基于网络编码的P2P流媒体性能优化研究
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摘要
P2P流媒体通过利用互联网上普通主机结点上空闲的带宽、计算和存储等资源,使得结点从其它结点获取流媒体数据服务的同时,也为其它结点提供数据服务,从而可极大减少服务器上网络带宽资源的占用,避免局部网络的拥塞,具有良好的系统可扩展性和性价比。网络编码是一种全新的网络通信方式,它突破了传统通信方式中网络中间结点只能进行数据存储和转发的限制,允许网络中间结点对接收的多个数据块先进行编码再进行转发,目标结点通过解码得到源数据。大量的理论结果表明,网络编码在提高整个网络的有效吞吐量,减少网络动态性对应用系统的影响等方面有较大的优势。
鉴于网络编码所具备的潜在优势,国内外学者开始把网络编码引入到P2P流媒体进行研究,并取得了积极的研究成果。但总的来讲基于网络编码的P2P流媒体的研究还处于初始阶段,面临诸多挑战,包括:网络编码的引入对系统的相关性能指标究竟可产生多大的影响、如何对应用层网络拓扑进行构建才最有利于网络编码优势的发挥、如何结合网络编码数据的“混杂”特性进行数据调度优化、如何综合考虑拓扑构建和数据调度来优化这种P2P流媒体系统的整体性能等。本文围绕上述几个挑战选择了几个关键环节进行了研究。
(1)基于网络编码的P2P流媒体拓扑优化
在拓扑构建方面,现有以网络编码为基础的P2P流媒体方案还是采用传统P2P流媒体中基于邻居结点随机选择的方式,本文通过构造的多种实例表明,这种方式并没有充分考虑网络编码的特性,从而导致结点容易收到一定量的线性相关数据块,而线性相关数据块不能用来恢复原始数据块,从而浪费网络带宽。本文研究了线性相关问题产生的原因,分析了线性相关问题和拓扑形状之间的内在关系,提出了一组可有效阻止线性相关问题的拓扑构造规则。
(2)基于网络编码的P2P流媒体数据调度优化
在数据调度方面,当前基于网络编码的P2P流媒体普遍采用纯pull或纯push的数据调度策略,其中pull策略会产生较大的数据调度延迟和控制开销,push策略会导致结点收到一定量的冗余数据块。为克服纯pull和push策略的数据调度方案的不足,本文以push数据调度策略为基础,系统分析了冗余数据块产生的原因,提出一种基于网络编码的P2P流媒体直播方案customR2,它采用推拉结合的数据调度策略,在有效减少冗余数据块的同时,可有效提高结点的播放质量。仿真实验也充分表明了该方案的有效性。
本文在网络编码理论的相关研究成果基础上,对基于网络编码的P2P流媒体进行了性能优化研究,为基于网络编码的P2P流媒体系统的大规模部署应用奠定了良好的理论和技术基础。
P2P media streaming can utilize the host nodes’bandwidth, computing, storage and other resources, so that node can not only receive streaming data from other nodes, but also provide data services for them. It has a good scalability and cost-effective which can greatly reduce the bandwidth consumption on the streaming server and avoid the local network’s congestion. Network coding has emerged as a promising technique to break through the restrictions that intermediate nodes can only perform data storage and forwarding operations in the traditional means of communication, in which intermediate nodes are allowed to encode incoming data blocks to produce coded outgoing ones, and the original data blocks are decoded at receivers. A lot of theoretical results show that network coding can improve the whole network’s throughput and reduce the impact of network dynamic nature to the system.
In view of the potential advantages of network coding, scholars at home and abroad begin to research network coding-based P2P media streaming, and have achieved great results. But on the whole the study of network coding-based P2P media streaming is still in its initial stage, facing many challenges, including how much impact does network coding have on the system’s correlative performance indicators, how to construct overlay topology so as to take full advantage of network coding, how to make data scheduling optimization considering the coding data’s "hybrid" characteristics, and how to optimize the whole system performance considering both topology construction and data scheduling and so on. Around these challenges, the thesis studies several key issues and proposes effective solutions.
