黔西滇东地区二叠系—三叠系之交古植物群及其演化动力
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摘要
从地球形成直到今天,已有46亿年的历史。在这一漫长的沧海桑田演变过程中,二叠纪—三叠纪是地球演化发展的一个重要阶段。关于这段地史时期生物演变的内容、特点、规模和起因,一直都是地质学家们致力研究的。随着全球海相二叠-三叠系界线层型剖面与点,即“金钉子”(GSSP)(Yin et al.,2001)在中国浙江省长兴县煤山的建立,陆相二叠—三叠系辅助层型剖面和点的确定及界线的精确厘定则成为近期研究的热点。
全球而言,在研究陆相二叠系-三叠系界线及事件方面,我国黔西滇东地区有着得天独厚的优势。该地区存在发育完整的从海相一海、陆交互相一陆相的二叠系—三叠系界线剖面,而且该区海、陆相界线地层序列与浙江长兴煤山全球界线层型剖面具有一定的相似特征,使得在该区开展陆相二叠系—三叠系界线剖面的高精度划分和海、陆界线地层的高精度对比均成为可能且具有非常重要的意义。
针对黔西滇东地区二叠系—三叠系界线剖面出露状况和研究程度,本论文选择了两条陆相剖面(贵州威宁岔河剖面和哲觉剖面)和两条海、陆交互相剖面(云南宣威密德剖面和贵州盘县土城剖面)作为研究载体。这些剖面在二叠系-三叠系之交的岩石地层单位是宣威组和卡以头组,它们分别代表晚二叠世和早三叠世沉积。岩性特征明显,野外易于区分,宣威组以灰色、灰黄色粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩及泥岩为主,煤层常见;卡以头组以黄绿色泥岩和粉砂质泥岩为主,煤层缺失。保存较好且丰富的植物化石经常出现在这些剖面的多套地层中。因此本论文选择植物化石(大植物化石和孢粉)作为重点研究对象,开展二叠系—三叠系之交重大地质突变期的古植物群、古气候学及其植物演化动力学研究,其具体内容包括建立植物组合面貌,对同一时期不同沉积相区和不同植物区系的植物群特征对比,利用植物化石包括大植物化石和微植物化石进行地层划分,讨论植物群灭绝、残存与复苏规律,探讨该时期该地区古植物反映的气候特征及植物演化动力学意义。
基于黔西滇东地区穿过二叠系-三叠系界线植物化石在组成成分、丰度和分异度上的变化,建立两个植物组合,由老到新依次是:(1)Gigantonoclea guizhouensis(贵州单网羊齿)-Annularia pingloensis(平乐轮叶)组合(晚二叠世长兴期宣威组上段),该组合代表华夏植物群的晚期,也是该地区二叠系最后的一个植物组合。这个组合与Li et al.(1995)建立的华南同期植物组合所不同的是:就我们收集的植物化石材料看,宣威组上段地层中至今未发现有代表高地植物的鳞杉属。与华北同期植物组合对比,二者表现出巨大的不同:华北亚区已是一个欧美植物分子大量入侵,属干旱植物类群,而黔西滇东仍为湿热的大羽羊齿植物群特征。(2)Annalepis(脊囊属)-gigantopterids Permian relicts(大羽羊齿类残余分子)组合(早三叠世印度期宣威组顶部和卡以头组),该组合的建立不仅填补了华南在晚二叠世长兴期由李星学等(1995)建立Gigantonoclea guizhouensis-Ullmannia cf.bronnii组合与早三叠世奥仑尼克期由周志炎和厉宝贤建立的Albertia-Voltzia组合,而且为讨论这一转折时期植物演化,气候变化具有重要意义。
根据植物大化石和孢粉化石在各个剖面上组成、丰度和分异度变化,结合与浙江长兴煤山剖面的孢粉组合比较,综合同位素年代地层学、事件地层学分析,论文提出对陆相和海陆交互相二叠系-三叠系界线划分的临时方案。陆相岔河和哲觉剖面,最后一层出现的大羽羊齿类分子(岔河剖面69层,哲觉剖面50层)视为残余分子进入早三叠世,该层植物化石在空间上分布稳定,均出现在“三明治式”界线粘土层之上。二叠系-三叠系界线位于岔河剖面67层和哲觉剖面48层内,对应于煤山剖面的27层。海陆交互相密德剖面和土城剖面,我们首次在论文研究区发现的脊囊属植物化石,它在卡以头组地层中的首现标志着海陆交互相三叠纪沉积的开始。同样该属在黔西滇东二叠纪-三叠纪之交海陆交互相沉积区分布稳定,产该属化石的地层有的直接覆在宣威组的煤层之上。来自与脊囊属同层产出的早三叠世早期典型的海相动物化石证明该属在黔西滇东的出现明显早于长江流域中三叠世巴东组等,由此推断,在早-中三叠世,该属向北迁移,广布于长江流域中、下游地区。它的地层时间跨度应为早印度期至晚卡尼期。
