEEE Transaction on Communicational,1997, 25(9):1052-1053P
[56]Gapolino GA,Du B.Extender Kalman Filter Observer for Induction Machine Robot Currents. In:Proceeding of the European Power Electronics Conference,1991,3:672-677P
[2]TW Barrett-Proc.History of Ultra Wideband Communications and Radar: Part 2,UWB Radar and Sensors. Microwave Journal,2001
[3]Benett C L,Ross G F.Time-domain electromagnetics and its applications.IEEE,1978,66(3):299-318P
[4]Hewish M,Gourley S.R. Ultra-wideband technology opens up new horizons.Janes International Defense Review,1999:20-22P
[5]FCC 02-48,FIRST REPORT AND ORDER. Adopted:2002,February 14, Released:2002
[6]王金龙,王呈贵.等无线超宽带(UWB)通信原理与应用.北京：人民邮电出版社.2005：10-14页
[7]Jeffrey H,Reed.An Introduction to Ultra Wideband Communication Systems. Prentice Hall PTR,2005
[8]徐斌,毕光国.超宽带脉冲无线传输技术.计算机世界报.2004
[9]Cuomo F,et al.Radio Resource Sharing for Ad Hoe Net. Working With UWB. IEEE JSAC.2002:1722-1732P
[10]Nakagawa M,Zhang H,Sato H. Ubiquitous Homelinks Based on IEEE 1394 and Ultra Wideband Solutions. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2003:74-82P
[11]张士兵,张力军.超宽带信道建模与仿真.南京邮电学院学报.2005,25(3)：50-53页
[12]Ambuj Parihar,Lutz Lampe,Robert Schober. Cyril leung.Analysis of Equalization for DS-UWB Systems. IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband,2005:170-175P
[13]Kenichi Takizawa,Ryuji Kohno.Low-Complexity Viterbi Equalizer for MBOK DS-UWB Systems.IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics,Communications and Computer Sciences,September 2005, 88(9):2350-2355P
[14]Lin Zhiwei,Benjamin Premkumar,A S Madhukumar. A Combined MMSE Receiver for High Data Rate UWB Systems. IEEE Singapore International Conference on Communication Systems,2004:1-5P
[15]Sinan Gezicil,Andreas F.Molisch,Hisashi Kobayashi,H. Vincent Poor. Low-Complexity MMSE Combining for Linear Impulse Radio UWB Receivers.Communications,2006 IEEE International Conference on,June 2006,10:4706-4711P
[16]Youssef Dhibi,Thomas Kaiser. On the Impulsiveness of Multiuser Interferences in TH-PPM-UWB Systems. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING,2006,54(7):2853-2857P
[17]Krikidis I.,J. L. Danger,L. Naviner. Interpath interference suppression in WCDMA systems with low spreading factors.Electronics Letters,Jan. 2005,41(1):22-24P
[18]葛利嘉,曾凡鑫,刘郁林,岳光荣.超宽带无线通信.北京：国防工业出版社.2005：5-6页
[19]曾兴雯,刘乃安,孙献璞.扩展频谱通信及其多址技术.西安：西安电子科技大学出版社.2004：105-106页
[20]W.W.Peterson,E. J. Weldon,Error Correcting Codes,2/e.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press,1972
[21]W.Feller. An Introduction of Probability Theory and Its Applications. Vol. 1.New York,NY:Wiley,1968
[22]L. F,Fenton. The sum of log-normal probability distributions in scatter transmission systems. IRE Trans.Commun.,1960,3(8):57-67P
[23]M.E. Austin. Decision-feedback equalization for digital communication over channels. Tech. Rep.,MIT Lincoln Lab.,Lexington,MA.,August 1967
[24]C. A. Belfiore,J.J.H. Park. Decision-feedback equalization, in Proc. IEEE,1979:1143-1156P
[25]G.D.Forney,Jr. Maximum likelihood sequence estimation of digital sequence in the presence of intersymbol interference. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory,1972,18(5):363-378P
[26]R. D. Gitlin,S.B.Weinstein. Fractionally spaced equalization:an improved digital transversal equalizer. Bell System Tech. J., 1981:275-296P
[27]M. Ho,V.Somayazulu,J. Foerster,S.Roy. A differential detector for an Ultra-Wideband communications system, in Proc. Vehicular Technology Conf.,2002:1896-1900P
[28]M. Z. Win,Z. A. Kosti. Virtual path analysis of selective Rake receiver in dense multipath channels.IEEE common. Lett,1999,3:308-310P
[29]M.Z.Win,C. Chrisikos,N. R. Sollenberger. Performance of Rake in dense multipath channels:Implication of spreading bandwidth and selection diversity order. IEEE J.Select. AreasCommun.,2000, 18:1516-1525P
[30]M.Z.Win,G. Chrisikos.Impact of spreading bandwidth and selection diversity order on Rake reception. Wideband Wireless Digital Communications,2001:424-454P
[31]Mohsen Eslami,Xiaodai Dong. Rake-MMSE-Equalizer Performance for UWB.IEEE Communications Letters,June 2005,9(6):502-504P
[32]Lin Zhiwei,Benjamin Premkumar,A. S.Madhukumar. Tap Selection Based MMSE Equalization for High Data Rate UWB Communication Systems. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems,2005,6: 5421-5424P
