上海与美国马萨诸塞州小学科学课程标准比较研究
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摘要
科学技术是衡量一个国家综合能力的一个重要标志,对一个国家发展起着举足轻重的作用。基于此,从初等教育阶段开始即开设科学课程、进行科学教育称为众多国家所重视,尤以西方发达国家为主。我国的小学科学课开展早于上个世纪八十年代业已开展,但直至本世纪初,全国范围内的小学科学课的开设才成为风气。
自1983年,上海市教育委员会顺应时代国际潮流,首先在国内提出在小学教育阶段要开展科学教育、设置科学课程,期间,经数次修改,又于2006年颁布《上海市小学科学与技术课程标准》(征求意见稿)。
无独有偶,美国马萨诸塞州也于2006年10月颁布新科学课程标准《马萨诸塞州科学和技术/工程学课程标准》(小学部分),马萨诸塞州是美国经济较发达地区,是全美对科学教育相当重视的诸州之一,也是对科学课程修改最多的几个州之一。马萨诸塞州、上海市两地同年颁布的科学课程标准,时间上相差很短,两地地理位置、经济环境在国家的地位也都有着及其相似的地方,由此给我们提供了对两地科学课程标准进行比较研究的契机。
本研究以《上海市小学科学与技术课程标准》(征求意见稿)和《马萨诸塞州科学和技术/工程学课程标准》(小学部分)为比较研究对象,对两地科学课程标准的文本制定背景、基本结构、目的、性质、内容、实施原则等进行比较、分析和研究,并围绕以下三个问题进行论述:
1.两地小学科学课程标准在制定过程中同受美国国家研究理事会制定《国家科学教育标准》(1996)的影响,那么两个课程标准的两个标准的异同点在何处。
2.两地小学科学课程标准的差距在哪里,其发展方向是否相同。
3.马萨诸塞州科学课程标准对修订上海科学课程标准有何借鉴意义。
希望此研究对《上海市小学科学与技术课程标准》(征求意见稿)的进一步完善提供一些参考意见。同时也希望在比较分析两地的科学课程标准中,一线的科学教师、科学教学理论工作者从中获得一些有益的信息。
Science and technique, an importance marking that measures a national comprehensive capability, plays a prominent role in development of a country. Currently, many countries, especially developed ones, value science education and science curriculum very much. In our country, the elementary science curriculum set up in early 1980s. However, it wildly kept going until the beginning of this century.
Since 1983, Shanghai Education Committee firstly put forward conducting science education and setting up science curriculum in China. After having past through many the education reform to adjust itself to the current of time, Shanghai Education Committee promulgated Shanghai elementary School Science and Technology Curriculum Standards (draft for asking for the opinion) in 2006.
In contrast, Massachusetts, one of the most flourishing regions in economy and science and technique in the United States, also equally values science and technique, and is one of the states which have modified the Science Curriculum the most times. On 10th,2006, new Massachusetts Science and Technology/Engineering Curriculum Framework was published after being checked and upgraded. Thus, studying and analyzing the October of 2006 Massachusetts Science and Technology/Engineering Curriculum Framework (Elementary Schools Part)just provides a good reference for revising Shanghai primary school science curriculum at the right moment. From that, following several topics are put forward:
1. Both the primary school science curriculum standards were influenced by American National Science Education Standards when they were drawn up, what are differences and similarities between them?
2. Where is the margin s between two the primary school science curriculum standards, and whether do they develop towards the same direction?
3. What can be drawn lessons from Massachusetts Science and Technology/Engineering Curriculum Framework for revising the science curriculum standard of Shanghai?
This research mainly bases above three topics to compare, analyze and study establishment background, basic structure, purpose, property, contents, implement principle and other problems of the texts of Shanghai Primary School Science and Technology Curriculum Standards (asking for the opinion draft) and Massachusetts Science and Technology/Engineering Curriculum Framework ( the primary school part), with this hope to have certain help to the improvement of Shanghai Primary School Science Curriculum Standards (draft for asking for the opinion), and the front science teacher and workers who take on researching science teaching theories obtain some valuable reference from it.
