青岛文昌鱼体液补体介导弧菌溶菌活性及弧菌逃避补体攻击机制的研究
|
摘要
补体的系统发育进化是当今免疫学研究热点之一。比较免疫学研究表明脊椎动物和无脊椎动物补体系统有着共同的祖先。在过去10年里,在无脊椎动物后口类、甚至原口类中,结构和功能相似的一些重要补体组分如C3和B因子已经得到了鉴定,但有关这些动物补体功能的研究相当有限。文昌鱼(Amphioxus)是介于无脊椎动物和脊椎动物之间的过渡类型,是研究脊椎动物进化的珍贵材料。本文选择了在系统演化上占据重要地位的文昌鱼,对其体液补体介导弧菌溶菌活性进行研究,并对弧菌逃避补体攻击机制进行探讨。
本文首次将测定脊椎动物血清补体溶菌活性的标准方法运用到文昌鱼体液免疫研究中,对文昌鱼体液补体的溶菌活性进行研究。通过文昌鱼体液与弧菌相作用,文昌鱼体液能够在体外抑制溶藻胶弧菌HW284(Vibrio alginolyticus HW284)、副溶血弧菌HW458(Vibrio parahaemolyticus HW458)、哈维氏弧菌SF-1(Vibrio harvey SF-1)的生长,存活率分别为42%, 28%和59%。这样的数据在无脊椎动物的后口类尚属首次。扫描电镜观察表明正常文昌鱼体液存在溶菌活性,例如,能溶解溶藻胶弧菌HW284,而经灭活的体液及无菌过滤海水处理的溶藻胶弧菌HW284表面光滑,细胞完整。用热灭活的兔抗人C3血清处理文昌鱼体液后,再与溶藻胶弧菌HW284相作用,体液溶菌活性明显降低,而经免疫前的兔血清或PBS处理的体液,溶菌活性不受影响,此外,体液经热处理(45℃, 30 min)和反复冻融处理后,文昌鱼体液抑制溶藻胶弧菌HW284生长的活性明显降低,其存活率分别为89%和81%,而正常体液(对照组)作用后,弧菌的生长不受影响。这些结果表明补体作用可能是抑制弧菌生长的主要因素。40 mM EGTA (包含4 mM MgCl2)处理的文昌鱼体液没有影响溶菌活性,与正常体液(对照组)相比,具有相似的溶菌活性,其存活率分别为42%和44% ,在EGTA处理组中添加10 mM CaCl2,没有增强体液的溶菌活性,相反,用40 mM EDTA处理文昌鱼体液,体液的溶菌活性消失,其存活率为86%,在EDTA处理中添加4 mM MgCl2,恢复了体液的溶菌活性,这些实验结果表明文昌鱼体液补体介导的溶菌活性依赖Mg2+,而不依赖Ca2+。另外,用补体替代途径的选择性激活剂—酵母聚糖A处理后的文昌鱼体液,再与溶藻胶弧菌HW284相作用,体液溶菌活性明显降低,与未处理的体液相比,在2倍稀释的体液中,其存活率分别为82%和43%,这些实验结果强烈暗示着补体替代途径的激活与文昌鱼体液的溶菌活性相关。
值得注意的是,7种弧菌中,其中4种弧菌—河弧菌HW293(Vibrio furnissi HW293)、辛辛那提弧菌HW287(Vibrio cincinnatiensis HW287)、鳗弧菌W-1(Vibrio anguillarum W-1)和哈维氏弧菌Z3G2(Vibrio harveyi Z3G2)能够抵制文昌鱼体液补体介导的溶菌作用。本文首次将脊椎动物血清补体消耗标准测定方法运用到文昌鱼溶菌功能研究中,使用蛋白酶K消化法分别提取辛辛那提弧菌HW287和溶藻胶弧菌HW284的LPS,经12% SDS-PAGE电泳、银染色后,发现辛辛那提弧菌HW287 LPS既有高分子量的O-抗原又有低分子量的O-抗原的梯状带结构,而溶藻胶弧菌HW284几乎没有高分子量的O-抗原带。高分子量的O-抗原缺乏是与溶藻胶弧菌HW284对文昌鱼体液敏感相一致的。而辛辛那提弧菌HW287具有许多高分子量的O-抗原呈现出补体抵制,表明O-抗原的大小与体液抵制之间是正相关的。此外,用辛辛那提弧菌HW287或溶藻胶弧菌HW284处理后的文昌鱼体液,然后与兔红细胞相作用,结果表明2种弧菌对补体都有消耗,但是与辛辛那提弧菌HW287相比,溶藻胶弧菌HW284对补体消耗显著高的水平。所有这些结果都表明高分子量的O-抗原似乎具有双重的作用:它既能够避免激活补体,又能够阻止结合到细菌表面上的补体损伤细菌细胞膜。由此保护了包括辛辛那提弧菌HW287在内的对文昌鱼体液的杀伤产生抵制作用的弧菌。
The Phylogeny of the complement system during evolution has become one of the key problems in immunology. Comparative studies have suggested common ancestries of complement system in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the past decade, the structurally and functionally similar complement components including C3 and factor B, have been identified in the invertebrate deuterostomes and even in the invertebrate protostome. However, the functions of complement in these animals are rather ill-defined. Amphioxus, a cephalochordate, is the closest living relative to vertebrate, and has been widely known as the most important animal to analyze the origin and evolution of vertebrates. Here, Complement-mediated killing of Vibrio species by the humoral fluids of amphioxus is studied that attribute to better understand the phylogeny of the complement system during evolve of chordate. In addition, this study explores Vibrio species escape the mechanisms of complement's attacktion.
In this study, the standard method of measuring bacteriolytic activity of serum of vertebrate is used in the study of humoral fluids bacteriolytic activity from amphioxus, the first such report in the invertebrate deuterostomes. Here, when humoral fluids from amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri was interactive with Vibrio species, it was showed that the humoral fluids in vitro were capable of inhibitting growth of some Vibrio species including V. alginolyticus HW284, V. parahaemolyticus HW458 and V. harvey SF-1, only 42%, 28% and 59% of V. alginolyticus HW284, V. parahaemolyticus HW458 and V. harvey SF-1 survived incubation in amphioxus humoral fluids, respectively, the first such data in the invertebrate deuterostomes. Scanning electron microscopy examination definitely revealed the presence of the bacteriolytic activity of amphioxus humoral fluids. V. alginolyticus HW284 incubated in the humoral fluids was lysed, and the cell surface was apparently dissolved, whereas that incubated in the heated humoral fluids and sterilized seawater remained intact, and the cell surface was smooth. Pre-incubation of the heat-inactivated rabbit anti-human C3 serum with amphioxus humoral fluids abrogated the bacteriolytic activity of V. alginolyticus HW284, while pre-incubation with the heat-inactivated non-immune rabbit serum or with PBS did not impair the bacteriolytic activity. This strongly suggested a role of complement in the bacteriolytic activity of amphioxus humoral fluids. This was further supported by the experiments that heat treatment (45℃, 30 min) and repeated thaw and freezing of the humoral fluids markedly reduced the bacteriolytic activity of V. alginolyticus HW284, with 89% and 81% survival observed, respectively, contrasting to 48% survival in the control. 40 mM EGTA plus 4 mM MgCl2 had little effect on the bacteriolytic activity, and survival of V. alginolyticus HW284 (42%) remained comparable to that of the control. In agreement, addition of 10 mM CaCl2 did not enhance the bacteriolytic activity of the EGTA-treated humoral fluids. On the contrary, addition of 40 mM EDTA to the humoral fluids resulted in a significant loss of the bacteriolytic activity, with 86% survival observed, contrasting to 44% survival in the control. On the other hand, the bacteriolytic activity of the EDTA-treated humoral fluids was restored by adding 4 mM MgCl2,This shows strongly the bacteriolytic activity was Mg2+-dependant and Ca2+-independent. In addition, selective activation of the alternative pathway by zymosan A induced a loss of bacteriolytic activity, and resulted in an increased V. alginolyticus HW284 survival. On average, 82% V. alginolyticus HW284 cells survived exposure to a 1: 2 dilution of the humoral fluids previously incubated with zymosan A. In contrast, just 43% of the cells survived in the untreated humoral fluids. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that activation of the alternative complement pathway is responsible for the fluid bacteriolytic activity.
It is of note that the four Vibrio species, V. furnissi HW293, V. cincinnatiensis HW287, V. anguillarum W-1, and V. harveyi Z3G2 out of the seven species tested appear resistant to the complement-mediated lysis. Here, the method of consumption of complement monitored in serum of vertebrate is used in the functional study of humoral fluids from amphioxus, the first such data in the invertebrate deuterostomes. LPS was extracted from V. alginolyticus HW284 and V. cincinnatiensis HW287 by a proteinase K method,then subjected to electrophoresis on 12% SDS-PAGE and silver stained. The LPS profiling revealed that V. cincinnatiensis HW287 had an LPS profile with a ladder of both high-molecular-weight (HMW) and low-molecular-weight (LMW) O-antigen bands. In contrast, V. alginolyticus HW284 had few HMW O-antigen bands. Thus the lack of HMW O-antigen bands of V. alginolyticus HW284 coincided with sensitivity to the humoral fluids, whereas the humoral fluid-resistant V. cincinnatiensis HW287 had many HMW O-antigen bands, indicating the presence of a positive correlation between O-antigen size and humoral fluids resistance. Moreover, consumption of complement was monitored by measuring the hemolysis of RaRBC by amphioxus humoral fluids after the fluids had been pre-incubated with V. alginolyticus HW284 or V. cincinnatiensis HW287. It is showed that both Vibrio species tested consumed complement, but V. alginolyticus HW284 consumed significantly higher complement than V. cincinnatiensis HW287, agreeing well with the observation that the humoral fluids were much more bacteriolytic to V. alginolyticus HW284 than to V. cincinnatiensis HW287. All these results suggest that HMW O-antigens may protect the fluid-resistant Vibrio species including V. cincinnatiensis HW287 by a dual act of both avoiding initiating complement activation as well as sterically hindering complement from gaining access to and damaging the cell membrane.
本文首次将测定脊椎动物血清补体溶菌活性的标准方法运用到文昌鱼体液免疫研究中,对文昌鱼体液补体的溶菌活性进行研究。通过文昌鱼体液与弧菌相作用,文昌鱼体液能够在体外抑制溶藻胶弧菌HW284(Vibrio alginolyticus HW284)、副溶血弧菌HW458(Vibrio parahaemolyticus HW458)、哈维氏弧菌SF-1(Vibrio harvey SF-1)的生长,存活率分别为42%, 28%和59%。这样的数据在无脊椎动物的后口类尚属首次。扫描电镜观察表明正常文昌鱼体液存在溶菌活性,例如,能溶解溶藻胶弧菌HW284,而经灭活的体液及无菌过滤海水处理的溶藻胶弧菌HW284表面光滑,细胞完整。用热灭活的兔抗人C3血清处理文昌鱼体液后,再与溶藻胶弧菌HW284相作用,体液溶菌活性明显降低,而经免疫前的兔血清或PBS处理的体液,溶菌活性不受影响,此外,体液经热处理(45℃, 30 min)和反复冻融处理后,文昌鱼体液抑制溶藻胶弧菌HW284生长的活性明显降低,其存活率分别为89%和81%,而正常体液(对照组)作用后,弧菌的生长不受影响。这些结果表明补体作用可能是抑制弧菌生长的主要因素。40 mM EGTA (包含4 mM MgCl2)处理的文昌鱼体液没有影响溶菌活性,与正常体液(对照组)相比,具有相似的溶菌活性,其存活率分别为42%和44% ,在EGTA处理组中添加10 mM CaCl2,没有增强体液的溶菌活性,相反,用40 mM EDTA处理文昌鱼体液,体液的溶菌活性消失,其存活率为86%,在EDTA处理中添加4 mM MgCl2,恢复了体液的溶菌活性,这些实验结果表明文昌鱼体液补体介导的溶菌活性依赖Mg2+,而不依赖Ca2+。另外,用补体替代途径的选择性激活剂—酵母聚糖A处理后的文昌鱼体液,再与溶藻胶弧菌HW284相作用,体液溶菌活性明显降低,与未处理的体液相比,在2倍稀释的体液中,其存活率分别为82%和43%,这些实验结果强烈暗示着补体替代途径的激活与文昌鱼体液的溶菌活性相关。
值得注意的是,7种弧菌中,其中4种弧菌—河弧菌HW293(Vibrio furnissi HW293)、辛辛那提弧菌HW287(Vibrio cincinnatiensis HW287)、鳗弧菌W-1(Vibrio anguillarum W-1)和哈维氏弧菌Z3G2(Vibrio harveyi Z3G2)能够抵制文昌鱼体液补体介导的溶菌作用。本文首次将脊椎动物血清补体消耗标准测定方法运用到文昌鱼溶菌功能研究中,使用蛋白酶K消化法分别提取辛辛那提弧菌HW287和溶藻胶弧菌HW284的LPS,经12% SDS-PAGE电泳、银染色后,发现辛辛那提弧菌HW287 LPS既有高分子量的O-抗原又有低分子量的O-抗原的梯状带结构,而溶藻胶弧菌HW284几乎没有高分子量的O-抗原带。高分子量的O-抗原缺乏是与溶藻胶弧菌HW284对文昌鱼体液敏感相一致的。而辛辛那提弧菌HW287具有许多高分子量的O-抗原呈现出补体抵制,表明O-抗原的大小与体液抵制之间是正相关的。此外,用辛辛那提弧菌HW287或溶藻胶弧菌HW284处理后的文昌鱼体液,然后与兔红细胞相作用,结果表明2种弧菌对补体都有消耗,但是与辛辛那提弧菌HW287相比,溶藻胶弧菌HW284对补体消耗显著高的水平。所有这些结果都表明高分子量的O-抗原似乎具有双重的作用:它既能够避免激活补体,又能够阻止结合到细菌表面上的补体损伤细菌细胞膜。由此保护了包括辛辛那提弧菌HW287在内的对文昌鱼体液的杀伤产生抵制作用的弧菌。
The Phylogeny of the complement system during evolution has become one of the key problems in immunology. Comparative studies have suggested common ancestries of complement system in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the past decade, the structurally and functionally similar complement components including C3 and factor B, have been identified in the invertebrate deuterostomes and even in the invertebrate protostome. However, the functions of complement in these animals are rather ill-defined. Amphioxus, a cephalochordate, is the closest living relative to vertebrate, and has been widely known as the most important animal to analyze the origin and evolution of vertebrates. Here, Complement-mediated killing of Vibrio species by the humoral fluids of amphioxus is studied that attribute to better understand the phylogeny of the complement system during evolve of chordate. In addition, this study explores Vibrio species escape the mechanisms of complement's attacktion.