长兴期宣威组上段含有丰富的成煤植物,如鳞木类,大羽羊齿类等,在四条剖面中均出现有多层煤层或煤线,有的还接近界线处,据此,二叠世最晚期在黔西滇东地区其气候属于温暖湿润。在早三叠世印度期卡以头组,虽然煤层缺失,但分析该期植物群组合成分看,成煤植物仍然存在,如鳞木属,芦木类,大羽羊齿类,它们和Stigmaria以及新型草本类石松植物Annalepis共同组成该时期植物群。这些特点反映印度期黔西滇东的古气候与晚二叠世相近,仍处在湿润气候条件下。这一特点与华北也是绝然不同的,华北该时期红层发育,欧美斑砂岩统植物(Buntsandsteinflora)极其发育,气候干旱。
综合前人数据,从晚二叠世吴家坪期到长兴期,植物大化石的丰度、分异度和种类已发生明显变化,相对应地由47属114已知种到45属87已知种,长兴期,新类型极少,大部分植物属种继承于吴家坪期,且丰度明显低于吴家坪期。而在早三叠世印度期(宣威组顶部和卡以头组)植物组合发生深刻的变化,仅有15属19已知种,由大羽羊齿残余分子、新出现的盾籽属(Peltaspermum)和新型石松类脊囊属(Annalepis)组成,脊囊属占据主导地位。这种在种一级别的巨大减少及新类型的出现,说明黔西滇东陆地植物的灭绝是一个长期的、渐变的、滞后灭绝过程。这种跨越整个晚二叠世并且穿过二叠系-三叠系界线的灭绝支持当前倡导的多幕式灭绝模式。来自孢粉的信息同样反映这种变化,晚二叠世以古生代真蕨类植物孢子占优势,在二叠纪—三叠纪界线层组处,表现为过渡类型的植物群面貌,早三叠世以种子蕨类和针叶类植物花粉为主,这与大植物化石反映的植物群落演化是一致的。其演化经历量变—质变—突变过程,具体体现在大羽羊齿植物群在晚二叠世衰退贫化—大羽羊齿类残余分子与新生分子共存—新生的早三叠世植物占统治地位。
早三叠世印度期卡以头组植物组合是以草本类石松植物脊囊属占主导地位,不同于晚二叠世树型石松类鳞木属。这个组合也包括盾籽目的盾籽属和前已述及的大羽羊齿残余分子。它们稳定地出现于2-4个层位,除脊囊属外,植物化石大多保存较差,属异地埋葬植物群和碎片埋葬植物群。黔西滇东印度期的这种植物组合与华北刘家沟组乃至全球同期植物组合可以进行对比,它们均由新型的草本类石松植物占据明显优势的湿地植物群在二叠纪-三叠纪转折时期的出现及其迅速散布。因此,发生在黔西滇东早三叠世印度期卡以头组以水韭科脊囊属为主的植物群代表华南陆地植物开始第一时期的复苏。其复苏的机制并不是依靠晚二叠世的残余分子,而是危机先驱分子即石松类水韭科脊囊属植物。
通过早三叠世印度期卡以头组的植物类群、古气候和古埋葬学分析,认为黔西滇东作为陆地植物的主要避难所之一是可能的。曾繁盛于晚二叠世的大羽羊齿类植物的极少部分植物(如Gigantopteris,Gigantonoclea,Lobatannularia)和Lepidodendron,Paracalamites,Compsopteris作为残余分子躲避在避难所,同时避难所又是危机先驱分子(如Annalepis)的立足点。该避难所促进植物的复苏。
对比华南和华北二叠系-三叠系之交植物群面貌和沉积特征,结合黔西滇东地区古植物群的演变特征分析,不同气候条件下形成不同的植物群落和不同类型的植物复苏分子。就论文研究区而言,早印度期卡以头组下部植物组合反映的气候仍保持晚二叠世湿热的气候状况。这种气候使得大羽羊齿类分子残存于早三叠世,也驱动了植物演化和复苏。
总而言之,论文研究区不仅拥有从海相到海陆交互相、再到陆相的二叠系-三叠系连续沉积剖面,并且在这些沉积物中含有丰富的植物化石,植物化石在界线上下,其成分、丰度和分异度是明显不同的,但界线上下同处在湿润气候条件下,这种气候推动了危机后的植物在该地区的复苏。
Permian-Triassic is an important stage for the "evolving earth" from Paleozoic to Mesozoic. Hence, geologists in the world have been working hard on the origin, scale, content and characteristics of this specific period of dramatic change in the living world. As the establishment of the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB), the establishment of a terrestrial associate Stratotype Section and Point of the Permian-Triassic and the exact determination of its boundary is now on the agenda.