(1) Topology optimization of network coding-based P2P media streaming.
The existing topology construction method of network coding-based P2P media streaming still adopts the approach based on the neighbor nodes’random selection, according to some examples, the thesis shows that this method doesn’t fully consider the characteristics of network coding, leading to linearly dependent blocks that are impossible to be used to recover original blocks and consume bandwidth. The thesis studies the reason of linearly dependent problem, analyses the relation between topology and this problem, and presents the topology construction rule that can effectively avoid this problem.
(2) Data scheduling optimization of network coding-based P2P media streaming.
In the study of network coding-based P2P media streaming, pure pull or push strategy are commonly used in the process of data scheduling. Pull strategy has a great data scheduling delays and control overhead, while push strategy will make nodes receive several redundant data blocks. In order to overcome the lack of pure pull and push strategies, based on push strategy the thesis analyses the reason of data blocks redundancy and proposes a new scheme for P2P live media streaming based on network coding called customR2. Using push-pull strategy this scheme greatly diminishes the redundant blocks and improves the nodes’playback quality. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Based on the research results of network coding theory, the thesis studies the performance optimization of network coding-based P2P media streaming, providing a good theoretical and technology foundation for deploying network coding-based P2P media streaming systems.
鉴于网络编码所具备的潜在优势,国内外学者开始把网络编码引入到P2P流媒体进行研究,并取得了积极的研究成果。但总的来讲基于网络编码的P2P流媒体的研究还处于初始阶段,面临诸多挑战,包括:网络编码的引入对系统的相关性能指标究竟可产生多大的影响、如何对应用层网络拓扑进行构建才最有利于网络编码优势的发挥、如何结合网络编码数据的“混杂”特性进行数据调度优化、如何综合考虑拓扑构建和数据调度来优化这种P2P流媒体系统的整体性能等。本文围绕上述几个挑战选择了几个关键环节进行了研究。
(1)基于网络编码的P2P流媒体拓扑优化
在拓扑构建方面,现有以网络编码为基础的P2P流媒体方案还是采用传统P2P流媒体中基于邻居结点随机选择的方式,本文通过构造的多种实例表明,这种方式并没有充分考虑网络编码的特性,从而导致结点容易收到一定量的线性相关数据块,而线性相关数据块不能用来恢复原始数据块,从而浪费网络带宽。本文研究了线性相关问题产生的原因,分析了线性相关问题和拓扑形状之间的内在关系,提出了一组可有效阻止线性相关问题的拓扑构造规则。
(2)基于网络编码的P2P流媒体数据调度优化
在数据调度方面,当前基于网络编码的P2P流媒体普遍采用纯pull或纯push的数据调度策略,其中pull策略会产生较大的数据调度延迟和控制开销,push策略会导致结点收到一定量的冗余数据块。为克服纯pull和push策略的数据调度方案的不足,本文以push数据调度策略为基础,系统分析了冗余数据块产生的原因,提出一种基于网络编码的P2P流媒体直播方案customR2,它采用推拉结合的数据调度策略,在有效减少冗余数据块的同时,可有效提高结点的播放质量。仿真实验也充分表明了该方案的有效性。
本文在网络编码理论的相关研究成果基础上,对基于网络编码的P2P流媒体进行了性能优化研究,为基于网络编码的P2P流媒体系统的大规模部署应用奠定了良好的理论和技术基础。
P2P media streaming can utilize the host nodes’bandwidth, computing, storage and other resources, so that node can not only receive streaming data from other nodes, but also provide data services for them. It has a good scalability and cost-effective which can greatly reduce the bandwidth consumption on the streaming server and avoid the local network’s congestion. Network coding has emerged as a promising technique to break through the restrictions that intermediate nodes can only perform data storage and forwarding operations in the traditional means of communication, in which intermediate nodes are allowed to encode incoming data blocks to produce coded outgoing ones, and the original data blocks are decoded at receivers. A lot of theoretical results show that network coding can improve the whole network’s throughput and reduce the impact of network dynamic nature to the system.