In this study, the standard method of measuring bacteriolytic activity of serum of vertebrate is used in the study of humoral fluids bacteriolytic activity from amphioxus, the first such report in the invertebrate deuterostomes. Here, when humoral fluids from amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri was interactive with Vibrio species, it was showed that the humoral fluids in vitro were capable of inhibitting growth of some Vibrio species including V. alginolyticus HW284, V. parahaemolyticus HW458 and V. harvey SF-1, only 42%, 28% and 59% of V. alginolyticus HW284, V. parahaemolyticus HW458 and V. harvey SF-1 survived incubation in amphioxus humoral fluids, respectively, the first such data in the invertebrate deuterostomes. Scanning electron microscopy examination definitely revealed the presence of the bacteriolytic activity of amphioxus humoral fluids. V. alginolyticus HW284 incubated in the humoral fluids was lysed, and the cell surface was apparently dissolved, whereas that incubated in the heated humoral fluids and sterilized seawater remained intact, and the cell surface was smooth. Pre-incubation of the heat-inactivated rabbit anti-human C3 serum with amphioxus humoral fluids abrogated the bacteriolytic activity of V. alginolyticus HW284, while pre-incubation with the heat-inactivated non-immune rabbit serum or with PBS did not impair the bacteriolytic activity. This strongly suggested a role of complement in the bacteriolytic activity of amphioxus humoral fluids. This was further supported by the experiments that heat treatment (45℃, 30 min) and repeated thaw and freezing of the humoral fluids markedly reduced the bacteriolytic activity of V. alginolyticus HW284, with 89% and 81% survival observed, respectively, contrasting to 48% survival in the control. 40 mM EGTA plus 4 mM MgCl2 had little effect on the bacteriolytic activity, and survival of V. alginolyticus HW284 (42%) remained comparable to that of the control. In agreement, addition of 10 mM CaCl2 did not enhance the bacteriolytic activity of the EGTA-treated humoral fluids. On the contrary, addition of 40 mM EDTA to the humoral fluids resulted in a significant loss of the bacteriolytic activity, with 86% survival observed, contrasting to 44% survival in the control. On the other hand, the bacteriolytic activity of the EDTA-treated humoral fluids was restored by adding 4 mM MgCl2,This shows strongly the bacteriolytic activity was Mg2+-dependant and Ca2+-independent. In addition, selective activation of the alternative pathway by zymosan A induced a loss of bacteriolytic activity, and resulted in an increased V. alginolyticus HW284 survival. On average, 82% V. alginolyticus HW284 cells survived exposure to a 1: 2 dilution of the humoral fluids previously incubated with zymosan A. In contrast, just 43% of the cells survived in the untreated humoral fluids. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that activation of the alternative complement pathway is responsible for the fluid bacteriolytic activity.
It is of note that the four Vibrio species, V. furnissi HW293, V. cincinnatiensis HW287, V. anguillarum W-1, and V. harveyi Z3G2 out of the seven species tested appear resistant to the complement-mediated lysis. Here, the method of consumption of complement monitored in serum of vertebrate is used in the functional study of humoral fluids from amphioxus, the first such data in the invertebrate deuterostomes. LPS was extracted from V. alginolyticus HW284 and V. cincinnatiensis HW287 by a proteinase K method,then subjected to electrophoresis on 12% SDS-PAGE and silver stained. The LPS profiling revealed that V. cincinnatiensis HW287 had an LPS profile with a ladder of both high-molecular-weight (HMW) and low-molecular-weight (LMW) O-antigen bands. In contrast, V. alginolyticus HW284 had few HMW O-antigen bands. Thus the lack of HMW O-antigen bands of V. alginolyticus HW284 coincided with sensitivity to the humoral fluids, whereas the humoral fluid-resistant V. cincinnatiensis HW287 had many HMW O-antigen bands, indicating the presence of a positive correlation between O-antigen size and humoral fluids resistance. Moreover, consumption of complement was monitored by measuring the hemolysis of RaRBC by amphioxus humoral fluids after the fluids had been pre-incubated with V. alginolyticus HW284 or V. cincinnatiensis HW287. It is showed that both Vibrio species tested consumed complement, but V. alginolyticus HW284 consumed significantly higher complement than V. cincinnatiensis HW287, agreeing well with the observation that the humoral fluids were much more bacteriolytic to V. alginolyticus HW284 than to V. cincinnatiensis HW287. All these results suggest that HMW O-antigens may protect the fluid-resistant Vibrio species including V. cincinnatiensis HW287 by a dual act of both avoiding initiating complement activation as well as sterically hindering complement from gaining access to and damaging the cell membrane.
引文
Acosta F., Ellis A. E., Vivas J., Padilla D., Acosta B., De′niz S., Bravo J., Real F., Complement consumption by Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in seabream, red porgy and seabass normal and immune serum. Effect of the capsule on the bactericidal effect. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 2006. 20: 709-717
Adams M. D., Celniker S. E., Holt R. A. et al. The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. Science , 2000. 287: 2185-2195
Agrawal A., Shrive A. K., Greenhough T. J. Volanakis J. E. Control of the classical and the MBL pathway of complement activation. J. Immunol. 2001. 166: 3998–4004
Akesson P., Sjoholm A. G., Bjorck L., Protein SIC a novel extracellular protein of Streptococcus pyogenes interfering with complement function. J. Biol. Chem., 1996. 271: 1081-1088
Al-Sharif W. Z., Sunyer J. O., Lambris J. D., Smith L. C. Sea urchin coelomocytes specifically express a homologue of complement component C3. J. Immunol. 1998.160: 2983–2997
Amaro C., Fouz B., Biosca E. G., Marco-Noales E., Collado R. The lipopolysaccharide O side chain of vibrio vulnificus serogroup E is a virulence determinant for eels.Infection and Immunity, 1997. 65: 2475-2479
Arijo S., Borrego J. J., Zorilla I., Balebona M. C., Morinigo M. A., Role of the capsule of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in protection against phagocytosis and killing by gilt-head seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) macrophages. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 1998. 8: 63-72
Arlaud G. J., Rossi V., Thielens N. M., Gaboriaud C., Bersch B., Hernandez J. F. Structural and functional studies on C1rand C1s: new insights into the mechanisms involved in C1 activity and assembly. Immunobiology . 1998 . 199: 303-316
Aronen M., Lehto T., Meri S., Regulation of alternative pathway complement activation by an interaction of C-reactive protein with factor H, Immunol. Infect. Dis., 1993. 3: 83-87
Bagni M., Archeti L., Amadori, M. Marino G. Effect of long-term oral administration of an immunostimulant diet on innate immunity in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Journal of Veterinary Medicine B Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, 2000. 47: 745-751
Barnes A. C., Ellis A. E., Role of capsule in serotypic differences and complement fixtation byLactococcus garvieae. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2004. 16: 207-214
Benedictis G. D,, and Capalbo P., An amphioxus lanceolatus agglutinating factor for human red cells. Journal gflmmunogenetics 1981. 8: 225-230
Berge A., Kihlberg B. M., Sjoholm A. G., Bjorck L., Streptococcal protein H forms soluble complement-activating complexes with IgG but inhibits complement activation by IgG-coated targets. J. Biol. Chem., 1997. 272: 20774-20781
Bergg?rd K, Johnsson E, Morfeldt E, et al. Binding of human C4BP to the hypervariable region of M protein: a molecular mechanism of phagocytosis resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes [J]. Mol Microbiol, 2001. 42(2): 539–551
Bertheussen K. Complement-like activity in sea urchin coelomic fluid. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 1983. 7: 21–31
Bertheussen K. Endocytosis by echinoid phagocytes in vitro: I. Recognition of foreign matter. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 1981. 5: 241–250
Bertheussen K. Receptors for complement on echinoid phagocytes: II. Purified human complement mediates echinoid phagocytosis. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 1982. 6: 635–642
Bertheussen, K., Seljelid, R. Receptors for complement on echinoid phagocytes: I. The opsonic effect of vertebrate sera on echinoid phagocytosis. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 1982. 6: 423–431
Bingulac-Popovic J., Figueroa F., Sato A., et al.. Mapping of MHC class I and Class II regions to different linkage groups in the zebrafish, Dania rerio. Immunogenetics, 1997. 46:129-134
Bingulac-Popovic J., Figueroa F., Sato A., Talbot W. S., Johnson S. L., Gates M., Postlethwaite J. H., Klein J. Mapping of mhc class I and class II regions to different linkage groups in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Immunogenetics, 1998. 46: 129–134
Birmingham D. J. Erythrocyte complement receptors. Critical Reviews in Immunology, 1995. 15: 133–154
Bliska J. B., Falkow S., Bacterial resistance to complement killing mediated by the Ail protein of Yersinia enterocolitica. Pro. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 1992. 89: 3561-3565
Boackle S. A., Morris M. A., Holers V. M., Karp D. R., Complement opsonization is required for presentation of immune complexes by resting peripheral blood B cells. J. Immunol., 1998. 161: 6537
Boesen H. T., Pedersen K., Larsen J. L., Koch C., Ellis A. E. Vibrio anguillarum resistance torainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) serum: role of O-antigen structure of lipopolysaccharide. Infection and Immunity, 1999. 67: 294-301
Bork P., Beckmann G. J., The CUB domain. A widespread module in developmentally regulated proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 1993. 231, 539–545
Boshra H., Bosch N., Sunyer J. O. Purification, generation of antibodies and functional characterization of trout C3-1, C3-3, C3-4, C4-l, C4-2, C5, factor B and factor D complement molecules. In Proceedings of the 5th Nordic Symposium on Fish Immunology, 2001. p. 29. Sundvollen: Norway
Boshra H., Li J., Peters R., Hansen J., Matlapudi A., Sunyer J. O. Cloning, expression, cellular distribution, and role in chemotaxis of a C5a receptor in rainbow trout: the first identification of a C5a receptor in a nonmammalian species. J Immunol 2004. 172: 4381
Boshra H., Li J., Sunyer J. O. Recent advances on the complement system in teleost fish. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2006. 20: 239-262
Boshra H., Peters R., Li J., Sunyer J. O. Production of recombinant C5a from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): role in leucocyte chemotaxis and respiratory burst. Fish and Shellfish Immunol, 2004. 17: 293
Bradford M. M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976. 72: 248-54
Bucherner H. Ueber die nahere Natur der bekterientodtenden Substanzim Blutserum. Central Bakteriol Parasitol 1889. 6: 561-565
Buchmann K. Binding and lethal effect of complement from Oncorhynchus mykiss on Gyrodactylus derjavini (Plathelminthes: Monogenea). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 1998. 32: 195-200
Buchmann K., Binding and lethal effect of complement from Oncorhychus mykiss on Gyrodactylus derjavini (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea). Dis Aquat Org. 1998. 32 (3): 195-200
Buchmann K., Sigh J., Nielsen C. V., Dalgaard M. Host responses against the fish parasitizing ciliate Ichtyophthirius multifiliis. Veterinary Parasitology, 2001. 100: 105-116
Budayova-Spano M., Lacroix M., Thielens N.M., Arlaud G.J., Fontecilla-Camps J.C., Gaboriaud C. The crystal structure of the zymogen catalytic domain of complement protease C1r reveals that a disruptive mechanical stress is required to trigger activation of the C1 complex. 2002.EMBO J. 21: 231-239
Bulet P., Hetru C., Dimarcq J. L., Hoffmann D., Antimicrobial peptides in insects; structure and function. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 1999.23: 329-344.
Burgi B., Brunner T., Dahinden C. A. The degradation product of the C5a anaphylatoxin C5a desArg retains basophil-activating properties. Eur J Immunol, 1994. 24: 1583
Cannon J. P., Haire R. N., Litman G. W. Identification of diversified genes that contain immunoglobulin-like variable regions in a protochordate.Nat Immunol 2002;3:1200-1207.
Carroll M. C. The complement system in regulation of adaptive immunity. Nat.Immunol., 2004. 5: 981
Carroll M. C., Campbell R. D., Bentley D. R., Porter, R. R.. A molecular map of the human major histocompatibility complex class III region linking complement genes C4, C2 and factor B. Nature, 1984. 307: 237–241
CD11b/CD18 receptor-mediated association and signaling [J]. J. Immunol, 2004. 172: 3798–37807
Chaplin D. D., Woods D. E., Whitehead A. S., Goldberger G., Colten H. R., Seidmen J. G. Molecular map of the murine S region. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , (1983). 80: 6947–6951 Chen C. B., Wallis R. Two mechanisms for mannose-binding protein modulation of the activity of its associated serine proteases. J. Biol. Chem., 2004. 279:26058
Chen T., Swanson J., Wilson J., Belland R. J., Heparin protect Opa+ Neisseria gonorrboeae from the bactericidal action of normal human serum, Infect. Immun., 1995. 63: 1790-1795
Chen Z., Potempa J., Polanowski A., Wikstrom M., Travis J., Purfication and characterization of a 50-kDa cysteine proteinase (gingipain) from Porpbyromonas gingivalis, J. Biol. Chem., 1992. 267: 18896-18901
Chevassus B., Dorson M. Genetics of resistance to diseases in fish. Aquaculture, 1990. 85: 83-107
China B., Sory M. P., N’guyen B. T., DeBruyere M., Cornelis G. R., Role of the YadA protein in prevention of opsonization of Yersinia enterocolitica by C3b molecules. Infect. Immun., 1993. 61: 3129-3136
Cooper N. R., Nemerow G. R. Complement and infectious agents: a tale of disguise and deception. Complement and Inflammation, 1989. 6: 249-258
Corn P. G., Anders J., Takala A. K., Kayhty H., Hoiseth S. K., Genes involved in Haemopbilus influenzae type b capsule expression are frequently amplified. J. Infect. Dis. 1993, 167: 356-364
Craven D. E., Peppler M. S., Frasch C.E., Mocca L. F., McGrath P. P., Washington G., Adherence of isolates of Neisseria meningitidis from patients and carriers to human buccal epithelial cells. J. Infect. Dis., 1980. 142: 556-568
Crawford D. L., Oleksiak M. F., Kolell K. J., Paschall J., VanWye J., Roach J. L., et al. Fundulus functional genomics: EST database for teleost .sh. Unpublished results (GenBank accession number CN981576) 2004
Dahl M. R., Thiel S., Willis A. C. et al. Mannan-binging lectin associated serine protease 3 (MASP-3)-A new component of the lectin pathway of complement activation. Immunopharmacology, 2000. 49: 79-79
Damerau B., Grunefeld E., Vogt W. Aggregation of leukocytes induced by the complement-derived peptides C3a and C5a and by three synthetic formyl-methionyl peptides. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol , 1980. 63: 159
Dankert J. R., Esser A. F. Bacterial killing by complement: C9-mediated killing in the absence of C5b-8. Biochem. J., 1987. 244: 393-399
Dankert J. R., Esser A. F. Complement-mediated killing of Escherichia coli: dissipation of membrane potential by a C9-derived peptide. Biochemistry, 1986.25: 1094-1100
Day NKBPHD., Gewurz HMD., Johannsen R., Finsted J., Good RAMD. Complement and complement-like activity in lower veterbrates and invertebrates. J Exp Med, 1970. 132: 941-950
Dodds A. W., Law S. K. A. The phylogeny and evolution of the thioester bond-containing proteins C3, C4 andα2-macroglobulin. Immunological Reviews, 1998a. 166: 15-26
Dodds A. W., Smith S. L., Levine R. P., et al. Isolation and initial characterisation of complement components C3 and C4 of the nurse shark and the channel catfish. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 1998b. 22: 207-216
Donelson J E, Hill K L, El-Sayed N M A. Multiple mechanisms of immune evasion by African trypanosomes [J]. Mol Biochem Parasitol, 1998. 91: 51–66
Ebenbichler C. F., Thielens N. M., Vornhagen R., Marschang P., Arlaud G. J. Dierich, M. P.Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activates the classical pathway of complement by direct C1 binding through specific sites in the transmembrane glycoprotein gp41. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1991. 174: 1417-1424
Egan A. M., Gordon D. L., Burkholderia pseudomallei activates complement and is ingested but not killed by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infect. Immun, 1996. 64: 4952-4959
Eggleton P., Reid K. B. M., Tenner A. J. C1q-how many functions? How many receptors? Trends Cell Biol. 1998. 8: 428–431
Ehrengruber M. U., Geiser T., Deranleau D. A. Activation of human neutrophils by C3a and C5a. Comparison of the effects on shape changes, chemotaxis, secretion, and respiratory burst. FEBS Lett, 1994. 346: 181
Eisenschenk F. C., Houle J. J., Hoffmann E. M., Mechanism of serum resistance among Brucella abortus isolates. Vert. Microbiol. 1999. 68: 235-244
Ellis M. G., Arp L. H., Lamont SJ. Interaction of turkey complement with Escherichichia coli isolated from turkeys. AM J VEF Res 1989. 50: 1285-1289
Elsner J., Oppermann M., Czech W., Kapp A. C3a activates the respiratory burst in human polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes via pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins. Blood, 1994. 83: 3324
Endo Y., Takahashi M., Nakao M, Saiga H., Sekine H., Matsushita M., et al. Two lineages of mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease (MASP) in vertebrates. J Immunol 1998. 161: 4924
Endo Y., Takahashi M., Nakao M., Sekine H., Matsushita M., Nonaka M., Fujita T. Molecular evolution of mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease MASP, a single exon-encoded serine protease domain antedated vertebrate emergence. J. Immunol. 1998.161: 4924–4930
Engstr?m Y., induction and regulation of antimicrobial peptides in Drosophila. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 1999. 23: 345-358
Esser A. F. The membrane attack complex of complement: assembly, structure and cytotoxic activity.Toxicology, 1994. 87: 229-224
Estabrook M. M., Griffiss J. M., Jarvis G. A., Sialylation of Neisseria meningitidis lipooligosaccharide inhibits serum bactericidal activity by masking lacto-N-neotetraose. Infect.Immun, 1997. 65: 4436-4444
Farries T. C., Atkinson J. P., Evolution of the complement system. Immunol. Today. 1991, 12: 295-300
Farries T. C., Steuer K. L. K., Atkinson J. P. Evolutionary implications of a new bypass activation pathway of the complement system. Immunol. Today. 1990. 11: 78-80
Fearon D. T., Carroll M. C. Regulation of B lymphocyte responses to foreign and self-antigens by the CD19/CD21 complex. Ann. Rev. Immunol., 2000. 18:393
Flajnik M. F., Rumfelt L. L. Early and natural antibodies in non-mammalian vertebrates. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 2000. 252: 233
Flower D. R. The lipocalin protein family: structure and function. J. Biochem., 1996. 318:1-14.
