齐穗后遮光对超级杂交稻冠层特性及产量稳定性的影响研究
摘要
水稻产量的60%～70%来自花后光合产物,抽穗后的光照强弱对水稻产量有很大的影响。为了明确超级杂交稻受光强变化的影响大小,并进而揭示超级杂交稻产量稳定性较差的原因,于2008年在湖南浏阳市永安镇大田条件下进行了遮光和不遮光处理试验,对超级杂交稻、普通杂交稻、高产常规稻等三类不同类型中稻品种进行了冠层结构、产量形成和RUE的比较分析,以期为超级杂交稻的育种和高产栽培提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下:
(1)正常不遮光条件下,稻谷产量以超级杂交稻品种显著高于常规稻和普通杂交稻品种;齐穗后遮光处理使所有供试品种的产量下降,但以超级杂交稻品种的下降幅度最大(53.1%),其产量显著低于常规稻和普通杂交稻品种,表明超级杂交稻的产量稳定性低于其它类型品种。遮光导致超级杂交稻产量下降幅度大的重要原因是其结实率和千粒重相对于其他品种更容易受到光胁迫的影响。
(2)齐穗后遮光,超级杂交稻叶面积指数和剑叶的净光合速率的下降幅度大于其它类型品种,其中剑叶净光合速率下降37.65%,明显高于普通杂交稻(16.6%)和常规稻(19.2%)。齐穗后遮光使水稻干物质生产累积量大幅度减少,其中超级杂交稻干物质日生产量下降92.8%,普通杂杂交稻下降82.4%、常规稻为84.8%;同时齐穗后遮光也使干物质分配到茎鞘、叶中的比例增加,而分配到穗中的比例降低,其中超级杂交稻干物质分配到穗中的比率仅为32.1%,低于其它类型品种。
(3)齐穗后遮光使稻株氮总积累量降低,其中稻谷中氮积累量的减少幅度,以超级杂交稻最大达33.9%,普通杂交稻下降19.8%,常规稻下降26.9%;但齐穗后遮光使水稻叶片、茎鞘、穗中氮的含量大幅度增加,尤其是超级杂交稻品种。
(4)齐穗后遮光增加了水稻纹枯病的发病株率和发病指数,其中发病株率超级杂交稻平均增加了17.6%,大于常规稻(11.6%)和普通杂交稻(6.4%),超级杂交稻病情指数显著大于其他品种,其中两优培九达到23.3%。
(5)齐穗后遮光处理使各品种的RUE略有降低,但不是超级杂交稻产量大幅度降低的主要原因。
60%-70% of rice yield is from photosynthetic products during rice filling period after heading. Therefore, light intensity has great influence on rice yield at this period. Field experiments was conducted in Yong'an Town of Liuyang City in 2008 to investigate the effects of different light intensities (natural light and 70% shading) on rice canopy structure, radiation use efficiency and rice grain yield of three types of rice varieties include "super" hybrid, ordinary hybrid, and inbred varieties. The main results are as follows.
(1) Super hybrid rice had significantly higher grain yield than ordinary hybrid, and inbred varieties under natural light intensity. However the grain yield of Super hybrid rice varieties decreased by 53.1% when treated by 70% shading, which showed the largest range and made significantly lower yield for super hybrid compared to the other group varieties. The results showed that super hybrid rice had poor yield stability compared to other types. Also yield component of super hybrid rice are more vulnerable to the effects of light stress.
(2) In shading treatments, the net photosynthetic rate of flag leaf decreased markedly. The descent ranges were respectively37.65%, 19.2%, and 16.6% for super hybrid, inbred and ordinary hybrid varieties. Under shading, rice dry matter weight decreased significantly. The daily dry matter accumulation amounts were declined by 92.8%, 82.4% and 84.8% for super hybrid, ordinary hybrid and inbred varieties, respectively. Also dry matter distributed imbalance in different organs. The ratio of dry matter distributed to panicles decreased, but increased to stem, sheath and leaves. Super hybrids got the lowest ratio, only 32.1% in panicles.
(3) Under shading treatments, total nitrogen accumulation amounts in plant decreased. The N reduction range in grains was the biggest in super hybrids (by 33.89%), while ordinary hybrid and inbred varieties decreased 19.8% and 26.7% respectively. However nitrogen contents of leaves, stem-sheath and panicle increased greatly, especially for super hybrid varieties.