[33]Lin Zhiwei,Benjamin Premkumar,A. S. Madhukumar,Francois Chin. Diagonally Loaded Linear MMSE Equalization for UWB Multipath Channel Under Limited Training Sample Support. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference,2006:2359-2363P
[34]Lin Zhiwei,Benjamin Premkumar,A. S.Madhukumar. Applying Multistage Wiener Filter to UWB Multipath Channel Equalization under Limited Training Sample Support. International Conference on Information Communications and Signal Processing,2005:821-825P
[35]Ambuj Parihar,Lutz Lampe,Robert Schober. Analysis of Equalization for DS-UWB Systems.IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, 2005:170-175P
[36]Sato H., T. Ohtsuki. Frequency domain channel estimation and equalisation for direct sequence ultra wideband (DS-UWB)system. IEE Proceedings:Communications,February 2006,153(1):93-98P
[37]Armaghan P.,Shafiee H. Receiver architectures for DS-CDMA ultrawideband communication systems. International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks,2005:112-116P
[38]Kenichi Takizawa,Ryuji Kohno.Low-Complexity Rake Reception and Equalization for MBOK DS-UWB Systems. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference,2004,2:1249-1253P
[39]Kenichi Takizawa,Ryuji Kohno.Low-Complexity Viterbi Equalizer for MBOK DS-UWB Systems. IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics.Communications and Computer Sciences,September 2005, 88(9):2350-2355P
[40]Husain Syed lrntial,Jinho Chio. Single Correlator Based UWB Receiver Implemetation Through Channel Shortening Equalizer. Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications,2005:610-614P
[41]Ren-Jr Chen,Chang-Lan Tsai. Design and Performance Analysis of the Receivers for DS-UWB Communication Systems. The IEEE 2006 International Conference on Ultra-Wideband,2006:651-656P
[42]Foerster J.The performance of a direct-sequence spread ultra-wideband system in the presence of multipath,narrowband,interference,and multiuser interference. In Proc. IEEE UWBST2002,2002:87-91P
[43]Liuqing Yang,Giannakis,G. B. Ultra-wideband communications:an idea whose time has come. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,Volume 21, Issue 6,Nov.2004
[44]Y. Chao,R. A. Scholtz. Optimal and suboptimal receivers for Ultra wideband transmitted reference systems.in Proc.Global Telecommunications Conf.,2003:744-748P
[45]A. G. Klein,D.R. Brown,,D.L. Goeckel,C.R. Johnson. RAKE reception for UWB communication systems with intersymbol interference. IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications, 2003:244-248P
[46]N. Boubaker,K. B.Letaief. A Low Complexity MMSE-RAKE Receiver in a Realistic UWB Channeland in the Presence of NBI.Wireless Communications and Networking Conference,2003:233-237P
[47]赵树立,郑继禹,林基明.超宽带数字RAKE接收机多径合成权系数分析.桂林电子工业学院学报.2005,25(3)：11-15页
[48]Chu Xiaoli,Murch Ross D.Generalized selection combining with log-likelihood ratio threshold test per path for Rake reception in ultra-wideband communications.IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2005,61(2):1360-1364P
[49]Sinan Gezici,H. Vincent Poor,ed.Molisch. Optimal and Suboptimal Linear Receivers for Impulse Radio UWB Systems.2004International Workshop on Ultra Wideband Systems,2004:11-15P
[50]Sinan Gezici,Hisashi Kobayashi,H. Vincent Poor,Andreas F.Molisch. Optimal and Suboptimal Linear Receivers for Time Hopping Impluse Radio Systems. International Workshop on Joint UWBST & IWUWBS, 2004:11-15P
[51]Qin Yan,Saeed Vaseghi,Esfandiar Zavarehei.Formant tracking linear prediction model using HMMs and Kalman filters for noisy speech processing. Computer Speech & Language,2007,21(3):543-561P
[52]E. J. Godolphin,KostasTriantafyllopouIo.Decomposition of time series models in state-space form. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 2006,50(9):2232-2246P
[53]Denaro R P,Loomis P V W. GPS Navigation Processing and Kalman Filtering. AGARD,1989:111-119P
[54]Tenney R R,Hebbert R S,Sadell N R. Tracking Filter for Maneuvering Sources. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1997,AC-22 (2):246-251P
[55]Tam P K,Moore J B.Improved Demodulation and Sampled FM Signals in High Noise. IEEE Transaction on Communicational,1997, 25(9):1052-1053P
[56]Gapolino GA,Du B.Extender Kalman Filter Observer for Induction Machine Robot Currents. In:Proceeding of the European Power Electronics Conference,1991,3:672-677P