Flower D. R., North C.T., Sansom C. E. The lipocalin protein family: structural and sequenceoverview. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2000. 1482: 9-24
Fritzinger, D. C., Bredehorst, R., Vogel C. W. Molecular cloning and derived primary structure of cobra venom factor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 1995. 91: 12775–12779
Fujii T., Nakamura T., Sekizawa A., Tomonaga S. Isolation and characterization of a protein from hagfish serum that is homologous to the third component of the mammalian complement system. J. Immunol, 1992.149, 117–123
Fujita T., Matsushita M., Endo Y., The lectin-complement pathway-its role in innate immunity and evolution. Immunol. Rev. 2004. 198: 185-202
Gal P, Ambrus G. Structure and function of complement activating enzyme complexes: C1 and MBL-MASPs. Curr Protein Peptide Sci. 2001: 2:43 Gasque, P. Complement: a unique innate immune sensor for danger signals. Mol Immunol, 2004. 41:1089
Gewurz H., Ying S. C., Jiang H., Lint T. F. Nonimmune activation of the classical complement pathway. Behring Inst. Mitt. 1993. 93: 138–147
Giclas P. C., Morrison D. C., Curry B. J., Laurs R. M., Ulevitch R. J. The complement system of the albacore tuna, Thunnus alalunga. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 1981. 5: 437-447
Gjedrem T., Salte R., Gjen H. M. Genetic variation in susceptibility of Atlantic salmon tofurunculosis. Aguaculture, 1991. 97: 1-6
Goldman R., Joiner K., Leive L. Heterogeneity of antigenic-side-chain length in lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O111 and Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Eur. J. Biochem. 1980. 107: 145-153
Gongora R., Figueroa F., Klein J. Independent duplications of Bf and C3 complement genes in the zebrafish. Scandinavian Journal ofImmunology, 1998. 48: 651一58
Gotze O., Müller-Eberhard H. J., The alternative pathway of complement activation. Adv Immunol ,1976. 24: 1–35
Graser R., Vincek V., Takami, K., Klein J. Analysis of zebrafish Mhc using BAC clones. Immunogenetics, 1998. 47: 318–325
Griffin B. R. Random and directed migration of trout (Salmo gairdneri) leukocytes: activation by antibody, complement, and normal serum components. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 1984.8: 589–597
Grossman N., Schmetz M. A., FouldsJ., Klima E. N., Jeminez V., Leive L. L., Joiner K. A. Lipopolysaccharide size and distribution determine serum resistance in Salmonella montevideo. J. Bacteriol. 1987. 169:856–863
Grossman N., Svenson S. B., Leive L., Lindberg A.A., Salmonella O antigen-specific oligosaccharide-octyl conjugates activate complement via the alternative pathway at different rates depending on the structure of the O antigen. Mol. Immunol, 1990. 27: 859-865
Haeffner-Cavaillon N., Cavaillon J. M., Laude M., Kazatchkine M. D. C3a (C3adesArg) induces production and release of interleukin 1 by cultured human monocytes. J Immunol, 1987. 139: 794
Hajela K., Kojima M., Ambrus G., Wong K. H., Moffatt B. E., Ferluga J., et al. The biological functions of MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs). Immunobiology, 2002. 205:467.
Hamadeh R. M., Jarvis G. A., Galili U., Mandrell R. E., Zhou P., Griffiss J. M., Human natural anti-Gal IgG regulates alternative complement pathway activation on bacterial surfaces. J. Clin. Invest., 1992. 89: 1223-1235
Hansen J. D., Strassburger P., Thorgaard G. H., et al. Expression, linkage, and polymorphism of MHC-related genes in rainbow trout, Onchorhynchus mykiss. The Journal of Immunology, 1999. 163:774-786Harris P. D., Soleng A., Bakke T. A. Killing of Gyrodactylus salaries (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) mediated by host complement. Parasitology, 1998. 117: 137-143
Heffernan E. J., Wu L., Louie J., Okamoto S., Fierer J., Guiney D. G., Specificity of the complement resistance and cell association phenotypes encoded by the outer membrane protein genes rck from salmonella typbimurium and ail from Yersinia enterocolitica. Infect. Immuno., 1994. 62: 5183-5186
Hitchcock P. J., Brown T. M. Morphological heterogeneity among Salmonella lipopolysaccharide chemotypes in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. J Bacteriol. 1983. 154: 269-277
Hobart M. J., Fernie B. A., DiScipio R. G. Structure of the human C7 gene and comparison with the C6, C8A, C8B, and C9 genes. J. Immunol, 1995. 154: 5188-5194
Hoffmann E. M., Houle J. J., Contradictory roles for antibody and complement in the interaction of Brucella abortus with its host, Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 1995. 21: 153-163
Hoffmann, J. A., Kafatos, F. C., Janeway, C. A., Ezekowitz, R. A. Phylogenetic perspectives in innate immunity. Science, 1999. 284, 1313-1318
Holland M. C., Lambris J. D. A functional C5a anaphylatoxin receptor in a teleost species. J Immunol, 2004. 172: 349
Holmskov U., Thiel S., Jensenius J.C., Collections and ficolins: humoral lectins of the innate immune defense. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2003. 21, 547–578
Horiuchi T., Kim S., Matsumoto M., Watanabe I., Fujita S., Volanakis J. E. Human complement factor B: cDNA cloning, nucleotide sequencing, phenotype conversion by sitedirected mutagenesis and expression. Mol. Immunol. 1993. 30, 1587–1592
Horstmann R. D., Sievertsen H. J., Knobloch J., Fischetti V. A., Antiphagocytic activity of streptococcal M protein: selective binding of complement control protein factor H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1988. 85: 1657-1661
Hourcade D. E., Mitchell L. M., Oglesby T. J. A conserved element in the serine protease domain of complement factor B. J. Biol. Chem. 1998. 273: 25996–26000
Hourcade D. E., Wagner L. M., Oglesby T. J. Analysis of the short consensus repeats of human complement factor B by site-directed mutagenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 1995. 270: 19716–19722.
Iida T., Wakabayashi H. Chemotactic and leukocytosis-inducing activities of eel complement. Fish Pathology, 1988.23, 55–58
Ingram G. A. Haemolytic activity in the serum of brown trout, Salmo trutia L. Journal of Fish Biology, 1987. 31(Suppl. A): 9-17
Iwaki D., Kawabata S., Miura Y. et al. Molecular cloning of limulus alpha -2-macroglobulin. Eur J Biochem, 1996. 242: 822-831
Jacquier-Sarlin M. R., Gabert F. M., Villiers M. B., Colomb M. G. Modulation of antigen processing and presentation by covalently Linked complement C3b fragment. Immunology, 1995. 84: 164
Jann B., Reske K., Jann K. Heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharides: analysis of polysaccharide chain lengths by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eur. J. Biochem. 1975. 60: 239-264
Jarvis G. A., Analysis of C3 deposition and degradation on Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrboeae. Infect. Immun, 1994. 62: 1755-1760
Jarvis G. A., Griffiss J. M., Human IgA1 blockade of IgG-initiated lysis of Neisseria meningitidis is a function of antigen-binding fragment binding to the polysaccharide capsule. J. Immunol., 1991.147: 1962-1967
Jarvis G. A., Vedros N. A. Sialic acid of group B Neisseria meningitides regulates alternative Jenkins J. A., Ourth D. D. Membrane damage to E. coli and bactericidal kinetics by the alternative complement pathway of channel catfish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B,1990. 97: 477-481
Jenkins J. A., Ourth D. D. Opsonic effect of the alternative complement pathway on channel catfish peripheral blood phagocytes. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 1993. 39: 447-459
Jensen J. A., Festa E., Smith D. S., Cayer M. The complement system of the nurse shark: hemolytic and comparative characteristics. Science, 1981.214: 566
Ji X., Azumi K., Sasaki M., Nonaka M. Ancient origin of the complement lectin pathway revealed by molecular cloning of mannan binding protein-associated serine protease from a urochordate, the Japanese ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997.94: 6340–6345
Ji X., Namikawa-Yamada C., Nakanishi Metal. Molecular cloning of complement factor B from a solitary ascidian: unique combination of domains implicating ancient exon shufflings.Immunopharmacology, 2000. 49: 43-43
Johnson A. R., Hugli T. E., Muller-Eberhard H. J. Release of histamine from rat mast cells by the complement peptides C3a and C5a. Immunology, 1975. 28: 1067
Joiner K. A., Grossman N., Schmetz M., Leive L. C3 binds preferentially to long-chain lipopolysaccharide during alternative pathway activation by Salmonella montevideo. J. Immunol. 1986.136:710–715
Joiner K. A., Grossman N., Schmetz M., Leive L., C3 binds preferentially to long-chain lipopolysaccharide during alternative pathway activation by Salmonella montevideo. J. Immunol. 1986. 136: 710-715
Joiner K. A., Hammer C. H., Brown E. J., Cole R. J., Frank M. M., Studies on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to complement-mediated killing.Ι. Terminal complement components are deposited and released from Salmonella minnesota S218 without causing bacterial death. J. Exp. Med., 1982. 155: 797-808
Joiner K. A., Hammer C. H., Brown E. J., Cole R. J., Frank. M. M. Studies on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to complement-mediated killing. I. Terminal complement components are deposited and released from Salmonella minnesota S218 without causing bacterial death. J. Exp. Med. 1982.155:797–808
Joiner K. A., Hammer C. H., Brown E. J., Frank M. M. Studies on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to complement-mediated killing. II. C8 and C9 release C5b67 from the surface of Salmonella minnesota S218 because the terminal complex does not insert into the bacterial outer membrane. J. Exp. Med. 1982. 155:809–819
Joiner K. A., Hammer C. H., Brown E. J., Frank M. M., Studies on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to complement-mediated killing.Ⅱ. C8 and C9 release C5b67 from the surface of Salmonella minnesota S218 because the terminal complex does not insert into the bacterial outer membrane. J. Exp. Med, 1982. 155: 809-819
Joiner K. A., Scales R., Warren K. A., Frank M. M., Rice P. A., Mechanism of action of blocking immunoglobulin G for Neisseria gonorrboeae. J. Clin. Invest., 1985. 76: 1765-1772
Kai C., Yashikawa Y., Yamanouchi K., Okada H. Isolation and identification of the third component of Japanese quails. The Journal of Immunology, 1983. 130: 2814-2820
Kaplan G., Bertheussen K., The morphology of echinoid phagocytes and mouse peritonealmacrophages during phagocytosis in vitro. Scand. J. Immunol. 1977. 6:1289–1296
Kasahara M., Nakaya J., Sata Y. et al. Chromosomal duplication and the emergence of the adaptive immune system. Trends Genet, 1997. 13: 90-92
Kato Y., Nakao M., Shimizu M., Wariishi H., Yano T. Purification and functional assessment of C3a, C4a and C5a of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) complement. Dev Comp Immunol, 2004. 28: 901
Kaufman J., Milne S., Gobel T. W. et al. The chicken B locus is a minimal essential major histocompatibility complex. Nature, 1999. 401: 923-925
Kaufman K .M., Sodetz J. M. Genomic structure of the human Complement protein C8: homology to the lipocalin gene family. Biochemistry, 1994.33,5162¨C5166
Kaul A, Nowicki B J, Martens M G, et al. Decay-accelerating factor is expressed in the human endometrium and may serve as the attachment ligand for Drpili of Escherichia coli[J]. Am J Reprod Immunol, 1994. 32 (3):194-199
Kimbrell D. A., Beutler B. The evolution and genetics of innate immunity. Nat Rev Genet, 2001. 2: 256-67.