(4) In shading treatments, The sheath blight disease incidence and disease index increased among the three variety types at different degrees. Super hybrid rice had the greatest change in disease incidence. The average increment of disease incidence of super hybrid rice was 17.6%, while that of conventional rice and hybrid rice varieties was 11.6% and 6.4% respectively. The Disease index in super hybrids was significantly higher than that in the other group varieties.
(5) Shading test induced a slight drop in radiation use efficiency in all the three types, which is not the main reason for the large range of reduction in rice yield of super hybrid rice.
(1)正常不遮光条件下,稻谷产量以超级杂交稻品种显著高于常规稻和普通杂交稻品种;齐穗后遮光处理使所有供试品种的产量下降,但以超级杂交稻品种的下降幅度最大(53.1%),其产量显著低于常规稻和普通杂交稻品种,表明超级杂交稻的产量稳定性低于其它类型品种。遮光导致超级杂交稻产量下降幅度大的重要原因是其结实率和千粒重相对于其他品种更容易受到光胁迫的影响。
(2)齐穗后遮光,超级杂交稻叶面积指数和剑叶的净光合速率的下降幅度大于其它类型品种,其中剑叶净光合速率下降37.65%,明显高于普通杂交稻(16.6%)和常规稻(19.2%)。齐穗后遮光使水稻干物质生产累积量大幅度减少,其中超级杂交稻干物质日生产量下降92.8%,普通杂杂交稻下降82.4%、常规稻为84.8%;同时齐穗后遮光也使干物质分配到茎鞘、叶中的比例增加,而分配到穗中的比例降低,其中超级杂交稻干物质分配到穗中的比率仅为32.1%,低于其它类型品种。
(3)齐穗后遮光使稻株氮总积累量降低,其中稻谷中氮积累量的减少幅度,以超级杂交稻最大达33.9%,普通杂交稻下降19.8%,常规稻下降26.9%;但齐穗后遮光使水稻叶片、茎鞘、穗中氮的含量大幅度增加,尤其是超级杂交稻品种。
(4)齐穗后遮光增加了水稻纹枯病的发病株率和发病指数,其中发病株率超级杂交稻平均增加了17.6%,大于常规稻(11.6%)和普通杂交稻(6.4%),超级杂交稻病情指数显著大于其他品种,其中两优培九达到23.3%。
(5)齐穗后遮光处理使各品种的RUE略有降低,但不是超级杂交稻产量大幅度降低的主要原因。
60%-70% of rice yield is from photosynthetic products during rice filling period after heading. Therefore, light intensity has great influence on rice yield at this period. Field experiments was conducted in Yong'an Town of Liuyang City in 2008 to investigate the effects of different light intensities (natural light and 70% shading) on rice canopy structure, radiation use efficiency and rice grain yield of three types of rice varieties include "super" hybrid, ordinary hybrid, and inbred varieties. The main results are as follows.
(1) Super hybrid rice had significantly higher grain yield than ordinary hybrid, and inbred varieties under natural light intensity. However the grain yield of Super hybrid rice varieties decreased by 53.1% when treated by 70% shading, which showed the largest range and made significantly lower yield for super hybrid compared to the other group varieties. The results showed that super hybrid rice had poor yield stability compared to other types. Also yield component of super hybrid rice are more vulnerable to the effects of light stress.
(2) In shading treatments, the net photosynthetic rate of flag leaf decreased markedly. The descent ranges were respectively37.65%, 19.2%, and 16.6% for super hybrid, inbred and ordinary hybrid varieties. Under shading, rice dry matter weight decreased significantly. The daily dry matter accumulation amounts were declined by 92.8%, 82.4% and 84.8% for super hybrid, ordinary hybrid and inbred varieties, respectively. Also dry matter distributed imbalance in different organs. The ratio of dry matter distributed to panicles decreased, but increased to stem, sheath and leaves. Super hybrids got the lowest ratio, only 32.1% in panicles.