In view of the potential advantages of network coding, scholars at home and abroad begin to research network coding-based P2P media streaming, and have achieved great results. But on the whole the study of network coding-based P2P media streaming is still in its initial stage, facing many challenges, including how much impact does network coding have on the system’s correlative performance indicators, how to construct overlay topology so as to take full advantage of network coding, how to make data scheduling optimization considering the coding data’s "hybrid" characteristics, and how to optimize the whole system performance considering both topology construction and data scheduling and so on. Around these challenges, the thesis studies several key issues and proposes effective solutions.
(1) Topology optimization of network coding-based P2P media streaming.
The existing topology construction method of network coding-based P2P media streaming still adopts the approach based on the neighbor nodes’random selection, according to some examples, the thesis shows that this method doesn’t fully consider the characteristics of network coding, leading to linearly dependent blocks that are impossible to be used to recover original blocks and consume bandwidth. The thesis studies the reason of linearly dependent problem, analyses the relation between topology and this problem, and presents the topology construction rule that can effectively avoid this problem.
(2) Data scheduling optimization of network coding-based P2P media streaming.
In the study of network coding-based P2P media streaming, pure pull or push strategy are commonly used in the process of data scheduling. Pull strategy has a great data scheduling delays and control overhead, while push strategy will make nodes receive several redundant data blocks. In order to overcome the lack of pure pull and push strategies, based on push strategy the thesis analyses the reason of data blocks redundancy and proposes a new scheme for P2P live media streaming based on network coding called customR2. Using push-pull strategy this scheme greatly diminishes the redundant blocks and improves the nodes’playback quality. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Based on the research results of network coding theory, the thesis studies the performance optimization of network coding-based P2P media streaming, providing a good theoretical and technology foundation for deploying network coding-based P2P media streaming systems.
引文
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[2] PPLive Website, http://www.pplive.com/zh-cn/index.html
[3] PPStream Website, http://www.ppstream.com
[4] Gridmedia Website, http://www.gridmedia.com.cn
[5] Anysee Project Website, http://grid.hust.edu.cn/anysee
[6] UUSee Website, http://www.uusee.com
[7] Eugster P,Guerraoui R,Handurukande S,et al. Lightweight Probabilistic Broadcast. ACM Trans. on Computer Systems. 2003, 21(4):341-374
[8] Ganesh A,Kermarrec A,Massoulie L. Peer-to-Peer Membership Management for Gossip-Based Protocols. IEEE Transaction on Computers. 2003, 52(2)
[9] Ahlswede R,Cai N,Li S R,et al. Network information flow. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 2000, 46 (4):1204-1216
[10] Gkantsidis C , Rodriguez P. Network Coding for Large Scale Content Distribution. Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM 2005, March 2005
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[12] BitTorrent Website, http://www.bittorrent.com
[13] Banerjee S,Bhattacharjee B,Kommareddy C. Scalable Application Layer Multicast. ACM Sigcomm, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, August 2002
[14] Tran D A,Hua K A,Sheu S. ZIGZAG: An Efficient Peer-to-Peer Scheme for Media Streaming. IEEE INFOCOM, San Francisco, CA, USA, March 2003
[15]刘亚杰,窦文华.一种P2P环境下的VoD流媒体服务体系.软件学报. 2006, 17(4):876-884
[16] Padmanabhan V N,Wang H J,Chou P A. Resilient Peer-to-Peer Streaming. IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols, Atlanta, GA, USA, November 2003
[17] Castro M,Druschel P,Kermarrec A,et al. SplitStream: High-bandwidth content distribution in a cooperative environment. Second International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer System (IPTPS), Berkeley, CA, 2003
[18] Cui Y,Li B,Nahrstedt K. oStream: Asynchronous Streaming Multicast in Application-Layer Overlay Networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 2004, 22(1):91-106
[19] Small T,Liang B,Li B. Scaling Laws and Tradeoffs in Peer-to-Peer Live Multimedia Streaming. ACM Multimedia'06, Santa Barbara, California, USA, 2006
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