Kishore U., Reid K. B. C1q: structure, function, and receptors. Immunopharmacology. 2000. 49: 159-170
Knapp J. S., Tam M. R., Nowinski R. C., Holmes K. K., Sandstrom E. G., Serological classification of Neisseria gonorrboeae with use of monoclonal antibodies to gonococcal outer membrane proteinΙ. J. Infect. Dis., 1984. 150: 44-48
Kocabas A. M., Li P., Cao D., Karsi A., He C., Patterson A., et al. Expression profile of the channel catfish spleen: analysis of genes involved in immune functions. Mar Biotechnol (NY), 2002. 4: 526
Kohl J. Anaphylatoxins and infectious and non-infectious inflammatory diseases. Mol Immunol, 2001. 38: 175
Kolb W. P., Haxby J. A., Arroyave C. M., Müller-Eberhard H. J. 1972. J. Exp. Med. 135, 549-556
Koppenhefer T. L. Serum complement system of ectothermic vertebrates. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 1987. 11: 279-286
Kotarsky H., Hellwage J., Johnsson E., Skerka C., Svensson H. G., Lindahl G., Sjobring U., Zipfel P. F., Identification of a domain in human factor H and factor H-like protein-1 required for theinteraction with streptococcal M proteins. J. Immunol., 1998. 160: 3349-3354
Kuo M. M., Lane R. S., Giclas P. C. A comparative study of mammalian and reptilian alternative pathway of complement-mediated killing of Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdoferi). J Parasitol, 2000. 86: 1223-1228
Kuroda N., Narusem K., Shima A., et al. Molecular cloning and linkage analysis of complement C3 and C4 genes of the Japanese medaka fish. Immunogenetics, 2000. 51: 117-128
Kuroda N., Wada H., Naruse K., et al. Molecular cloning and linkage analysis of the Japanese medaka fish complement Bf/C2 gene. Immunogenetics, 1996. 44: 459-467
Kusada R.,Tanaka T. Opsonic effect of antibody and complement on phagocytosis of Streptococcus sp. by macrophage-like cells of yellowtail. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 1988. 54: 2065-2069
Kuusela P., Ullberg M., Saksela O., Kronvall G., Tissue type plasminogen activator-mediated activation of plasminogen on the surface of group A C and G streptococci. Infect. Immun., 1992. 60: 196-201
Laemmli U. K., Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 1970. 227: 680-685
Lammens M., Decostere A., Haesebrouck F. Effects of flavobacterium psychrophilum strains and their metabolites on the oxidative activity of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss phagocytes Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 2000. 41: 173-179
Law S.K.A., Reid K.B.M. Complement. (In Focus Series [Male, D., Ed.].), 1988. IRL Press, Oxford, UK
Leiro J., Ortega M., Estevez J., Ubeira F. M., Sanmartin M. L. The role of opsonization by antibody and complement in in vitro phagocytosis of microsporidian parasites by turbot spleen cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1996. 51: 201
Leonard L. A., Strandberg J. D., Winkelstein, J. A. Complement-like activity in the sea star Asterias forbesi. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 1990. 14: 9–30
Ley V. D., Graaff P. P. O., Tommassen J., Lugtenberg B. O-antigenic chains of lipopolysaccharide prevent binding of antibody molecules to an outer membrane pore protein in Enterobacteriaceae. Microb pathog. 1986. 1: 43-49
Ley van der, Graaff P. P. D., Tommassen J. Shielding of Escherichia coli outer membrane proteinsas receptors for bacteriophages and colicins by O-antigenic chains of lipopolysaccharide. J. Bacteriol. 1986. 168: 449-451
Li G. R., Zhang S. C., Xiang J. H. Phenoloxidase, a marker enzyme for diferentiation of the neutral ectoderm and the epidermal during embryonic development of amphioxus Branchiostoma Belcheri Tsingtauense. Mech Develop, 2000. 96:107-109
Li J., Peters R., LaPatra S. E., Vazzana M., Sunyer J. O. Anaphylatoxin-like molecules generated during complement activation induce a dramatic enhancement of particle uptake in rainbow trout phagocytes. Dev Comp Immunol, 2004. 28: 1005
Li Y.,Lovell R. T. Elevated levels of dietary ascorbic acid increase immune responses in channel catfish. Journal of Nutrition, 1985. 115: 123-131
lida T., Wakabayashi H. Resistance of Edwardsiella tarda to opsonophagocytosis of eel neutrophils. Fish Pathology, 1993. 28: 191-192
Lorenzen N., Olesen N. J., Immunization with viral antigens: viral haemorrhagic septicaemia. Dev Biol Stand. 1997. 90: 201-209
Lorenzen N., Olesen N. J., Koch C. Immunity to VHS virus in rainbow trout. Aquaculture, 1999. 172: 41-61
Lowenberger C., Innate immune response of Aedes aegypti. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2001. 31: 219-229
Lucena R., Ginel P. J., Hernandez E., Novales M. Effects of short courses of different doses of prednisone and dexamethasone on serum third component of complement (C3) levels in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol.1999. 68: 187–192
Magari?os B., Bonet R., Romalde J. L., Martínez M. J., Congregado F., Toranzo A. E., Influence of the capsular polysaccharide expressed by Pasteurella piscicida for fish. Microb. Pathog., 1996. 21: 289-297
Mandrell R. E., Lesse A. J., Sugai J. V., Shero M., Griffiss J. M., Cole J. A., Parsons N. J., Smith H., Morse S. A., Apicella M. A., In vitro and in vivo modification of Neisseria gonorrboeae lipooligosaccharide epitope structure by sialylation. J. Exp. Med, 1990. 171: 1649-1664
Marques M. B., Kasper D. L., Pangburn M. K., Wessels M. R., Prevention of C3 deposition by capsular polysaccharide is a virulence mechanism of typeⅢgroup B streptococci. Infect. Immun., 1992. 60: 3986-3993
Matsushita M., Endo Y., Nonaka M., Fujita T. Complement-related serine proteases in tunicates and vertebrates. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1998.10: 29–35
Matsushita M., Fujita T. Ficolins and the lectin complement pathway. Immunol. Rev. 2001.180: 78-85
Matsushita M., Fujita T., The role of ficolins in innate immunity. Immunobiology. 2002. 205: 490-497
Matsushita M., Matsushita A., Endo Y., Nakata M., Kojima N., Mizuochi T., et al. Origin of the classical complement pathway: Lamprey orthologue of mammalian C1q acts as a lectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004. 101: 10127
Matsuyama H., Yano T., Yamakawa T., Nakao M. Opsonic effect of the third complement component (C3) of carp (Cyprinus carpio) on phagocytosis by neutrophils. Fish&Shellfish Immunology, 1992.2: 69-78
Mayer M. M. Complement and complement fixation. In Experimental Immunochemistry (E. A. Kabat & M. M. Mayer, eds), 1961. pp. 133–240. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas
Meri S., Pangburn M. K., A mechamism of activation of the alternative complement pathway by the classical pathway: protection of C3b from inactivation by covalent attachment to C4b. Eur. J. Immunol, 1990. 20: 2555-2561
Merino S., Aguilar A., Tomas J. M., Bonet R., Martinez M. J., Simon-Pujol D., Congregado F., Complement resistance of capsulated strains of Aeromonas salmonicida. Microbiol. Pathogen., 1997. 22:315-320
Merino S., AlbertíS., Tomás J. M. Aeromonas salmonicida resistance to complement-mediated killing. Infect. Immun. 1994. 62:5483–5490
Merino S., CamprubíS., AlbertíS., BenedíV.-J., Tomás J. M. Mechanisms of Klebsiella pneumoniae resistance to complement-mediated killing. Infect. Immun.1992.60:2529–2535
Merino S., Nogueras M. M., Aguilar A., Rubires X., Alberti S., Benedi V. J., Tomas J. M. Activation of the complement classical pathway (C1q binding) by mesophilic Aeromonas hydrophila outer membrane protein. Infec Immun. 1998. 66: 3825–3831
Michalova V., Murray B. W., Sultmann H, et al. A contig map of the MHC class I genomic region in the zebrafish reveals ancient synteny. The Journal of Immunology, 2000. 164: 5296-5305
Mock A. and Renwrantz L. Lectin activity and a protease inhibitor in Mucus from the skin of Branchiostoma lanceolatum. Journal of invertebrate pathology, 1987.49: 221-222
Molina H. Complement and immunity. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2004. 30: 1
Moller P. C., Philpott C. W. The circulatory system of amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae). I. Morphology of the major vessels of the pharyngeal area. J Morphol. 1973. 139:389-406.
Monodelphis domestica. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 1998. 22 (2): 231一327
Morfeldt E, Bergg?rd K, Persson J, Drakenberg T, et al. Isolated hypervariable regions derived from streptococcal M proteins specifically bind human C4b-binding protein: implications for antigenic variation. J Immunol, 2001. 167(7): 3870–7
Morgan B P, Harris C L. Complement Regulatory Proteins[M]. Academic Press, San Diego, 1999
Morgan B. P. Physiology and pathophysiology of complement: progress and trends. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 1995.32: 265-98
Morimoto T., lida T., Wakabayashi W. Chemiluminescence of neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood of eel. Fish Pathology, 1988. 23: 49-53
Mrowietz U., Koch W. A., Zhu K., Wiedow O., Bartels J., Christophers E., et al. Psoriasis scales contain C5a as the predominant chemotaxin for monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Exp Dermatol, 2001. 10: 238
Müller-Eberhard H. J. Molecular organization and function of the complement system. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1988. 57: 321-347
Muller-Eberhard H. J. The killer molecule of complement. J Invest Dermatol, 1985. 85: 47s
Muller-Eberhard H. J. The membrane attack complex of complement. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1986. 4: 503-528
Munn C. B., Ishiguro E. E., Kay W. W., Trust T. J. Role of surface components in serum resistance of virulent Aeromonas salmonicida. Infection and Immunity, 1982. 36: 1069-1075
Munn C. B., Ishiguro E. E., Kay W. W., Trust. T. J. Role of surface components in serum resistance of virulent Aeromonas salmonicida. Infect. Immun. 1982.36:1069–1075
Muschel L. H., Larsen L. J. The sensitivity of smooth and rough Gram-negative bacteria to the immune bactericidal reaction. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1970. 133:345–348
Muschel L. H., Larsen L. J. The sensitivity of smooth and routh gram-negative bacteria to the immune bactericidal reaction. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1970. 133: 345-352
Nagai T., Mutsuro J., Kimura M., Kato Y., Fujiki K., Yano T., et al. A novel truncated isoform of the mannose-binding lectin associated serine protease (MASP) from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Immunogenetics, 2000. 51: 193
Nair S. V., Pearce S., Green P. L. et al. A collectin-like protein from tunicates. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 2000. 125: 279-289
Nakao M., Fushitani Y., Fujiki K., Nonaka, M, Yano T. Two diverged complement factor B/C2-like cDNA sequences from a teleost, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Immunology,1998. 161: 4811–4818
Nakao M., Matsumoto M., Nakazawa M., et al. Diversity of the complement factor B/C2 in the common carp. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2000. 24: E6 (Abstract)
Nakao M., Mutsuro J., Nakahara M., Kato Y., Yano T. Expansion of genes encoding complement components in bony fish: biological implications of the complement diversity. Dev Comp Immunol, 2003. 27: 749
Nakao M., Mutsuro J., Obo R.,et al. Molecular cloning and protein analysis of divergent forms of the complement component C3 from a bony fish, the common carp(Cyprinus carpio):
presence of variants lacking the catalytic histidine. European Journal of Immunology, 2000. 30: 858-866
Nakao M., Osaka K., Kato Y. Molecular cloning of the complement CIr/CIs/MASP2-like serine proteases from the common carp (Qprinus carpio). Immunogenetics, 2001. 52: 255-263
Nakao M., Uemura T., Yano T. Terminal components of carp complement constituting a membrane attack complex. Molecular Immunology, 1996. 33: 933-937
Nakao M., Yano T. Structural and functional identification of complement components of the bony fish, carp (Cyprinus carpio). Immunological Reviews, 1998. 166: 27-38
Narayana S. V. L., Jing H., Moore D., Macon K. J., Ma Y. X., Volanakis J. E. Structure of factor B serine protease domain. Mol. Immunol. 1998.35, 398
Naruse K., Fukamachi S., Mitani H., et al.. A detailed linkage map of madaka, Oryzias Iatipes. Comparative genomics and genome evolution. Genetics, 2000. 154: 1773-1784
Nelson D. R., Rooney S., Miller N. J., Mather T. N., Complement-mediated killing of Borrelia burgdorferi by nonimmune sera from sika deer. J. Parasitol, 2000. 86(6): 1232-1238
Newton R. A., Raftos D. A., Raison R. L., Geczy C. L. Chemotactic responses of hagfish(Vertebrata, Agnatha) leucocytes. Dev Comp Immunol, 1994. 18: 295
Ng S. C., Rao A. G., Howard O. M., Sodetz J. M. The eighth Component of human complement (C8): evidence that it is an Oligomeric serum protein assembled from products of three different genes. Biochemistry, 1987. 26: 5229-5233
Noel G. J., Brittingham A., Granato A. A., Mosser D. M., Effect of amplification of the Cap b locus on complement-mediated bacteriolysis and opsonization of type b Haemopbilus influenzae. Infect. Immun, 1996. 64: 4769-4775
Nonaka M, Takahashi M. Complete complementary DNA sequence of the third component of complement of lamprey. Implication for the evolution of thioester containing proteins. J Immunol 1992. 148: 3290
Nonaka M. Evolution of the complement system. Curr Opin Immunol., 2001,. 13: 69
Nonaka M., Azumi K. Opsonic complement system of the solitary ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 1999. 23(4-5):421-427.
Nonaka M., Azumi K., Ji X. Namikawa-Yamada C., Sasaki M., Saiga H., Dodds A. W., Sekine H., Homma M. K., Matsushita, M. Endo, Y. Fujita, T. Opsonic complement component C3 in the solitary ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi. J. Immunol. 1999.162: 387–391
Nonaka M., Fujii T., Kaidoh T., Natsuume-Sakai S., Yamaguchi N., Takahashi M. Purication of a lamprey complement protein homologous to the third component of the mammalian complement system. J Immunol 1984. 133: 3242
Nonaka M., Kimura A. Genomic view of the evolution of the complement system. Immunogenetics, 2006. 58: 701-13
Nonaka M., Kuroda N., Naruse K., Shima A. Molecular genetics of the complement C3 convertases in lower vertebrates. Immunol Rev, 1998.166:.59
Nonaka M., Namikawa C., Kato Y., et al. Major histocompatibility complex gene mapping in the amphibian Xenopus implies a primordial organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1997. 94:5789-5791
Nonaka M., Natsuume-Sakai S., Takahashi M. The complement system in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). II. Purification and characterization of the fifth component (C5). J Immunol 1981. 126: 1495
Nonaka M., Smith S. L. Complement system of bony and cartilaginous fish. Fish ShellfishImmunol., 2000. 10: 215
Nonaka M., Takahashi M., Sasaki M. Molecuar cloning of a lamprey homologue of the mammalian MHC classⅢgene, complement factor B. Immunology, 1994. 152: 2263-2269
Nonaka M., Yamaguchi N., Natsuume-Sakai S., Takahashi M. The complement system of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). I. Identification of the serum lytic system homologous to mammalian complement. The Journal of Immunology, 1981.126: 1489-1494
Nuttal G. Experimente uber die bakterienfeidlichen Einflusse des thierischen Korpers. Z Hyg Infektionskr 1888. 4: 353-95
Oakley B.R., Kirsch D. R., Morris N. R. A simplified ultrasensitive silver stain for detecting proteins in polyacrylamide gels. Anal Biochem, 1980. 105(2):361-363.
Odumeru, J. A., Wiseman G. M., Ronald A. R. Role of lipopolysaccharide and complement in susceptibility of Haemophilus ducreyi to human serum. Infect. Immun. 1985. 50: 495–499
Ohno M., Hirata T., Enomoto M., Araki T., Ishimaru H., Takahashi T. A. A putative chemoattractant receptor, C5L2, is expressed in granulocyte and immature dendritic cells, but not in mature dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2000. 37: 407
Ohno S. Evolution by gene duplication. New York: Springer-Verlag: 1970
Ohta H., Kai C., Yashikawa Y., Yamanouchi K. Activation of chicken alternative complement pathway by fowlpox virus-infected cells. Infec Immun, 1983. 42: 721-727
Olivier G., Eaton C. A., Campbell N. Interaction between Aeromonas salmonicida and peritoneal macrophages of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1986. 12: 223
Ortlund E., Parker C. L., Schreck S. F., Ginell S., Minor W., Sodetz J. M., Lebioda L. Crystal structure of human complement protein C8γat 1.2? resolution reveals a lipocalin fold and a distinct ligand Binding site. Biochemistry, 2002. 41: 7030-7037
Ortuno J., Esteban M. A., Meseguer J. High dietary intake of alpha-tocopherol acetate enhances the non-specific immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2000.10: 293-307
Ortuno J., Esteban M. A.,Meseguer J. Efects of short-term crowding stress on the gitthead seabream (Sparus aurala L.) innate immune response. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2001.11: 187-197
Ourth D. D., Bachinski L. M., Bacterial sialic acid modulates activation of the alternative complement pathway of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Dev. Comp. Immunol, 1987. 11: 551-564
Ourth D. D., Bachinsky L. M. Bacterial sialic acid modulates activation of the alternative complement pathway of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus). Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 1987. 11:551-564
Ourth D. D., Secretory IgM, lysozyme and lymphocytes in the skin mucus of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Dev Comp Immunol. 1980. 4 (1): 65-74
Ourth D. D., Wilson E. A. Alternative pathway of complement and bactericidal response of the channel catfish to Salmonella paratyphi. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 1982. 6 : 75-85
Ourth D. D., Wilson E. A. Bactericidal response of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) by the classical and alternative complement pathways against bacterial pathogens. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 1987. 3: 42-45
Palva E. T., Makela P. H. Lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity in Samonella typhimurium analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eur. J. Biochem. 1980. 107: 137-143
Pang Q. X., Zhang S. C., Shi X. D., Su F., Wu D. Purification and characterisation of phenoloxidase from amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2005. 19:139-148
Pang Q. X., Zhang S. C., Wang C. F., Shi X. D., Sun Y. N. Presence of prophenoloxidase in the humoral fluid of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2004. 17:477-487
Pangburn M. K., Rice P. A. A novel sialic acid binding site on factor H mediates serum resistance of sialylated Neisseria gonorrboeae. J. Exp. Med. 1998. 187: 743-752
Parker C. L., Sodetz J. M. Role of the human C8 subunits in complement-mediated bacterial killing: evidence that C8 is not essential. MolecularImmunology, 2002. 39: 453-458
Partridge S. M. Filter-paper partition chromatography of sugars: 1. General description and application to the qualitative analysis of sugars in apple juice, egg white and foetal blood of sheep. with a note by R. G. Westall. Biochem J. 1948. 42(2):238-250.