The western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan area of southwest China commands a unique and significant position globally in the study of Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) events as it contains well and continuously exposed PTB sections of marine, non-marine and marginal-marine origin in the same area. By using a range of high-resolution stratigraphic methods including biostratigraphy, eventostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy, not only are the non-marine PTB sections correlated with their marine counterparts in the study area with high-resolution, the non-marine PTB sections of the study area can also be aligned with the PTB Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at Meishan in eastern China.
Terrestrial facies Chahe and Zhejue sections and marine-terrestrial alternative facies Mide and Tucheng lied in western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan are selected as researching objects of this thesis. They are made up of Late Permian Xuanwei and Early Triassic Kayitou Formations. Very abundant fossil plants occurred in these sections. This dissertation is hence focused on the fossil plants to refine the definition of the terrestrial and marine-terrestrial alterative Permian-Triassic boundary in western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan and the extinction and recovery patterns of the paleofloras across Permian-Triassic boundary in associated with the characteristics of paleoclimate reflected by these sections.
Based on the changes of the composition, abundance and diversity of fossil plants across Permian-Triassic boundary, non-marine two macrofloral assemblages were established, in ascending order: a. Gigantonoclea guizhouensis-Annularia pingloensis Assemblage (Latest Permian Changhsingian, Upper Xuanwei Formation), standing for the late Cathaysian flora, is also the last Permian assemblage in western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan. This assemblage is very different from the coeval paleofloral assemblage of North China in compositions, reflecting two-typed paleofloras and climates. In western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan, the paleoflora kept with the features of the Lungtanian (Wuchiapingian) Cathaysian Flora, i.e. coal-forming plants. In North China, Euramerican plants had invaded into this region, showing the vegetation typical of a much dry climate. b. Annalepis-gigantopterids Permian relicts Assemblage (Early Triassic Induan, the top part of Xuanwei Formation and Kayitou Formation), filled up the blank between late Upper Permian Changhsingian Gigantonoclea guizhouensis-Ullmannia cf. bronnii established by Li et al. (1995) and the late Lower Triassic Olenekian Neuropteridium-Albertia-Voltzia assemblage named by Zhou et Li (1979) in South China.
According to the vertical changes of the abundance, diversity and composition of the Xuanwei macroflora and microfloral assemblages compared with the palynomorph assemblages of Meishan section, combining with the isotopic age and eventostratigraphy, the PTB in the continental Chahe and Zhejue sections is considered to respectively lie within Bed 67 and Bed 48, which corresponds to Bed 27 at Meishan. This represents the most precise location of the PTB in a continental succession. In the marine and terrestrial transitional Mide (A), Mide (B) and Tucheng sections (respectively Bed 45/Bed 46, Bed 18/ Bed 19, Bed 16/ Bed 17), the first appearance of Annalepis is considered as marking the beginning of Triassic deposition in marine-terrestrial transition sections. Therefore, the appearance of the genus Annalepis occurred here earlier than in the Yangtze River area. During Early and Middle Triassic, it migrated to the north and widely spread to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, in relation to the marine regressions and transgressions. Its stratigraphic time span ran from Early Induan to Late Carnian.
The paleofloral assemblage of the Latest Permian Upper Xuanwei Formation contains abundant coal-forming plants fossil, such as Lepidodendron, Paracalamites and Gigantopterids and so on. Coal seams occurred in multiple horizons in four sections, extending to be quite close to the Permian-Triassic boundary. It is certain that the climate was humid and warm during the Latest Permian. Although the coal bed/seam disappeared in Early Triassic Induan Kayitou Formation, that analyzing compositions of this paleofloral assemblage shows the climate is similar to the Late Permian, leaved in humid condition in western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan. Coal-forming plant fossils (Lepidodendron, Paracalamites) persisted into the Earliest Triassic beds of the Kayitou Formation. They co-existed with Annalepis. In the Tucheng section, fragments of Gigantopterids occurred above the strata bearing fossil plant Annalepis. Stigmaria is frequently found in Late Permian strata containing, or not, coal and below coal seams in western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan. In Early Triassic Induan strata, fragmentary Stigmaria, associated with gigantopterids, Annalepis and single leaf-cushion of Lepidodendron occurred.