(3) Under shading treatments, total nitrogen accumulation amounts in plant decreased. The N reduction range in grains was the biggest in super hybrids (by 33.89%), while ordinary hybrid and inbred varieties decreased 19.8% and 26.7% respectively. However nitrogen contents of leaves, stem-sheath and panicle increased greatly, especially for super hybrid varieties.
(4) In shading treatments, The sheath blight disease incidence and disease index increased among the three variety types at different degrees. Super hybrid rice had the greatest change in disease incidence. The average increment of disease incidence of super hybrid rice was 17.6%, while that of conventional rice and hybrid rice varieties was 11.6% and 6.4% respectively. The Disease index in super hybrids was significantly higher than that in the other group varieties.
(5) Shading test induced a slight drop in radiation use efficiency in all the three types, which is not the main reason for the large range of reduction in rice yield of super hybrid rice.
引文
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[3]李林,姚永康,刘敏华,等.水稻开花灌浆期阴天影响产量构成的光质环境分析[J].江苏农业学报,1997,13(3):139-142
[4]Charles.M.Reseeding the green revolution[J].Science,1997,277:1038-1043.
[5]杨俊霞,郭宝林,鲁韧强,等.遮阴对美国黑莓生长及光合特性的影响[J].园艺学报,2005(2):108-110
[6]王惠哲,庞金安,李淑菊,等.弱光对春季温室黄瓜生长发育的影响[J].华北农学报,2005,20(1):55-58.
[7]Chaturvedi G S,Ingram K T.Growth and yield of low land rice in response to shade and drainage[J].Crop Science,1989,14:61-67.
[8]Thangaraj M,Sivasubramanian V.Effects of low light intensity on growth and productivity of irrigated rice[J].Madras Agriculture,1990,77:220-224.
[9]邹应斌.籼型超级杂交水稻高产栽培研究进展.耕作与栽培,2006,(5):1-5.
[10]任万军,杨文钰,徐精文,等.始穗后弱光对不同基因型水稻叶片特性的影响[J].四川农业大学学报,2002,20(3):205-208.
[11]DelaTorre WR,Burkey KO.Acclimation of barley to changes light intensity:chlorophyll organization[J].Photosynth.Res,1990,24:117-125.
[12]Lichenthaler H K.Photosynthetic activity,chloroplast ultrastructure and leaf characteristics of light and low lightplants leaves[J].Photosynthesis Research,1981,2:115-141.
[13]Yoshio Inoue,Shinsuke Morinaga.Estimating spatial distribution of plant growth in a soybean field based on remotely sensed spectral imagery measured with a balloon system[J].Japan Jour.Crop Science.1995,64(1):156-158
[14]蔡昆争,骆世明.不同生育期遮光对水稻生长发育和产量形成影响应用[J].生态学报,1999,10(2):193-196
[15]华鹤良,田银芳,张建军.不同类型水稻品种物质生产能力的差异及其解析[J].耕作与栽培,1998,(3):13-15.
[16]刘军,余铁桥.大穗型水稻超高产产量形成特点及物质生产分析[J].湖南农业大学学报,1998,24(1):1-5
[17]王培武,李治远,石羲田昭弘,等.新疆大豆生产及生态的研究Ⅰ.开花期缺水和遮光处理对大豆干物质生产及株型的影响[J].作物学报,1995,21(4):396-403.
[18]王志敏,王树安,苏宝林.小麦穗粒数的调节Ⅱ.开花前遮光对穗碳水化合物代谢和内源激素水平的影响[J].华北农学报,1997,12(4):42-47.
[19]任万军,杨文钰,樊高琼,等.始穗后弱光对水稻干物质积累与产量的影响[J].四川农业大学学报,2003,21(4):292-296.
[20]江东,王乃斌,杨小唤.吸收光合有效辐射的时序变化特征及与作物产量的响应关系[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2002,18(1):51-54.
[21]Loomis R.Community architecture and the productivity of terrestrial plant com unities.harvesting The Sun.New York:Acadre.1967.191-308
[22]沈允纲.作物辐射利用[J].中国科学通报,1961,10:46-50
[23]Koike F.Reconala' uction of two-dimensional tree and forestry canopy profiles using photosynthesis[J].JAppl Ecd.1985,22:921-929
[24]李德明.作物最大生产潜力研究动态[J].现代化农业,1993,(10):14-15.
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