Partridge S. M. Filter-paper partition chromatography of sugars: 2. An examination of the blood group A specific substance from hog gastric mucin and the specific polysaccharide of Bacterium dysenteriae (Shiga). Biochem J. 1948. 42(2):251-253.
Pascual M. Schifferli J. A. The binding of immune complexes by the erythrocyte complement receptor 1 (CR1). Immunopharmacology, 1992. 24: 101–106
Pilz D., Vocke T., Heesemann J., Brade V., Mechanism of YadA-mediated serum resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O3. Infect. Immun., 1992. 60: 189-195
Pinto M. R. , Chinnici C. M., Kimura Y., Melillo D., Marino R., Spruce L A., et al. CiC3-1a-mediated chemotaxis in the deuterostome invertebrate Ciona intestinalis (Urochordata). J Immunol, 2003. 171: 5521
Plumb M. E., Sodetz J. M. 1998.Proteins of the membrane attack complex. In: Volanakis, J. E., Frank, M. M. (Eds.), The Human Complement System in Health and Disease. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 119-148
Podack E. R., Biesecker G., Kolb W. P., Müller-Eberhard H. J. 1978. J. Immunol. 121, 484-490.
Pramoonjago P., Kaneko M., Kinoshita T., Ohtsubo E., Takeda J., Hong K. S., Inagi R., Inoue K., Role of TraT protein an anticomplementary protein produced in Escherichia coli by R100 factor in serum resistance. J. Immunol., 1992. 148: 827-836
Qadri F., Svennerholm A. M., Shamsuzzaman S., Bhuiyan T. R., Harris J. B., Ghosh A. N., et al. Reduction in capsular content and enhanced bacterial susceptibility to serum killing of Vibrio cholerae O139 associated with the 2002 cholera epidemic in Bangladesh. Infect Immun, 2005. 73: 6577-83
Raftos D. A., Nair S V., Robbins J., Newton R. A., Peters R. A complement component C3-like protein from the tunicate, Styela plicata. Dev Comp Immunol, 2002. 26: 307.
R?hr H. The circulatory system of amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum PallasP). Acta Zool. 1979. 60:1-18
Ram S., Sharma A. M., Simpson S. D., Gulatis. S., McQuillen D. P., Pangburn M. K., Rice P. A., A novel sialic acid binding site on factor H mediates serum resistance of sialylated Neisseria gonorrboeae. J. Exp. Med, 1998. 187: 743-752
Ram S., Sharma A. M., Simpson S. D., Gulatis. S., McQuillen D. P., Pangburn M. K., Rice P. A., A novel sialic acid binding site on factor H mediates serum resistance of sialylated Neisseria gonorrboeae. J. Exp. Med., 1998. 187: 743-752
Red K. H., Fjalestad K., Larsen H. J.,Midthjel L. Genetic variations in haemolytic activity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar L.). Journal of fish Biology, 1992. 40: 739-750
Reid K. B., Day A. J. Structure-function relationships of the complement components. Immunology Today, 1989.10: 177–180.
Rhodes C. P., Ratcliffe N. A., Rowley A. F. Presence of coelomocytes in the primitive chordate amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum). Science. 1982. 217:263-265
Robertson M. Innate immunity. Curr Biol 1998. 8: R595-7
Rotllant J., Parra D., Peters R., Boshra H., Sunyer J. O. Generation, purication and functional characterization of three C3a anaphylatoxins in rainbow trout: role in leukocyte chemotaxis and respiratory burst. Dev Comp Immunol. 2004, 28: 815
Rowley D. Sensitivity of rough gram-negative bacteria to the bactericidal action of serum. J. Bacteriol. 1968. 95: 1647-1650
Ruddy S. The immunobiology of complement. Chemistry and biologic activity of the complement system. Trans Proc 1974. 6:1-7
Russell R. R., Johnson K. G. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of lipopolysaccharides. Canadian Journal of Microbiology,1975, 21: 2013–2018
Sahu A., Lambris J. D. Structure and biology of complement protein C3, a connecting link between innate and acquired immunity. Immunological Reviews, 2001.180: 35-48
Sakai D. K. Lytic and bactericidal properties of salmonid sera. Journalof Fish Biology,1983. 23: 457—466
Sakai D. K. Opsonization by fish antibody and complement in the immune phagocytosis by peritoneal exudate cells isolated from salmonid fishes. Journal of Fish, 1984. 7: 29-38
Sakai D. K., Heat inactivation of complements and immune hemolysis reactions in rainbow trout, masu salmon, coho salmon, goldfish and tilapia. Bulletin of the Janpanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 1981. 47: 565-571
Sato A., Mayer W. E., Klein J. A molecule bearing an immunoglobulin-like V region of the CTX subfamily in amphioxus. Immunogenetics, 2003. 55: 423-427
Sato T., EndoY., Matsushita M. et al. Molecular characterization of a novel serine protease involved inactivation of the complement system by mannose-binding protein. Int Immunol , 1994. 6: 665-669
Schenkein H. A., Failure of Bacteroides gingivalis W83 to accumulate bound C3 following opsonization with serum, J. Periodont. Res., 1989. 24: 20-27
Schenkein H. A., The effect of periodontal proteolytic Bacteroides species on proteins of the human complement system. J. Periodont. Res. 1988, 23: 187-192
Schlesinger L. S., Horwitz M. A., Phagocytosis of Mycobacterium leprae by human monocyte-derived macrophages is mediated by complement receptors CR1 (CD35), CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) and IFN-gamma activation inhibits complement receptor function and phagocytosis of this bacterium. J. Immunol., 1991. 147: 1983-1994
Schultz D. R., Miller K. D., Elastase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: inactivation of complement components and complement-derived chemotactic and phagocytic factors, Infect. Immun., 1974. 10: 128-135
Schwaeble W., Dahl M.R., Thiel S., Stover C., Jensenius J.C., The mannan-binding lectin-associated serine proteases (MASPs) and MAp19: four components of the lectin pathway activation complex encoded by two genes. Immunobiology 2002. 205: 455–466
Seeger A., Mayer W. E., Klein J. A complement factor B-like cDNA clone from the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). Molecular Immunology , 1996. 33, 511–520
Sekine H., Kenjo A., Azumi K., Ohi G., Takahashi M, Kasukawa R, et al. An ancient lectin-dependent complement system in an ascidian: novel lectin isolated from the plasma of the solitary ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi. J Immunol, 2001.167: 4504
Sekine H., Kenjo A., Azumi K., Ohi G., Takahashi M., Kasukawa R., Lchikawa N., Nakata M., Mizuochi T., Matsushita M., Endo Y., Fujita T., An ancient lection-dependent complement system in an ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi. J. Immunol. 2001. 167: 4504-4510
Sekizawa A., Fujii T., Katagiri C. Isolation and characterization of the third component of complement in the serum of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. The Journal of Immunology, 1984. 133: 1436-1443
Sim R. B., Laich A., Serine proteases of the complement system. Biochem Soc Trans 2000. 28: 545
Smith L. C., Azumi K., Nonaka M. Complement systems in invertebrates. The ancient alternative and lectin pathways. Immunopharmacology, 1999. 42: 107
Smith L. C., Britten R. J., Davidson E. H. Lipopolysaccharide activates the sea urchin immunesystem. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 1995. 19: 217–224
Smith L. C., Chang L., Britten R. J. Davidson, E. H. Sea urchin genes expressed in activated coelomocytes are identified by expressed sequence tags. Complement homologues and other putative immune response genes suggest immune system homology within the deuterostomes. J. Immunol. 1996. 156, 593–602
Smith L. C., Shih C.-S., Dachenhausen S. G., Coelomocytes specifically express SpBf, a homologue of factor B, the second component in the sea urchin complement system. J. Immunol. 1998.161: 6784–6793
Smith S. L. Shark complement: an assessment. Immunol Rev, 1998. 166: 67
Sotrup-Jensen L., Stepanik T. M., Klistensen T. et al. Common evolutionary origin of α2-macroglobulin and complement components C3 and C4. Proc. Nat! Acad Sci USA, 1985. 82: 9-13
Spiller O. B., Morgan B. P. Antibody-independent activation of the classical complement pathway by cytomegalovirus-infected fibroblasts. J. Infec. Dis. 1998. 178, 1597–1603
Steckel E. W., York R. G., Monahan J. B., Sodetz J. M., The eighth Component of human complement: purification and physiochemical Characterization of its unusual subunit structure. J. Biol. Chem., 1980. 255: 11997-12005
Stendahl O., Edebo L., Magnusson K. E., Taesson C., Hjerten S. Surface-charge characteristics of smooth and routh Salmonella typhimurium bacteria determined by aqueous two-phase
partitioning and free zone electrophoresis. Acta. Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. B. 1977. 85: 334-340
Stet R. J. M., Johnston R., Parham P. The unMHC of teleostean fish: segregation analysis in common carp and atlantic salmon. Hereditas, 1997.127: 169-170
Stover C. M., Thiel S., Lynch N. J. et al. The rat and mouse homologues of MASP-2 and MAP-19 components of the lectin activation pathway of complement. The Journal of Immunology, 1999. 163: 6848-6859
Suner Q., Tort L. The complement system of the teleost fish Sparus aurata. Ann New York Acad Sci , 1994. 712: 371–373
Sunyer J. O., Lambris J. D. Evolution and diversity of the complement system of poikilothermic vertebrates. Immunol Rev., 1998. 166: 39
Sunyer J. O., Tort L. Natural hemolytic and bactericidal activities of sea bream Sparus aurata serum are effected by the alternative complement pathway. Vet Immunol Immunopathol., 1995. 45: 333
Sunyer J. O., Tort L., Lambris, J. D. Diversity of the third form of complement, C3, in fish: functional characterization of five forms of C3 in the diploid fish, Sparus aurata. Biochemical Journal, 1997. 326: 877-881
Sunyer J. O., Tort, L., Lambris J. D. Structural C3 diversity in fish-characterization of five isoforms of C3 in the diploid fish Sparus aurata. Journal of Immunology, 1997. 158: 2813-2821
Sunyer J. O., Zarkadis I. K., Lambris J. D. Complement diversity: a mechanism for generating immune diversity? Immunol Today, 1998a. 19: 519
Sunyer J. O., Zarkadis I., Sarrias M. R., Hansen J. D., Lambris J. D. Cloning, structure, and function of two rainbow trout Bf molecules. Journal of Immunology, 1998b. 161: 4106–4114
Sunyer J., O., Zarkadis I. K., Sahu A. et al. Multiple forms of complement C3 in trout, that differ in binding to complement activators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A., 1996. 93: 8546-8551
Sunyer, J. O., Lambris, J. D. Complement. In: Encyclopedia of life sciences. Macmillan References Limited. 1999
Suzuki M. M,, Satoh N., Nonaka M. C6-Like and C3-Like Molecules from the Cephalochordate, Amphioxus, Suggest a Cytolytic Complement System in Invertebrates. J Mol Evol., 2002. 54: 671-679
Szmelcman S., Hofnung M. Maltose transport in Escherichia coli K-12: involvement of the bacteriophage lambda receptor. J. Bacteriol. 1975. 124: 112-118
Tack B. F, Prahl J. W. Third component of human complement; Purification from plasma and physicochemical characterization. Biochemistry, 1976. 15: 4513–4521
Takabayashi T., Vannier E., Clark B. D., Margolis N. H., Dinarello C. A., Burke J. F., et al. A new biologic role for C3a and C3adesArg: regulation of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta synthesis. J Immunol, 1996. 156: 3455
Takada Y., Arimoto Y., Mineda H., Takada A. Inhibition of the classical and alternative pathway by amino acids and their derivatives. Immunology , 1978. 34: 509–515
Takahashi M., Endo Y., Fujita T. et al. A truncated form of mannose-binding lectin associated serine protease (MASP)-2 expressed by alternative polyadenylation is a component of the lectin complement pathway. Int Immunol 1994. 11: 859-863
Takahashi S., Nagano Y., Nagano N., Hayashi O., Taguchi F., Okuwaki Y., Role of C5a-ase in group B streptococcal resistance to opsonophagocytic killing, Infect. Immun., 1995. 63: 4767-4769
Takami K., Zaleska-Rutczynska Z., Figueroa F., Klein J. Linkage of LMP, TAP, and RING3 with Mhc class I rather than class II genes in the zebrafish. Journal of Immunology, 1997. 159: 6052–6060
Taylor J. S., Thomas M. J., Stahl G. L. Eicosanoid production from porcine neutrophils and platelets: differential production with various agonists. J Biol Chem, 1998. 273: 32535
Taylor P. W., Complement-mediated killing of susceptible Gram-negative bacteria: an elusive mechanism. Exp. Clin. Immunogenet, 1992. 9: 48-56
Thakker M., Park J. S., Carey V., Lee J. C., Staphylococcus aureus serotype 5 capsular polysaccharide is antiphagocytic and enhances bacterial virulence in a murine bacteremia model. Infect. Immun, 1998. 66: 5183-5189
Thern A, Stenberg L, Dahlb?ck B, et al.Ig-binding surface protein of Streptococcus pyogenes also bind human C4b-binding protein (C4BP), a regulatory component of the complement system[J]. J. Immunol., 1995. 154, 375–386
Thern A., Wastfelt M., Lindahl G., Expression of two different antiphagocytic M proteins by Streptococcus pyogenes of the OF + lineage. J. Immunol., 1998. 160: 860-869
Thiel S., Vorup-Jensen T., Stover C. M et al. A second serine protease associated with mannan-binding lectin that activates complement. Nature, 1997. 386: 506-510
Thielens N. M., Bersch B., Hernandez J. .F., Arlaud G. J. Structure and functions of the interaction domains of C1r and C1s: keystones of the architecture of the C1 complex. Immunopharmacology. 1999. 42: 3-13
Thomas M. L., Janatova J., Gray W. R., Tack B. E., Third component of human complement: localization of the internal thiolester bond. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1982. 79: 1054-1058
Toma′s J. M., Benedy′V. J., Ciurana, B., Jofre. J. Role of capsule and O antigen in resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae to serum bactericidal activity. Infect. Immun. 1986. 54: 85–89
Tomás J. M., B. CiuranaBenedíV. J., Juarez. A. Role of lipopolysaccharide and complement in susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium to non-immune serum. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1988. 134:1009–1016
Tomlinson S. Complement defense mechanisms. Curr.Opin. Immunol. 1993. 5: 83–89
Tomlinson S., Taylor P. W., Morgan B. P., Luzio J. P. Killing of Gram-negative bacteria by complement. Biochem. J. , 1989. 263: 505-511
Tort L., Sunyer J. O., Gomez E., Molinero A. Crowding stress induces changes in serum haemolytic and agglutinating activity in the gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 1996b. 51: 179-188
Tort L., Sunyer J. O., Gomez E., Molinero A. Serum heamolytic and agglutinating activity as indicators of fish immunocompetence: their suitability in stress and dietary studies. Aquaculture International, 1996a. 4: 31-41
Trevelyan W. E., Procter D. P., Harrison J. S. Detection of Sugars on Paper Chromatograms. Nature 1950,166: 444– 445
Tsai C. M., Frasch C. E. A sensitive silver stain for detecting lipopolysaccharides in polyacrylamide gels. Anal Biochem. 1982, 119(1):115–119
Turner M. W. Mannose-binding lectin: the pluripotent molecule of the innate immune system. Immunol Today, 1996. 17: 532-40
Turner M. W., The role of mannose-binding lectin in health and disease. Mol. Immunol. 2003. 40: 423-429
Ullmann A. J., Lane R. S., Kurtenbach K., Miller M., Schriefer M. E., Zeldner N., et al. Bacteriolytic activity of selected vertebrate sera for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Borrelia bissettii. J Parasitol, 2003. 89: 1256-7