Plant megafossils ("megaplants") in the study area indicate a major loss in abundance and diversity across the PTB, and coal beds and/or seams are no more deposited in the non-marine Lower Triassic although they are very common in the non-marine Upper Permian. The megaplants, however, did not disappear consistently across the whole area, with some elements of the Late Permian Cathaysian Gigantopteris flora surviving the PTB "mass" extinction and locally even extending up to the Lower Triassic. Palynomorphs exhibit a similar temporal pattern characterized by a protracted stepwise decrease from fern-dominated spores in the Late Permian to pteridosperm and gymnosperm-dominated pollen in the Early Triassic, which was however punctuated by an accelerated loss in both abundance and diversity across the PTB itself. Contemporaneous with the PTB crisis in the study area was the peculiar prevalence and dominance of some fungi and/or algae species.
The temporal patterns of megaplants and palynomorphs across the PTB in the study area are consistent with the regional trends of plant changes in South China, which also show a long-term decrease in species diversity from the Late Permian Wuchiapingian through the Changhsingian to the earliest Triassic, with about 28% and 75% losses of species occurring respectively in the end-Wuchiapingian and end-Changhsingian. Such a "drawn out" extinction process spanning the entire Late Permian and across the PTB therefore does not support a globally synchronous end-Permian catastrophic event such as meteor impacts; rather it is more consistent with a protracted global climate change that may have been initiated by Pangea formation, and then exacerbated by the Siberian Trap (and also possibly the Emeishan Basalt) volcanism at the end-Permian.
The Induan plant assemblage is dominated by the herbaceous lycopsids Annalepis, which differ from the Late Permian arborcenous lycophytes Lepidodendron, Sigillaria. This assemblage also includes some elements of Peltaspermales and a few relics of Late Permian Cathaysian flora in western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan. They steadily appeared in about 2-4 plant-bearing biostromes. Based on plant preservation, the plant-taphocoenoses is nearly an allochthonous burial.
The Annalepis-dominated flora of western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan is similar to Induan Liujiagou Formation flora of North China, which is also lycopsid but Pleuromeia-dominated. In Gondwana, the herbaceous lycopsids (Cylostrobus, Skilliostrobus), which had been only a small part of the Permian land flora, expanded with the advent of the Triassic and became dominant during the Early Triassic, but then declined and virtually disappeared by the end of the Period. The Early Triassic paleoflora in South China is correlated to that of the Gondwana. Therefore the Annalepis-dominated flora can be similarly considered to represent the first stage of the Triassic land-plant recovery starting from South China.
The analysis of the Permian-Triassic plant fossils in western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan indicates that the recovery depends on the new group including the crisis progenitors in the surviving time rather than the Paleozoic surviving flora, such as Gigantopterids. Specifically, Annalepis are mainly responsible for the recovery.
Based on analyzing paleoflora, paleoclimatology and paleothanatocoenosis of the Early Triassic Induan Kayitou Formation, it is possible that this area of western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan was one of the main refugia for the plants in Early Triassic at a global scale. A few relics of gigantopterids, Lepidodendron, Lobatannularia, Paracalamites and Compsopteris and so on in the Kayitou Formation paleoflora could be sheltered in the refugium, and where pioneers of newly evolved opportunistic species (e.g. herbaceous lycopsids Annalepis) might again foothold. According to Lazarus taxa, the large allochthonous and fragments burial plant taphocoenosis at the bottom and upper part of the Kayitou Formation is a good example for continental plants. This existence of a refuge may have promoted the recovery of vegetation, not only by sheltering many Palaeozoic relicts such as gigantopterids, Pecopteris and Paracalamites, but also by producing the Mesozoic pioneers Annalepis Peltaspermum and others in this region.
Both biotic (including gigantopterids migration and evolution) and nonbiotic features of nonmarine rocks near the Permian-Triassic boundary in China indicate that tropical and humid conditions persisted in South China throughout the Permian and Early Triassic Induan, but in North China, by early Late Permian, climatic conditions alternated between wet and dry, and by late Late Permian most of the Northern Hemisphere was experiencing extreme arid conditions. This different climate results in forming the different Paleofloras. Therefore, climate played an important role in the evolution and recovery of the plants across the Permian-Triassic boundary.