自1983年,上海市教育委员会顺应时代国际潮流,首先在国内提出在小学教育阶段要开展科学教育、设置科学课程,期间,经数次修改,又于2006年颁布《上海市小学科学与技术课程标准》(征求意见稿)。
无独有偶,美国马萨诸塞州也于2006年10月颁布新科学课程标准《马萨诸塞州科学和技术/工程学课程标准》(小学部分),马萨诸塞州是美国经济较发达地区,是全美对科学教育相当重视的诸州之一,也是对科学课程修改最多的几个州之一。马萨诸塞州、上海市两地同年颁布的科学课程标准,时间上相差很短,两地地理位置、经济环境在国家的地位也都有着及其相似的地方,由此给我们提供了对两地科学课程标准进行比较研究的契机。
本研究以《上海市小学科学与技术课程标准》(征求意见稿)和《马萨诸塞州科学和技术/工程学课程标准》(小学部分)为比较研究对象,对两地科学课程标准的文本制定背景、基本结构、目的、性质、内容、实施原则等进行比较、分析和研究,并围绕以下三个问题进行论述:
1.两地小学科学课程标准在制定过程中同受美国国家研究理事会制定《国家科学教育标准》(1996)的影响,那么两个课程标准的两个标准的异同点在何处。
2.两地小学科学课程标准的差距在哪里,其发展方向是否相同。
3.马萨诸塞州科学课程标准对修订上海科学课程标准有何借鉴意义。
希望此研究对《上海市小学科学与技术课程标准》(征求意见稿)的进一步完善提供一些参考意见。同时也希望在比较分析两地的科学课程标准中,一线的科学教师、科学教学理论工作者从中获得一些有益的信息。
Science and technique, an importance marking that measures a national comprehensive capability, plays a prominent role in development of a country. Currently, many countries, especially developed ones, value science education and science curriculum very much. In our country, the elementary science curriculum set up in early 1980s. However, it wildly kept going until the beginning of this century.
Since 1983, Shanghai Education Committee firstly put forward conducting science education and setting up science curriculum in China. After having past through many the education reform to adjust itself to the current of time, Shanghai Education Committee promulgated Shanghai elementary School Science and Technology Curriculum Standards (draft for asking for the opinion) in 2006.
In contrast, Massachusetts, one of the most flourishing regions in economy and science and technique in the United States, also equally values science and technique, and is one of the states which have modified the Science Curriculum the most times. On 10th,2006, new Massachusetts Science and Technology/Engineering Curriculum Framework was published after being checked and upgraded. Thus, studying and analyzing the October of 2006 Massachusetts Science and Technology/Engineering Curriculum Framework (Elementary Schools Part)just provides a good reference for revising Shanghai primary school science curriculum at the right moment. From that, following several topics are put forward:
1. Both the primary school science curriculum standards were influenced by American National Science Education Standards when they were drawn up, what are differences and similarities between them?
2. Where is the margin s between two the primary school science curriculum standards, and whether do they develop towards the same direction?
3. What can be drawn lessons from Massachusetts Science and Technology/Engineering Curriculum Framework for revising the science curriculum standard of Shanghai?
This research mainly bases above three topics to compare, analyze and study establishment background, basic structure, purpose, property, contents, implement principle and other problems of the texts of Shanghai Primary School Science and Technology Curriculum Standards (asking for the opinion draft) and Massachusetts Science and Technology/Engineering Curriculum Framework ( the primary school part), with this hope to have certain help to the improvement of Shanghai Primary School Science Curriculum Standards (draft for asking for the opinion), and the front science teacher and workers who take on researching science teaching theories obtain some valuable reference from it.
引文
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[2]Andrew T.Lumpe.No Science Teacher Left Behind[J].Journal of Science Teacher Education,Volume 19,Number 4.2008.p313.
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[7]Karen C.Cohen.Changes in the World Created by the Journal of Science Education and Technology:Future Directions and New Initiatives[J].Journal of Science Education and Technology,Vol.15,No.1,March 2006.
[8]Libby F.Gerard,Jane B.Bowyer,Marcia C.Linn.Principal Leadership for Technology-enhanced Learning[J].Journal of Science Education and Technology,Volume 17,Number 1/2008.2
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[14]Sneider,Cary I..What Will It Take to Establish Technology/Engineering Education for All Students?[J].The Technology Teacher,Mar2008,Vol.67 Issue 6.p16.
[15]Stegelin,Dolores A..Application of the Reggio Emilia Approach to Early Childhood Science Curriculum[J].Early Childhood Education Journal,2003,(3).
[1]喻百军.从小亲近科学与人文.科普园http://www.sxqqzx.com/syy/list.asp?Unid=134
[2]价值中国百科词条,http://www.chinavalue.net/wiki/showcontent.aspx?titleid=188640
[3]解放网 http://www.jfdaily.com/news/xwsh/200901/t20090123_518332.htm
[4]Massachusetts Science and Technology/Engineering Curriculum Framework[EB/OL].2006.Massachusetts Department of Elementary & Secondary Education.http://www.doe.mass.edu/frameworks/current.html
[5]The National Commission on Excellence in Education.A Nation at Risk:The Imperative for Educational Reform.1983.U.S.Department of Education.http://www.ed.gov/pubs/NatAtRisk/risk.html.
[6]US State Level Science Curriculum Standards[EB/OL].2006.http://toxmap.nlm.nih.gov/toxmap/home/stateStandards.htm
[7]The National Academies.http://www.nas.edu/rise/backg3a.htm
[8]The National Academies Press.http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4962&page=158
[1]周南照、张学忠.英汉教育词典[Z].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[2]夏纪农、罗竹风主编.辞海[Z].上海:上海辞书出版社,1999.
[3]龚学胜主编.当代汉语词典(国际华语版)[Z].北京:商务印书馆,2008.
[4]吴光华主编.实用汉英词典[Z].山东:青岛出版社,2004
[5]Pearson Education Limited.Longman Dictionary of American English[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2004:391.