Unson C. G., Erickson B. W., Hugli T. E., Active site of C3a anaphylatoxin: contributions of the lipophilic and orienting residues. Biochemistry 1984. 23: 585–589
Van Dijk H., Rademaker P. M., Willers J. M. N., Estimation of classical pathway of mouse complement activity by use of sensitized rabbit erythrocytes. J Immunol Methods, 1980. 39: 257–268
Vanputten J. P., Phase variation of lipopolysaccharide directs interconversion of invasive and immuno-resistant phenotypes of Neisseria gonorrboeae. EMBO J, 1993. 12: 4043-4051
Villiers M. B., Villiers C. L., Jacquier-Sarlin M. R., Gabert F. M., Journet A. M., Colomb M. G. Covalent binding of C3b totetanus toxin: Influence on uptake/internalization of antigen by antigen-specific and non-specific B cells. Immunology, 1996. 89:348
Virta M,, Lineri S,, Kankaanp?? P,, Karp M,, Peltonen K,, Nuutila J,, et al. Determination of complement-mediated killing of bacteria by viability staining and bioluminescence. Appli Environ Microbiol, 1998. 64: 515-9
Vitved L., Holmskov U., Koch C., Teisner B., Hansen S., Skjodt K. The homologue of mannose-binding lectin in the carp family Cyprinidae is expressed at high level in spleen, and the deduced primary structure predicts a.nity for galactose. Immunogenetics, 2000. 51:955
Vogel C. W., Smith C. A., MUller-Eberhard H. J. Cobra venom factor: structural homology with the third component of human complement. J Immunol, 1984.133: 3235-3241
Vogel C-W and MUller-Eberhard H. J. The cobra complement system. 1. The alternative pathway of activation. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 1985. 9: 311-325
Vogel C-W., Müller-Eberhard H. J, The cobra complement system. .I. The alternative pathway of activation. Dev Comp Immunol, 1985. 9: 311–325
Volanakis J. E., Arlaud G. J. Complement enzymes. In: Volanakis, J. E., Frank, M. M. Eds., The Human Complement System in Health and Disease. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1998. pp. 49–81
Volanakis, J. E. Over view of the complement system. In: (J. E. Volanakis & M. M. Frank, eds) The Human Complement System in Health and Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. pp. 1998. 9-32
Walport M. J. Complement. First of two parts. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001a. 344, 1058–1066
Walport M. J. Complement. Second of two parts. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001b.344, 1140–1144
Wang C. F., Zhang S. C., Luo Y., Xu T. T. Presence and induction by bacteria of D-galactoside-specific lectins in the humoral fluids of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. Inflammopharmacology 2002. 9:241-248
Wang Y., Bjes E. S., Esser A. F. Molecular aspects of complement-mediated bacterial killing: periplasmic conversion of C9 from a protoxin to a toxin. J. Biol. Chem., 2000. 275: 4687-4692
Ward C. K., Inzana T. J., Resistance of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to bactericidal antibodyand complement is mediated by capsular polysaccharide and blocking antibody specific for lipopolysaccharide and blocking antibody specific for lipopolysaccharide. J. Immunol., 1994. 153: 2110-2121
Weis J. J., Law S. K., Levine R. P., Cleary P. P., Resistance to phagocytosis by group A streptococci: failure of deposited complement opsonins to interact with cellular receptors. J. Immunol., 1985. 134: 500-505
Whitnack E., Dale J. B., Beachey E. H., Common protective antigens of group A streptococcal M proteins masked by fibrinogen. J. Exp. Med., 1984. 159: 1201-1212
Wiegertjes G. F., Yano T., Van Muiswinkel W. B. Estimation of the genetic variation in complement activity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 1993. 37: 309-319
Wingrove J. A., Discipio R. G., Chen Z., Potempa J., Travis J., Hugli T. E., Activation of complement component C3 and C5 by a cysteine proteinase (gingipain-1) from Porpbyromonas (Bacteroides) gingivalis, J. Biol. Chem., 1992. 267: 18902-18907
Woo P. T. K. Protective immune response of fish to parasitic flagellates. Annual Reviews in Fish Diseases, 1996. 6: 121-131
Xu Y., Narayana S. V., Volanakis J. E. Structural biology of the alternative pathway convertase. Immunol. Rev. 2001. 180: 123-135
Xu Y., Volanakis J. E. Contribution of the complement control protein modules of C2 in C4b binding assessed by analysis of C2rBf chimeras. J. Immunol. 1997. 158: 5958–5965
Yano T. Assays of hemolytic complement activity. In: Stolen JS, Fletcher TC, Anderson DP, Kaatari SL, Rowley AF, editors. Techniques In fish Immunology. Fair Haven, SOS publication NJ. 07704-3303 USA, 1992. p.131一142
Yano T. The nonspecific immune system: humoral defense. In The Fish Immune System: Organism, Pathogen, and Environment (G. Iwama&T. Nakanishi, eds). 1996. pp. 105-157. San Diego, CA: Academic Press
Yano T., Ando H., Nakao M. Two activation steps of carp complement requiring Ca 2+ and Mg2+ and an intermediate product in immune hemolysis. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 1985. 51: 841-846
Yano T., Matsuyama H., Nakao M. An intermediare complex in immune hemolysis by carpcomplement homologous to mammalian EAC14. Bulletin of the Japanese Society Sci Fish, 1986. 52: 281–286
Yano T., Nakao M. Isolation of a carp complement protein homologous to mammalian factor D. Molecular Immunology, 1994. 31: 337-342
Yin Z., Lam T., Sin Y. M. The effects of crowding stress on the non-specific immune response in fancy carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 1995. 5: 519-529
Ying S. C., Gewurz AT, Jiang H., Gewurz H. Human serum amyloid P component oligomers bind and activate the classical complement pathway via residues 14-26 and 76-92 of the A chain collagen-like region of C1q. J. Immunol. 1993.150:169-176
Young L. S., Stevens P., Ingram J. Functional role of antibody against“core”glycolipid of Enterobacteriaceae. J. Clin. Invest. 1975. 56: 850-861
Yu C., Dong M., Wu X., Li S., Huang S., Su J., et al. Genes‘‘waiting’’for recruitment by the adaptive immune system: the insights from amphioxus. J Immunol. 2005. 174:3493-3500
Zapata A. G., Chiba A. Varas A. Cells and tissues of the immune system of fish. In The Fish Immune System: Organism, Pathogen, and Environment (G. Iwama & T. Nakanish, eds), 1996. pp. 1–62. San Diego, USA: Academic Press
Zarkadis I. K., Duraj S., Chondrou M. Molecular cloning of the seventh component of complement in rainbow trout. Dev Comp Immunol, 2005. 29: 95
Zarkadis I. K., Sarrias M. R., Sfyroera G.,et al. Cloning and structure of three rainbow trout C3 molecules: a plausible explanation for their functional diversity. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2001 b. 25: 11-24
Zarkadis I., Chondrou M. Cloning of the sixth component of complement in rainbow trout. Unpublished results (GenBank accession number CAF22026) 2004
Zarkadis I., Papanastasiou. Cloning of C8 alpha component in rainbow trout. Unpublished resultse-Genbank accession number 2004. CAH65481
Zarkadis, I. K., Mastellos, D., Lambris, J. D. Phylogenetic aspects of the complement system. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2001a. 25: 745-762
Zhang S. C., and Li G. R. Presence of phenoloxidase and prophenoloxidase in the epidermal cells and epidermis mucus of the lancelet Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. Ophelia, 2000, 52(3): 207-212
Zhang S. C., Wang C.F., Wang Y. J., Wei R., Jiang G. H., Ju H. Presence and characterization of complement-like activity in the amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. Zoological Science of Japan, 2003. 20: 1207-1214
Zhang S., Wang C., Wang Y., Wei R., Jiang G., Ju H. Presence and characterization of complement-like activity in the amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. Zoolog Sci 2003;20:1207-1214
Zhu Y., Thangamani S., Ho B., Ding J. L. The ancient origin of the complement system. EMBO J., 2005. 24: 382
Zilberg D., Klesius P. H., Quantification of immunoglobulin in the serum and mucus of the channel catfish at different ages and following infection with Edwardsiella ictaluri. J Comp Pathol. 1997. 117 (2): 165-170
Zundel S., Cseh S., Lacroix M., Dahl M. R., Matsushita M., Andrieu J. P., et al. Characterization of recombinant mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease (MASP)-3 suggests an activation mechanism different from that of MASP-1 and MASP-2. J. Immunol 2004. 172: 4342
Adams M. D., Celniker S. E., Holt R. A. et al. The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. Science , 2000. 287: 2185-2195
Agrawal A., Shrive A. K., Greenhough T. J. Volanakis J. E. Control of the classical and the MBL pathway of complement activation. J. Immunol. 2001. 166: 3998–4004
Akesson P., Sjoholm A. G., Bjorck L., Protein SIC a novel extracellular protein of Streptococcus pyogenes interfering with complement function. J. Biol. Chem., 1996. 271: 1081-1088
Al-Sharif W. Z., Sunyer J. O., Lambris J. D., Smith L. C. Sea urchin coelomocytes specifically express a homologue of complement component C3. J. Immunol. 1998.160: 2983–2997
Amaro C., Fouz B., Biosca E. G., Marco-Noales E., Collado R. The lipopolysaccharide O side chain of vibrio vulnificus serogroup E is a virulence determinant for eels.Infection and Immunity, 1997. 65: 2475-2479
Arijo S., Borrego J. J., Zorilla I., Balebona M. C., Morinigo M. A., Role of the capsule of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in protection against phagocytosis and killing by gilt-head seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) macrophages. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 1998. 8: 63-72
Arlaud G. J., Rossi V., Thielens N. M., Gaboriaud C., Bersch B., Hernandez J. F. Structural and functional studies on C1rand C1s: new insights into the mechanisms involved in C1 activity and assembly. Immunobiology . 1998 . 199: 303-316
Aronen M., Lehto T., Meri S., Regulation of alternative pathway complement activation by an interaction of C-reactive protein with factor H, Immunol. Infect. Dis., 1993. 3: 83-87
Bagni M., Archeti L., Amadori, M. Marino G. Effect of long-term oral administration of an immunostimulant diet on innate immunity in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Journal of Veterinary Medicine B Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, 2000. 47: 745-751
Barnes A. C., Ellis A. E., Role of capsule in serotypic differences and complement fixtation byLactococcus garvieae. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2004. 16: 207-214
Benedictis G. D,, and Capalbo P., An amphioxus lanceolatus agglutinating factor for human red cells. Journal gflmmunogenetics 1981. 8: 225-230
Berge A., Kihlberg B. M., Sjoholm A. G., Bjorck L., Streptococcal protein H forms soluble complement-activating complexes with IgG but inhibits complement activation by IgG-coated targets. J. Biol. Chem., 1997. 272: 20774-20781
Bergg?rd K, Johnsson E, Morfeldt E, et al. Binding of human C4BP to the hypervariable region of M protein: a molecular mechanism of phagocytosis resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes [J]. Mol Microbiol, 2001. 42(2): 539–551
Bertheussen K. Complement-like activity in sea urchin coelomic fluid. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 1983. 7: 21–31
Bertheussen K. Endocytosis by echinoid phagocytes in vitro: I. Recognition of foreign matter. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 1981. 5: 241–250
Bertheussen K. Receptors for complement on echinoid phagocytes: II. Purified human complement mediates echinoid phagocytosis. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 1982. 6: 635–642
Bertheussen, K., Seljelid, R. Receptors for complement on echinoid phagocytes: I. The opsonic effect of vertebrate sera on echinoid phagocytosis. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 1982. 6: 423–431
Bingulac-Popovic J., Figueroa F., Sato A., et al.. Mapping of MHC class I and Class II regions to different linkage groups in the zebrafish, Dania rerio. Immunogenetics, 1997. 46:129-134
Bingulac-Popovic J., Figueroa F., Sato A., Talbot W. S., Johnson S. L., Gates M., Postlethwaite J. H., Klein J. Mapping of mhc class I and class II regions to different linkage groups in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Immunogenetics, 1998. 46: 129–134
Birmingham D. J. Erythrocyte complement receptors. Critical Reviews in Immunology, 1995. 15: 133–154
Bliska J. B., Falkow S., Bacterial resistance to complement killing mediated by the Ail protein of Yersinia enterocolitica. Pro. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 1992. 89: 3561-3565
Boackle S. A., Morris M. A., Holers V. M., Karp D. R., Complement opsonization is required for presentation of immune complexes by resting peripheral blood B cells. J. Immunol., 1998. 161: 6537
Boesen H. T., Pedersen K., Larsen J. L., Koch C., Ellis A. E. Vibrio anguillarum resistance torainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) serum: role of O-antigen structure of lipopolysaccharide. Infection and Immunity, 1999. 67: 294-301
Bork P., Beckmann G. J., The CUB domain. A widespread module in developmentally regulated proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 1993. 231, 539–545
Boshra H., Bosch N., Sunyer J. O. Purification, generation of antibodies and functional characterization of trout C3-1, C3-3, C3-4, C4-l, C4-2, C5, factor B and factor D complement molecules. In Proceedings of the 5th Nordic Symposium on Fish Immunology, 2001. p. 29. Sundvollen: Norway
Boshra H., Li J., Peters R., Hansen J., Matlapudi A., Sunyer J. O. Cloning, expression, cellular distribution, and role in chemotaxis of a C5a receptor in rainbow trout: the first identification of a C5a receptor in a nonmammalian species. J Immunol 2004. 172: 4381
Boshra H., Li J., Sunyer J. O. Recent advances on the complement system in teleost fish. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2006. 20: 239-262
Boshra H., Peters R., Li J., Sunyer J. O. Production of recombinant C5a from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): role in leucocyte chemotaxis and respiratory burst. Fish and Shellfish Immunol, 2004. 17: 293
Bradford M. M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976. 72: 248-54
Bucherner H. Ueber die nahere Natur der bekterientodtenden Substanzim Blutserum. Central Bakteriol Parasitol 1889. 6: 561-565
Buchmann K. Binding and lethal effect of complement from Oncorhynchus mykiss on Gyrodactylus derjavini (Plathelminthes: Monogenea). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 1998. 32: 195-200
Buchmann K., Binding and lethal effect of complement from Oncorhychus mykiss on Gyrodactylus derjavini (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea). Dis Aquat Org. 1998. 32 (3): 195-200
Buchmann K., Sigh J., Nielsen C. V., Dalgaard M. Host responses against the fish parasitizing ciliate Ichtyophthirius multifiliis. Veterinary Parasitology, 2001. 100: 105-116
Budayova-Spano M., Lacroix M., Thielens N.M., Arlaud G.J., Fontecilla-Camps J.C., Gaboriaud C. The crystal structure of the zymogen catalytic domain of complement protease C1r reveals that a disruptive mechanical stress is required to trigger activation of the C1 complex. 2002.EMBO J. 21: 231-239
Bulet P., Hetru C., Dimarcq J. L., Hoffmann D., Antimicrobial peptides in insects; structure and function. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 1999.23: 329-344.