In a word, there are well-developed sections from terrestrial facies and marine-terrestrial transitional facies to marine continuous deposit, which contain abundant fossil plants. Macrofloras in this study show an obvious change in abundance and diversity across Permian-Triassic boundary. But the paleoclimate remained first basically similar in this period. Consequently this area likely formed a refuge during the P / T transition Earliest Triassic, where land plants started to the "post crisis recovery".
全球而言,在研究陆相二叠系-三叠系界线及事件方面,我国黔西滇东地区有着得天独厚的优势。该地区存在发育完整的从海相一海、陆交互相一陆相的二叠系—三叠系界线剖面,而且该区海、陆相界线地层序列与浙江长兴煤山全球界线层型剖面具有一定的相似特征,使得在该区开展陆相二叠系—三叠系界线剖面的高精度划分和海、陆界线地层的高精度对比均成为可能且具有非常重要的意义。
针对黔西滇东地区二叠系—三叠系界线剖面出露状况和研究程度,本论文选择了两条陆相剖面(贵州威宁岔河剖面和哲觉剖面)和两条海、陆交互相剖面(云南宣威密德剖面和贵州盘县土城剖面)作为研究载体。这些剖面在二叠系-三叠系之交的岩石地层单位是宣威组和卡以头组,它们分别代表晚二叠世和早三叠世沉积。岩性特征明显,野外易于区分,宣威组以灰色、灰黄色粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩及泥岩为主,煤层常见;卡以头组以黄绿色泥岩和粉砂质泥岩为主,煤层缺失。保存较好且丰富的植物化石经常出现在这些剖面的多套地层中。因此本论文选择植物化石(大植物化石和孢粉)作为重点研究对象,开展二叠系—三叠系之交重大地质突变期的古植物群、古气候学及其植物演化动力学研究,其具体内容包括建立植物组合面貌,对同一时期不同沉积相区和不同植物区系的植物群特征对比,利用植物化石包括大植物化石和微植物化石进行地层划分,讨论植物群灭绝、残存与复苏规律,探讨该时期该地区古植物反映的气候特征及植物演化动力学意义。
基于黔西滇东地区穿过二叠系-三叠系界线植物化石在组成成分、丰度和分异度上的变化,建立两个植物组合,由老到新依次是:(1)Gigantonoclea guizhouensis(贵州单网羊齿)-Annularia pingloensis(平乐轮叶)组合(晚二叠世长兴期宣威组上段),该组合代表华夏植物群的晚期,也是该地区二叠系最后的一个植物组合。这个组合与Li et al.(1995)建立的华南同期植物组合所不同的是:就我们收集的植物化石材料看,宣威组上段地层中至今未发现有代表高地植物的鳞杉属。与华北同期植物组合对比,二者表现出巨大的不同:华北亚区已是一个欧美植物分子大量入侵,属干旱植物类群,而黔西滇东仍为湿热的大羽羊齿植物群特征。(2)Annalepis(脊囊属)-gigantopterids Permian relicts(大羽羊齿类残余分子)组合(早三叠世印度期宣威组顶部和卡以头组),该组合的建立不仅填补了华南在晚二叠世长兴期由李星学等(1995)建立Gigantonoclea guizhouensis-Ullmannia cf.bronnii组合与早三叠世奥仑尼克期由周志炎和厉宝贤建立的Albertia-Voltzia组合,而且为讨论这一转折时期植物演化,气候变化具有重要意义。
根据植物大化石和孢粉化石在各个剖面上组成、丰度和分异度变化,结合与浙江长兴煤山剖面的孢粉组合比较,综合同位素年代地层学、事件地层学分析,论文提出对陆相和海陆交互相二叠系-三叠系界线划分的临时方案。陆相岔河和哲觉剖面,最后一层出现的大羽羊齿类分子(岔河剖面69层,哲觉剖面50层)视为残余分子进入早三叠世,该层植物化石在空间上分布稳定,均出现在“三明治式”界线粘土层之上。二叠系-三叠系界线位于岔河剖面67层和哲觉剖面48层内,对应于煤山剖面的27层。海陆交互相密德剖面和土城剖面,我们首次在论文研究区发现的脊囊属植物化石,它在卡以头组地层中的首现标志着海陆交互相三叠纪沉积的开始。同样该属在黔西滇东二叠纪-三叠纪之交海陆交互相沉积区分布稳定,产该属化石的地层有的直接覆在宣威组的煤层之上。来自与脊囊属同层产出的早三叠世早期典型的海相动物化石证明该属在黔西滇东的出现明显早于长江流域中三叠世巴东组等,由此推断,在早-中三叠世,该属向北迁移,广布于长江流域中、下游地区。它的地层时间跨度应为早印度期至晚卡尼期。