Burgi B., Brunner T., Dahinden C. A. The degradation product of the C5a anaphylatoxin C5a desArg retains basophil-activating properties. Eur J Immunol, 1994. 24: 1583
Cannon J. P., Haire R. N., Litman G. W. Identification of diversified genes that contain immunoglobulin-like variable regions in a protochordate.Nat Immunol 2002;3:1200-1207.
Carroll M. C. The complement system in regulation of adaptive immunity. Nat.Immunol., 2004. 5: 981
Carroll M. C., Campbell R. D., Bentley D. R., Porter, R. R.. A molecular map of the human major histocompatibility complex class III region linking complement genes C4, C2 and factor B. Nature, 1984. 307: 237–241
CD11b/CD18 receptor-mediated association and signaling [J]. J. Immunol, 2004. 172: 3798–37807
Chaplin D. D., Woods D. E., Whitehead A. S., Goldberger G., Colten H. R., Seidmen J. G. Molecular map of the murine S region. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , (1983). 80: 6947–6951 Chen C. B., Wallis R. Two mechanisms for mannose-binding protein modulation of the activity of its associated serine proteases. J. Biol. Chem., 2004. 279:26058
Chen T., Swanson J., Wilson J., Belland R. J., Heparin protect Opa+ Neisseria gonorrboeae from the bactericidal action of normal human serum, Infect. Immun., 1995. 63: 1790-1795
Chen Z., Potempa J., Polanowski A., Wikstrom M., Travis J., Purfication and characterization of a 50-kDa cysteine proteinase (gingipain) from Porpbyromonas gingivalis, J. Biol. Chem., 1992. 267: 18896-18901
Chevassus B., Dorson M. Genetics of resistance to diseases in fish. Aquaculture, 1990. 85: 83-107
China B., Sory M. P., N’guyen B. T., DeBruyere M., Cornelis G. R., Role of the YadA protein in prevention of opsonization of Yersinia enterocolitica by C3b molecules. Infect. Immun., 1993. 61: 3129-3136
Cooper N. R., Nemerow G. R. Complement and infectious agents: a tale of disguise and deception. Complement and Inflammation, 1989. 6: 249-258
Corn P. G., Anders J., Takala A. K., Kayhty H., Hoiseth S. K., Genes involved in Haemopbilus influenzae type b capsule expression are frequently amplified. J. Infect. Dis. 1993, 167: 356-364
Craven D. E., Peppler M. S., Frasch C.E., Mocca L. F., McGrath P. P., Washington G., Adherence of isolates of Neisseria meningitidis from patients and carriers to human buccal epithelial cells. J. Infect. Dis., 1980. 142: 556-568
Crawford D. L., Oleksiak M. F., Kolell K. J., Paschall J., VanWye J., Roach J. L., et al. Fundulus functional genomics: EST database for teleost .sh. Unpublished results (GenBank accession number CN981576) 2004
Dahl M. R., Thiel S., Willis A. C. et al. Mannan-binging lectin associated serine protease 3 (MASP-3)-A new component of the lectin pathway of complement activation. Immunopharmacology, 2000. 49: 79-79
Damerau B., Grunefeld E., Vogt W. Aggregation of leukocytes induced by the complement-derived peptides C3a and C5a and by three synthetic formyl-methionyl peptides. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol , 1980. 63: 159
Dankert J. R., Esser A. F. Bacterial killing by complement: C9-mediated killing in the absence of C5b-8. Biochem. J., 1987. 244: 393-399
Dankert J. R., Esser A. F. Complement-mediated killing of Escherichia coli: dissipation of membrane potential by a C9-derived peptide. Biochemistry, 1986.25: 1094-1100
Day NKBPHD., Gewurz HMD., Johannsen R., Finsted J., Good RAMD. Complement and complement-like activity in lower veterbrates and invertebrates. J Exp Med, 1970. 132: 941-950
Dodds A. W., Law S. K. A. The phylogeny and evolution of the thioester bond-containing proteins C3, C4 andα2-macroglobulin. Immunological Reviews, 1998a. 166: 15-26
Dodds A. W., Smith S. L., Levine R. P., et al. Isolation and initial characterisation of complement components C3 and C4 of the nurse shark and the channel catfish. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 1998b. 22: 207-216
Donelson J E, Hill K L, El-Sayed N M A. Multiple mechanisms of immune evasion by African trypanosomes [J]. Mol Biochem Parasitol, 1998. 91: 51–66
Ebenbichler C. F., Thielens N. M., Vornhagen R., Marschang P., Arlaud G. J. Dierich, M. P.Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activates the classical pathway of complement by direct C1 binding through specific sites in the transmembrane glycoprotein gp41. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1991. 174: 1417-1424
Egan A. M., Gordon D. L., Burkholderia pseudomallei activates complement and is ingested but not killed by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infect. Immun, 1996. 64: 4952-4959
Eggleton P., Reid K. B. M., Tenner A. J. C1q-how many functions? How many receptors? Trends Cell Biol. 1998. 8: 428–431
Ehrengruber M. U., Geiser T., Deranleau D. A. Activation of human neutrophils by C3a and C5a. Comparison of the effects on shape changes, chemotaxis, secretion, and respiratory burst. FEBS Lett, 1994. 346: 181
Eisenschenk F. C., Houle J. J., Hoffmann E. M., Mechanism of serum resistance among Brucella abortus isolates. Vert. Microbiol. 1999. 68: 235-244
Ellis M. G., Arp L. H., Lamont SJ. Interaction of turkey complement with Escherichichia coli isolated from turkeys. AM J VEF Res 1989. 50: 1285-1289
Elsner J., Oppermann M., Czech W., Kapp A. C3a activates the respiratory burst in human polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes via pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins. Blood, 1994. 83: 3324
Endo Y., Takahashi M., Nakao M, Saiga H., Sekine H., Matsushita M., et al. Two lineages of mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease (MASP) in vertebrates. J Immunol 1998. 161: 4924
Endo Y., Takahashi M., Nakao M., Sekine H., Matsushita M., Nonaka M., Fujita T. Molecular evolution of mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease MASP, a single exon-encoded serine protease domain antedated vertebrate emergence. J. Immunol. 1998.161: 4924–4930
Engstr?m Y., induction and regulation of antimicrobial peptides in Drosophila. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 1999. 23: 345-358
Esser A. F. The membrane attack complex of complement: assembly, structure and cytotoxic activity.Toxicology, 1994. 87: 229-224
Estabrook M. M., Griffiss J. M., Jarvis G. A., Sialylation of Neisseria meningitidis lipooligosaccharide inhibits serum bactericidal activity by masking lacto-N-neotetraose. Infect.Immun, 1997. 65: 4436-4444
Farries T. C., Atkinson J. P., Evolution of the complement system. Immunol. Today. 1991, 12: 295-300
Farries T. C., Steuer K. L. K., Atkinson J. P. Evolutionary implications of a new bypass activation pathway of the complement system. Immunol. Today. 1990. 11: 78-80
Fearon D. T., Carroll M. C. Regulation of B lymphocyte responses to foreign and self-antigens by the CD19/CD21 complex. Ann. Rev. Immunol., 2000. 18:393
Flajnik M. F., Rumfelt L. L. Early and natural antibodies in non-mammalian vertebrates. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 2000. 252: 233
Flower D. R. The lipocalin protein family: structure and function. J. Biochem., 1996. 318:1-14.
Flower D. R., North C.T., Sansom C. E. The lipocalin protein family: structural and sequenceoverview. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2000. 1482: 9-24
Fritzinger, D. C., Bredehorst, R., Vogel C. W. Molecular cloning and derived primary structure of cobra venom factor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 1995. 91: 12775–12779
Fujii T., Nakamura T., Sekizawa A., Tomonaga S. Isolation and characterization of a protein from hagfish serum that is homologous to the third component of the mammalian complement system. J. Immunol, 1992.149, 117–123
Fujita T., Matsushita M., Endo Y., The lectin-complement pathway-its role in innate immunity and evolution. Immunol. Rev. 2004. 198: 185-202
Gal P, Ambrus G. Structure and function of complement activating enzyme complexes: C1 and MBL-MASPs. Curr Protein Peptide Sci. 2001: 2:43 Gasque, P. Complement: a unique innate immune sensor for danger signals. Mol Immunol, 2004. 41:1089
Gewurz H., Ying S. C., Jiang H., Lint T. F. Nonimmune activation of the classical complement pathway. Behring Inst. Mitt. 1993. 93: 138–147
Giclas P. C., Morrison D. C., Curry B. J., Laurs R. M., Ulevitch R. J. The complement system of the albacore tuna, Thunnus alalunga. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 1981. 5: 437-447
Gjedrem T., Salte R., Gjen H. M. Genetic variation in susceptibility of Atlantic salmon tofurunculosis. Aguaculture, 1991. 97: 1-6
Goldman R., Joiner K., Leive L. Heterogeneity of antigenic-side-chain length in lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O111 and Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Eur. J. Biochem. 1980. 107: 145-153
Gongora R., Figueroa F., Klein J. Independent duplications of Bf and C3 complement genes in the zebrafish. Scandinavian Journal ofImmunology, 1998. 48: 651一58
Gotze O., Müller-Eberhard H. J., The alternative pathway of complement activation. Adv Immunol ,1976. 24: 1–35
Graser R., Vincek V., Takami, K., Klein J. Analysis of zebrafish Mhc using BAC clones. Immunogenetics, 1998. 47: 318–325
Griffin B. R. Random and directed migration of trout (Salmo gairdneri) leukocytes: activation by antibody, complement, and normal serum components. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 1984.8: 589–597
Grossman N., Schmetz M. A., FouldsJ., Klima E. N., Jeminez V., Leive L. L., Joiner K. A. Lipopolysaccharide size and distribution determine serum resistance in Salmonella montevideo. J. Bacteriol. 1987. 169:856–863
Grossman N., Svenson S. B., Leive L., Lindberg A.A., Salmonella O antigen-specific oligosaccharide-octyl conjugates activate complement via the alternative pathway at different rates depending on the structure of the O antigen. Mol. Immunol, 1990. 27: 859-865
Haeffner-Cavaillon N., Cavaillon J. M., Laude M., Kazatchkine M. D. C3a (C3adesArg) induces production and release of interleukin 1 by cultured human monocytes. J Immunol, 1987. 139: 794
Hajela K., Kojima M., Ambrus G., Wong K. H., Moffatt B. E., Ferluga J., et al. The biological functions of MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs). Immunobiology, 2002. 205:467.
Hamadeh R. M., Jarvis G. A., Galili U., Mandrell R. E., Zhou P., Griffiss J. M., Human natural anti-Gal IgG regulates alternative complement pathway activation on bacterial surfaces. J. Clin. Invest., 1992. 89: 1223-1235
Hansen J. D., Strassburger P., Thorgaard G. H., et al. Expression, linkage, and polymorphism of MHC-related genes in rainbow trout, Onchorhynchus mykiss. The Journal of Immunology, 1999. 163:774-786Harris P. D., Soleng A., Bakke T. A. Killing of Gyrodactylus salaries (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) mediated by host complement. Parasitology, 1998. 117: 137-143
Heffernan E. J., Wu L., Louie J., Okamoto S., Fierer J., Guiney D. G., Specificity of the complement resistance and cell association phenotypes encoded by the outer membrane protein genes rck from salmonella typbimurium and ail from Yersinia enterocolitica. Infect. Immuno., 1994. 62: 5183-5186
Hitchcock P. J., Brown T. M. Morphological heterogeneity among Salmonella lipopolysaccharide chemotypes in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. J Bacteriol. 1983. 154: 269-277
Hobart M. J., Fernie B. A., DiScipio R. G. Structure of the human C7 gene and comparison with the C6, C8A, C8B, and C9 genes. J. Immunol, 1995. 154: 5188-5194
Hoffmann E. M., Houle J. J., Contradictory roles for antibody and complement in the interaction of Brucella abortus with its host, Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 1995. 21: 153-163
Hoffmann, J. A., Kafatos, F. C., Janeway, C. A., Ezekowitz, R. A. Phylogenetic perspectives in innate immunity. Science, 1999. 284, 1313-1318
Holland M. C., Lambris J. D. A functional C5a anaphylatoxin receptor in a teleost species. J Immunol, 2004. 172: 349
Holmskov U., Thiel S., Jensenius J.C., Collections and ficolins: humoral lectins of the innate immune defense. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2003. 21, 547–578
Horiuchi T., Kim S., Matsumoto M., Watanabe I., Fujita S., Volanakis J. E. Human complement factor B: cDNA cloning, nucleotide sequencing, phenotype conversion by sitedirected mutagenesis and expression. Mol. Immunol. 1993. 30, 1587–1592
Horstmann R. D., Sievertsen H. J., Knobloch J., Fischetti V. A., Antiphagocytic activity of streptococcal M protein: selective binding of complement control protein factor H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1988. 85: 1657-1661
Hourcade D. E., Mitchell L. M., Oglesby T. J. A conserved element in the serine protease domain of complement factor B. J. Biol. Chem. 1998. 273: 25996–26000
Hourcade D. E., Wagner L. M., Oglesby T. J. Analysis of the short consensus repeats of human complement factor B by site-directed mutagenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 1995. 270: 19716–19722.