长兴期宣威组上段含有丰富的成煤植物,如鳞木类,大羽羊齿类等,在四条剖面中均出现有多层煤层或煤线,有的还接近界线处,据此,二叠世最晚期在黔西滇东地区其气候属于温暖湿润。在早三叠世印度期卡以头组,虽然煤层缺失,但分析该期植物群组合成分看,成煤植物仍然存在,如鳞木属,芦木类,大羽羊齿类,它们和Stigmaria以及新型草本类石松植物Annalepis共同组成该时期植物群。这些特点反映印度期黔西滇东的古气候与晚二叠世相近,仍处在湿润气候条件下。这一特点与华北也是绝然不同的,华北该时期红层发育,欧美斑砂岩统植物(Buntsandsteinflora)极其发育,气候干旱。
综合前人数据,从晚二叠世吴家坪期到长兴期,植物大化石的丰度、分异度和种类已发生明显变化,相对应地由47属114已知种到45属87已知种,长兴期,新类型极少,大部分植物属种继承于吴家坪期,且丰度明显低于吴家坪期。而在早三叠世印度期(宣威组顶部和卡以头组)植物组合发生深刻的变化,仅有15属19已知种,由大羽羊齿残余分子、新出现的盾籽属(Peltaspermum)和新型石松类脊囊属(Annalepis)组成,脊囊属占据主导地位。这种在种一级别的巨大减少及新类型的出现,说明黔西滇东陆地植物的灭绝是一个长期的、渐变的、滞后灭绝过程。这种跨越整个晚二叠世并且穿过二叠系-三叠系界线的灭绝支持当前倡导的多幕式灭绝模式。来自孢粉的信息同样反映这种变化,晚二叠世以古生代真蕨类植物孢子占优势,在二叠纪—三叠纪界线层组处,表现为过渡类型的植物群面貌,早三叠世以种子蕨类和针叶类植物花粉为主,这与大植物化石反映的植物群落演化是一致的。其演化经历量变—质变—突变过程,具体体现在大羽羊齿植物群在晚二叠世衰退贫化—大羽羊齿类残余分子与新生分子共存—新生的早三叠世植物占统治地位。
早三叠世印度期卡以头组植物组合是以草本类石松植物脊囊属占主导地位,不同于晚二叠世树型石松类鳞木属。这个组合也包括盾籽目的盾籽属和前已述及的大羽羊齿残余分子。它们稳定地出现于2-4个层位,除脊囊属外,植物化石大多保存较差,属异地埋葬植物群和碎片埋葬植物群。黔西滇东印度期的这种植物组合与华北刘家沟组乃至全球同期植物组合可以进行对比,它们均由新型的草本类石松植物占据明显优势的湿地植物群在二叠纪-三叠纪转折时期的出现及其迅速散布。因此,发生在黔西滇东早三叠世印度期卡以头组以水韭科脊囊属为主的植物群代表华南陆地植物开始第一时期的复苏。其复苏的机制并不是依靠晚二叠世的残余分子,而是危机先驱分子即石松类水韭科脊囊属植物。
通过早三叠世印度期卡以头组的植物类群、古气候和古埋葬学分析,认为黔西滇东作为陆地植物的主要避难所之一是可能的。曾繁盛于晚二叠世的大羽羊齿类植物的极少部分植物(如Gigantopteris,Gigantonoclea,Lobatannularia)和Lepidodendron,Paracalamites,Compsopteris作为残余分子躲避在避难所,同时避难所又是危机先驱分子(如Annalepis)的立足点。该避难所促进植物的复苏。
对比华南和华北二叠系-三叠系之交植物群面貌和沉积特征,结合黔西滇东地区古植物群的演变特征分析,不同气候条件下形成不同的植物群落和不同类型的植物复苏分子。就论文研究区而言,早印度期卡以头组下部植物组合反映的气候仍保持晚二叠世湿热的气候状况。这种气候使得大羽羊齿类分子残存于早三叠世,也驱动了植物演化和复苏。
总而言之,论文研究区不仅拥有从海相到海陆交互相、再到陆相的二叠系-三叠系连续沉积剖面,并且在这些沉积物中含有丰富的植物化石,植物化石在界线上下,其成分、丰度和分异度是明显不同的,但界线上下同处在湿润气候条件下,这种气候推动了危机后的植物在该地区的复苏。
Permian-Triassic is an important stage for the "evolving earth" from Paleozoic to Mesozoic. Hence, geologists in the world have been working hard on the origin, scale, content and characteristics of this specific period of dramatic change in the living world. As the establishment of the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB), the establishment of a terrestrial associate Stratotype Section and Point of the Permian-Triassic and the exact determination of its boundary is now on the agenda.
The western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan area of southwest China commands a unique and significant position globally in the study of Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) events as it contains well and continuously exposed PTB sections of marine, non-marine and marginal-marine origin in the same area. By using a range of high-resolution stratigraphic methods including biostratigraphy, eventostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy, not only are the non-marine PTB sections correlated with their marine counterparts in the study area with high-resolution, the non-marine PTB sections of the study area can also be aligned with the PTB Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at Meishan in eastern China.
Terrestrial facies Chahe and Zhejue sections and marine-terrestrial alternative facies Mide and Tucheng lied in western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan are selected as researching objects of this thesis. They are made up of Late Permian Xuanwei and Early Triassic Kayitou Formations. Very abundant fossil plants occurred in these sections. This dissertation is hence focused on the fossil plants to refine the definition of the terrestrial and marine-terrestrial alterative Permian-Triassic boundary in western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan and the extinction and recovery patterns of the paleofloras across Permian-Triassic boundary in associated with the characteristics of paleoclimate reflected by these sections.
Based on the changes of the composition, abundance and diversity of fossil plants across Permian-Triassic boundary, non-marine two macrofloral assemblages were established, in ascending order: a. Gigantonoclea guizhouensis-Annularia pingloensis Assemblage (Latest Permian Changhsingian, Upper Xuanwei Formation), standing for the late Cathaysian flora, is also the last Permian assemblage in western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan. This assemblage is very different from the coeval paleofloral assemblage of North China in compositions, reflecting two-typed paleofloras and climates. In western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan, the paleoflora kept with the features of the Lungtanian (Wuchiapingian) Cathaysian Flora, i.e. coal-forming plants. In North China, Euramerican plants had invaded into this region, showing the vegetation typical of a much dry climate. b. Annalepis-gigantopterids Permian relicts Assemblage (Early Triassic Induan, the top part of Xuanwei Formation and Kayitou Formation), filled up the blank between late Upper Permian Changhsingian Gigantonoclea guizhouensis-Ullmannia cf. bronnii established by Li et al. (1995) and the late Lower Triassic Olenekian Neuropteridium-Albertia-Voltzia assemblage named by Zhou et Li (1979) in South China.
According to the vertical changes of the abundance, diversity and composition of the Xuanwei macroflora and microfloral assemblages compared with the palynomorph assemblages of Meishan section, combining with the isotopic age and eventostratigraphy, the PTB in the continental Chahe and Zhejue sections is considered to respectively lie within Bed 67 and Bed 48, which corresponds to Bed 27 at Meishan. This represents the most precise location of the PTB in a continental succession. In the marine and terrestrial transitional Mide (A), Mide (B) and Tucheng sections (respectively Bed 45/Bed 46, Bed 18/ Bed 19, Bed 16/ Bed 17), the first appearance of Annalepis is considered as marking the beginning of Triassic deposition in marine-terrestrial transition sections. Therefore, the appearance of the genus Annalepis occurred here earlier than in the Yangtze River area. During Early and Middle Triassic, it migrated to the north and widely spread to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, in relation to the marine regressions and transgressions. Its stratigraphic time span ran from Early Induan to Late Carnian.
The paleofloral assemblage of the Latest Permian Upper Xuanwei Formation contains abundant coal-forming plants fossil, such as Lepidodendron, Paracalamites and Gigantopterids and so on. Coal seams occurred in multiple horizons in four sections, extending to be quite close to the Permian-Triassic boundary. It is certain that the climate was humid and warm during the Latest Permian. Although the coal bed/seam disappeared in Early Triassic Induan Kayitou Formation, that analyzing compositions of this paleofloral assemblage shows the climate is similar to the Late Permian, leaved in humid condition in western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan. Coal-forming plant fossils (Lepidodendron, Paracalamites) persisted into the Earliest Triassic beds of the Kayitou Formation. They co-existed with Annalepis. In the Tucheng section, fragments of Gigantopterids occurred above the strata bearing fossil plant Annalepis. Stigmaria is frequently found in Late Permian strata containing, or not, coal and below coal seams in western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan. In Early Triassic Induan strata, fragmentary Stigmaria, associated with gigantopterids, Annalepis and single leaf-cushion of Lepidodendron occurred.
Plant megafossils ("megaplants") in the study area indicate a major loss in abundance and diversity across the PTB, and coal beds and/or seams are no more deposited in the non-marine Lower Triassic although they are very common in the non-marine Upper Permian. The megaplants, however, did not disappear consistently across the whole area, with some elements of the Late Permian Cathaysian Gigantopteris flora surviving the PTB "mass" extinction and locally even extending up to the Lower Triassic. Palynomorphs exhibit a similar temporal pattern characterized by a protracted stepwise decrease from fern-dominated spores in the Late Permian to pteridosperm and gymnosperm-dominated pollen in the Early Triassic, which was however punctuated by an accelerated loss in both abundance and diversity across the PTB itself. Contemporaneous with the PTB crisis in the study area was the peculiar prevalence and dominance of some fungi and/or algae species.
The temporal patterns of megaplants and palynomorphs across the PTB in the study area are consistent with the regional trends of plant changes in South China, which also show a long-term decrease in species diversity from the Late Permian Wuchiapingian through the Changhsingian to the earliest Triassic, with about 28% and 75% losses of species occurring respectively in the end-Wuchiapingian and end-Changhsingian. Such a "drawn out" extinction process spanning the entire Late Permian and across the PTB therefore does not support a globally synchronous end-Permian catastrophic event such as meteor impacts; rather it is more consistent with a protracted global climate change that may have been initiated by Pangea formation, and then exacerbated by the Siberian Trap (and also possibly the Emeishan Basalt) volcanism at the end-Permian.
The Induan plant assemblage is dominated by the herbaceous lycopsids Annalepis, which differ from the Late Permian arborcenous lycophytes Lepidodendron, Sigillaria. This assemblage also includes some elements of Peltaspermales and a few relics of Late Permian Cathaysian flora in western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan. They steadily appeared in about 2-4 plant-bearing biostromes. Based on plant preservation, the plant-taphocoenoses is nearly an allochthonous burial.
The Annalepis-dominated flora of western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan is similar to Induan Liujiagou Formation flora of North China, which is also lycopsid but Pleuromeia-dominated. In Gondwana, the herbaceous lycopsids (Cylostrobus, Skilliostrobus), which had been only a small part of the Permian land flora, expanded with the advent of the Triassic and became dominant during the Early Triassic, but then declined and virtually disappeared by the end of the Period. The Early Triassic paleoflora in South China is correlated to that of the Gondwana. Therefore the Annalepis-dominated flora can be similarly considered to represent the first stage of the Triassic land-plant recovery starting from South China.
The analysis of the Permian-Triassic plant fossils in western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan indicates that the recovery depends on the new group including the crisis progenitors in the surviving time rather than the Paleozoic surviving flora, such as Gigantopterids. Specifically, Annalepis are mainly responsible for the recovery.
Based on analyzing paleoflora, paleoclimatology and paleothanatocoenosis of the Early Triassic Induan Kayitou Formation, it is possible that this area of western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan was one of the main refugia for the plants in Early Triassic at a global scale. A few relics of gigantopterids, Lepidodendron, Lobatannularia, Paracalamites and Compsopteris and so on in the Kayitou Formation paleoflora could be sheltered in the refugium, and where pioneers of newly evolved opportunistic species (e.g. herbaceous lycopsids Annalepis) might again foothold. According to Lazarus taxa, the large allochthonous and fragments burial plant taphocoenosis at the bottom and upper part of the Kayitou Formation is a good example for continental plants. This existence of a refuge may have promoted the recovery of vegetation, not only by sheltering many Palaeozoic relicts such as gigantopterids, Pecopteris and Paracalamites, but also by producing the Mesozoic pioneers Annalepis Peltaspermum and others in this region.
Both biotic (including gigantopterids migration and evolution) and nonbiotic features of nonmarine rocks near the Permian-Triassic boundary in China indicate that tropical and humid conditions persisted in South China throughout the Permian and Early Triassic Induan, but in North China, by early Late Permian, climatic conditions alternated between wet and dry, and by late Late Permian most of the Northern Hemisphere was experiencing extreme arid conditions. This different climate results in forming the different Paleofloras. Therefore, climate played an important role in the evolution and recovery of the plants across the Permian-Triassic boundary.
In a word, there are well-developed sections from terrestrial facies and marine-terrestrial transitional facies to marine continuous deposit, which contain abundant fossil plants. Macrofloras in this study show an obvious change in abundance and diversity across Permian-Triassic boundary. But the paleoclimate remained first basically similar in this period. Consequently this area likely formed a refuge during the P / T transition Earliest Triassic, where land plants started to the "post crisis recovery".
引文
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