Iida T., Wakabayashi H. Chemotactic and leukocytosis-inducing activities of eel complement. Fish Pathology, 1988.23, 55–58
Ingram G. A. Haemolytic activity in the serum of brown trout, Salmo trutia L. Journal of Fish Biology, 1987. 31(Suppl. A): 9-17
Iwaki D., Kawabata S., Miura Y. et al. Molecular cloning of limulus alpha -2-macroglobulin. Eur J Biochem, 1996. 242: 822-831
Jacquier-Sarlin M. R., Gabert F. M., Villiers M. B., Colomb M. G. Modulation of antigen processing and presentation by covalently Linked complement C3b fragment. Immunology, 1995. 84: 164
Jann B., Reske K., Jann K. Heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharides: analysis of polysaccharide chain lengths by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eur. J. Biochem. 1975. 60: 239-264
Jarvis G. A., Analysis of C3 deposition and degradation on Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrboeae. Infect. Immun, 1994. 62: 1755-1760
Jarvis G. A., Griffiss J. M., Human IgA1 blockade of IgG-initiated lysis of Neisseria meningitidis is a function of antigen-binding fragment binding to the polysaccharide capsule. J. Immunol., 1991.147: 1962-1967
Jarvis G. A., Vedros N. A. Sialic acid of group B Neisseria meningitides regulates alternative Jenkins J. A., Ourth D. D. Membrane damage to E. coli and bactericidal kinetics by the alternative complement pathway of channel catfish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B,1990. 97: 477-481
Jenkins J. A., Ourth D. D. Opsonic effect of the alternative complement pathway on channel catfish peripheral blood phagocytes. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 1993. 39: 447-459
Jensen J. A., Festa E., Smith D. S., Cayer M. The complement system of the nurse shark: hemolytic and comparative characteristics. Science, 1981.214: 566
Ji X., Azumi K., Sasaki M., Nonaka M. Ancient origin of the complement lectin pathway revealed by molecular cloning of mannan binding protein-associated serine protease from a urochordate, the Japanese ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997.94: 6340–6345
Ji X., Namikawa-Yamada C., Nakanishi Metal. Molecular cloning of complement factor B from a solitary ascidian: unique combination of domains implicating ancient exon shufflings.Immunopharmacology, 2000. 49: 43-43
Johnson A. R., Hugli T. E., Muller-Eberhard H. J. Release of histamine from rat mast cells by the complement peptides C3a and C5a. Immunology, 1975. 28: 1067
Joiner K. A., Grossman N., Schmetz M., Leive L. C3 binds preferentially to long-chain lipopolysaccharide during alternative pathway activation by Salmonella montevideo. J. Immunol. 1986.136:710–715
Joiner K. A., Grossman N., Schmetz M., Leive L., C3 binds preferentially to long-chain lipopolysaccharide during alternative pathway activation by Salmonella montevideo. J. Immunol. 1986. 136: 710-715
Joiner K. A., Hammer C. H., Brown E. J., Cole R. J., Frank M. M., Studies on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to complement-mediated killing.Ι. Terminal complement components are deposited and released from Salmonella minnesota S218 without causing bacterial death. J. Exp. Med., 1982. 155: 797-808
Joiner K. A., Hammer C. H., Brown E. J., Cole R. J., Frank. M. M. Studies on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to complement-mediated killing. I. Terminal complement components are deposited and released from Salmonella minnesota S218 without causing bacterial death. J. Exp. Med. 1982.155:797–808
Joiner K. A., Hammer C. H., Brown E. J., Frank M. M. Studies on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to complement-mediated killing. II. C8 and C9 release C5b67 from the surface of Salmonella minnesota S218 because the terminal complex does not insert into the bacterial outer membrane. J. Exp. Med. 1982. 155:809–819
Joiner K. A., Hammer C. H., Brown E. J., Frank M. M., Studies on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to complement-mediated killing.Ⅱ. C8 and C9 release C5b67 from the surface of Salmonella minnesota S218 because the terminal complex does not insert into the bacterial outer membrane. J. Exp. Med, 1982. 155: 809-819
Joiner K. A., Scales R., Warren K. A., Frank M. M., Rice P. A., Mechanism of action of blocking immunoglobulin G for Neisseria gonorrboeae. J. Clin. Invest., 1985. 76: 1765-1772
Kai C., Yashikawa Y., Yamanouchi K., Okada H. Isolation and identification of the third component of Japanese quails. The Journal of Immunology, 1983. 130: 2814-2820
Kaplan G., Bertheussen K., The morphology of echinoid phagocytes and mouse peritonealmacrophages during phagocytosis in vitro. Scand. J. Immunol. 1977. 6:1289–1296
Kasahara M., Nakaya J., Sata Y. et al. Chromosomal duplication and the emergence of the adaptive immune system. Trends Genet, 1997. 13: 90-92
Kato Y., Nakao M., Shimizu M., Wariishi H., Yano T. Purification and functional assessment of C3a, C4a and C5a of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) complement. Dev Comp Immunol, 2004. 28: 901
Kaufman J., Milne S., Gobel T. W. et al. The chicken B locus is a minimal essential major histocompatibility complex. Nature, 1999. 401: 923-925
Kaufman K .M., Sodetz J. M. Genomic structure of the human Complement protein C8: homology to the lipocalin gene family. Biochemistry, 1994.33,5162¨C5166
Kaul A, Nowicki B J, Martens M G, et al. Decay-accelerating factor is expressed in the human endometrium and may serve as the attachment ligand for Drpili of Escherichia coli[J]. Am J Reprod Immunol, 1994. 32 (3):194-199
Kimbrell D. A., Beutler B. The evolution and genetics of innate immunity. Nat Rev Genet, 2001. 2: 256-67.
Kishore U., Reid K. B. C1q: structure, function, and receptors. Immunopharmacology. 2000. 49: 159-170
Knapp J. S., Tam M. R., Nowinski R. C., Holmes K. K., Sandstrom E. G., Serological classification of Neisseria gonorrboeae with use of monoclonal antibodies to gonococcal outer membrane proteinΙ. J. Infect. Dis., 1984. 150: 44-48
Kocabas A. M., Li P., Cao D., Karsi A., He C., Patterson A., et al. Expression profile of the channel catfish spleen: analysis of genes involved in immune functions. Mar Biotechnol (NY), 2002. 4: 526
Kohl J. Anaphylatoxins and infectious and non-infectious inflammatory diseases. Mol Immunol, 2001. 38: 175
Kolb W. P., Haxby J. A., Arroyave C. M., Müller-Eberhard H. J. 1972. J. Exp. Med. 135, 549-556
Koppenhefer T. L. Serum complement system of ectothermic vertebrates. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 1987. 11: 279-286
Kotarsky H., Hellwage J., Johnsson E., Skerka C., Svensson H. G., Lindahl G., Sjobring U., Zipfel P. F., Identification of a domain in human factor H and factor H-like protein-1 required for theinteraction with streptococcal M proteins. J. Immunol., 1998. 160: 3349-3354
Kuo M. M., Lane R. S., Giclas P. C. A comparative study of mammalian and reptilian alternative pathway of complement-mediated killing of Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdoferi). J Parasitol, 2000. 86: 1223-1228
Kuroda N., Narusem K., Shima A., et al. Molecular cloning and linkage analysis of complement C3 and C4 genes of the Japanese medaka fish. Immunogenetics, 2000. 51: 117-128
Kuroda N., Wada H., Naruse K., et al. Molecular cloning and linkage analysis of the Japanese medaka fish complement Bf/C2 gene. Immunogenetics, 1996. 44: 459-467
Kusada R.,Tanaka T. Opsonic effect of antibody and complement on phagocytosis of Streptococcus sp. by macrophage-like cells of yellowtail. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 1988. 54: 2065-2069
Kuusela P., Ullberg M., Saksela O., Kronvall G., Tissue type plasminogen activator-mediated activation of plasminogen on the surface of group A C and G streptococci. Infect. Immun., 1992. 60: 196-201
Laemmli U. K., Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 1970. 227: 680-685
Lammens M., Decostere A., Haesebrouck F. Effects of flavobacterium psychrophilum strains and their metabolites on the oxidative activity of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss phagocytes Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 2000. 41: 173-179
Law S.K.A., Reid K.B.M. Complement. (In Focus Series [Male, D., Ed.].), 1988. IRL Press, Oxford, UK
Leiro J., Ortega M., Estevez J., Ubeira F. M., Sanmartin M. L. The role of opsonization by antibody and complement in in vitro phagocytosis of microsporidian parasites by turbot spleen cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1996. 51: 201
Leonard L. A., Strandberg J. D., Winkelstein, J. A. Complement-like activity in the sea star Asterias forbesi. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 1990. 14: 9–30
Ley V. D., Graaff P. P. O., Tommassen J., Lugtenberg B. O-antigenic chains of lipopolysaccharide prevent binding of antibody molecules to an outer membrane pore protein in Enterobacteriaceae. Microb pathog. 1986. 1: 43-49
Ley van der, Graaff P. P. D., Tommassen J. Shielding of Escherichia coli outer membrane proteinsas receptors for bacteriophages and colicins by O-antigenic chains of lipopolysaccharide. J. Bacteriol. 1986. 168: 449-451
Li G. R., Zhang S. C., Xiang J. H. Phenoloxidase, a marker enzyme for diferentiation of the neutral ectoderm and the epidermal during embryonic development of amphioxus Branchiostoma Belcheri Tsingtauense. Mech Develop, 2000. 96:107-109
Li J., Peters R., LaPatra S. E., Vazzana M., Sunyer J. O. Anaphylatoxin-like molecules generated during complement activation induce a dramatic enhancement of particle uptake in rainbow trout phagocytes. Dev Comp Immunol, 2004. 28: 1005
Li Y.,Lovell R. T. Elevated levels of dietary ascorbic acid increase immune responses in channel catfish. Journal of Nutrition, 1985. 115: 123-131
lida T., Wakabayashi H. Resistance of Edwardsiella tarda to opsonophagocytosis of eel neutrophils. Fish Pathology, 1993. 28: 191-192
Lorenzen N., Olesen N. J., Immunization with viral antigens: viral haemorrhagic septicaemia. Dev Biol Stand. 1997. 90: 201-209
Lorenzen N., Olesen N. J., Koch C. Immunity to VHS virus in rainbow trout. Aquaculture, 1999. 172: 41-61
Lowenberger C., Innate immune response of Aedes aegypti. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2001. 31: 219-229
Lucena R., Ginel P. J., Hernandez E., Novales M. Effects of short courses of different doses of prednisone and dexamethasone on serum third component of complement (C3) levels in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol.1999. 68: 187–192
Magari?os B., Bonet R., Romalde J. L., Martínez M. J., Congregado F., Toranzo A. E., Influence of the capsular polysaccharide expressed by Pasteurella piscicida for fish. Microb. Pathog., 1996. 21: 289-297
Mandrell R. E., Lesse A. J., Sugai J. V., Shero M., Griffiss J. M., Cole J. A., Parsons N. J., Smith H., Morse S. A., Apicella M. A., In vitro and in vivo modification of Neisseria gonorrboeae lipooligosaccharide epitope structure by sialylation. J. Exp. Med, 1990. 171: 1649-1664
Marques M. B., Kasper D. L., Pangburn M. K., Wessels M. R., Prevention of C3 deposition by capsular polysaccharide is a virulence mechanism of typeⅢgroup B streptococci. Infect. Immun., 1992. 60: 3986-3993
Matsushita M., Endo Y., Nonaka M., Fujita T. Complement-related serine proteases in tunicates and vertebrates. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1998.10: 29–35
Matsushita M., Fujita T. Ficolins and the lectin complement pathway. Immunol. Rev. 2001.180: 78-85
Matsushita M., Fujita T., The role of ficolins in innate immunity. Immunobiology. 2002. 205: 490-497
Matsushita M., Matsushita A., Endo Y., Nakata M., Kojima N., Mizuochi T., et al. Origin of the classical complement pathway: Lamprey orthologue of mammalian C1q acts as a lectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004. 101: 10127
Matsuyama H., Yano T., Yamakawa T., Nakao M. Opsonic effect of the third complement component (C3) of carp (Cyprinus carpio) on phagocytosis by neutrophils. Fish&Shellfish Immunology, 1992.2: 69-78
Mayer M. M. Complement and complement fixation. In Experimental Immunochemistry (E. A. Kabat & M. M. Mayer, eds), 1961. pp. 133–240. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas
Meri S., Pangburn M. K., A mechamism of activation of the alternative complement pathway by the classical pathway: protection of C3b from inactivation by covalent attachment to C4b. Eur. J. Immunol, 1990. 20: 2555-2561
Merino S., Aguilar A., Tomas J. M., Bonet R., Martinez M. J., Simon-Pujol D., Congregado F., Complement resistance of capsulated strains of Aeromonas salmonicida. Microbiol. Pathogen., 1997. 22:315-320
Merino S., AlbertíS., Tomás J. M. Aeromonas salmonicida resistance to complement-mediated killing. Infect. Immun. 1994. 62:5483–5490
Merino S., CamprubíS., AlbertíS., BenedíV.-J., Tomás J. M. Mechanisms of Klebsiella pneumoniae resistance to complement-mediated killing. Infect. Immun.1992.60:2529–2535
Merino S., Nogueras M. M., Aguilar A., Rubires X., Alberti S., Benedi V. J., Tomas J. M. Activation of the complement classical pathway (C1q binding) by mesophilic Aeromonas hydrophila outer membrane protein. Infec Immun. 1998. 66: 3825–3831
Michalova V., Murray B. W., Sultmann H, et al. A contig map of the MHC class I genomic region in the zebrafish reveals ancient synteny. The Journal of Immunology, 2000. 164: 5296-5305
Mock A. and Renwrantz L. Lectin activity and a protease inhibitor in Mucus from the skin of Branchiostoma lanceolatum. Journal of invertebrate pathology, 1987.49: 221-222
Molina H. Complement and immunity. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2004. 30: 1
Moller P. C., Philpott C. W. The circulatory system of amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae). I. Morphology of the major vessels of the pharyngeal area. J Morphol. 1973. 139:389-406.
Monodelphis domestica. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 1998. 22 (2): 231一327
Morfeldt E, Bergg?rd K, Persson J, Drakenberg T, et al. Isolated hypervariable regions derived from streptococcal M proteins specifically bind human C4b-binding protein: implications for antigenic variation. J Immunol, 2001. 167(7): 3870–7
Morgan B P, Harris C L. Complement Regulatory Proteins[M]. Academic Press, San Diego, 1999
Morgan B. P. Physiology and pathophysiology of complement: progress and trends. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 1995.32: 265-98
Morimoto T., lida T., Wakabayashi W. Chemiluminescence of neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood of eel. Fish Pathology, 1988. 23: 49-53
Mrowietz U., Koch W. A., Zhu K., Wiedow O., Bartels J., Christophers E., et al. Psoriasis scales contain C5a as the predominant chemotaxin for monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Exp Dermatol, 2001. 10: 238
Müller-Eberhard H. J. Molecular organization and function of the complement system. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1988. 57: 321-347
Muller-Eberhard H. J. The killer molecule of complement. J Invest Dermatol, 1985. 85: 47s
Muller-Eberhard H. J. The membrane attack complex of complement. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1986. 4: 503-528
Munn C. B., Ishiguro E. E., Kay W. W., Trust T. J. Role of surface components in serum resistance of virulent Aeromonas salmonicida. Infection and Immunity, 1982. 36: 1069-1075
Munn C. B., Ishiguro E. E., Kay W. W., Trust. T. J. Role of surface components in serum resistance of virulent Aeromonas salmonicida. Infect. Immun. 1982.36:1069–1075
Muschel L. H., Larsen L. J. The sensitivity of smooth and rough Gram-negative bacteria to the immune bactericidal reaction. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1970. 133:345–348
Muschel L. H., Larsen L. J. The sensitivity of smooth and routh gram-negative bacteria to the immune bactericidal reaction. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1970. 133: 345-352
Nagai T., Mutsuro J., Kimura M., Kato Y., Fujiki K., Yano T., et al. A novel truncated isoform of the mannose-binding lectin associated serine protease (MASP) from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Immunogenetics, 2000. 51: 193
Nair S. V., Pearce S., Green P. L. et al. A collectin-like protein from tunicates. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 2000. 125: 279-289
Nakao M., Fushitani Y., Fujiki K., Nonaka, M, Yano T. Two diverged complement factor B/C2-like cDNA sequences from a teleost, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Immunology,1998. 161: 4811–4818
Nakao M., Matsumoto M., Nakazawa M., et al. Diversity of the complement factor B/C2 in the common carp. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2000. 24: E6 (Abstract)
Nakao M., Mutsuro J., Nakahara M., Kato Y., Yano T. Expansion of genes encoding complement components in bony fish: biological implications of the complement diversity. Dev Comp Immunol, 2003. 27: 749
Nakao M., Mutsuro J., Obo R.,et al. Molecular cloning and protein analysis of divergent forms of the complement component C3 from a bony fish, the common carp(Cyprinus carpio):
presence of variants lacking the catalytic histidine. European Journal of Immunology, 2000. 30: 858-866
Nakao M., Osaka K., Kato Y. Molecular cloning of the complement CIr/CIs/MASP2-like serine proteases from the common carp (Qprinus carpio). Immunogenetics, 2001. 52: 255-263
Nakao M., Uemura T., Yano T. Terminal components of carp complement constituting a membrane attack complex. Molecular Immunology, 1996. 33: 933-937
Nakao M., Yano T. Structural and functional identification of complement components of the bony fish, carp (Cyprinus carpio). Immunological Reviews, 1998. 166: 27-38
Narayana S. V. L., Jing H., Moore D., Macon K. J., Ma Y. X., Volanakis J. E. Structure of factor B serine protease domain. Mol. Immunol. 1998.35, 398
Naruse K., Fukamachi S., Mitani H., et al.. A detailed linkage map of madaka, Oryzias Iatipes. Comparative genomics and genome evolution. Genetics, 2000. 154: 1773-1784
Nelson D. R., Rooney S., Miller N. J., Mather T. N., Complement-mediated killing of Borrelia burgdorferi by nonimmune sera from sika deer. J. Parasitol, 2000. 86(6): 1232-1238
Newton R. A., Raftos D. A., Raison R. L., Geczy C. L. Chemotactic responses of hagfish(Vertebrata, Agnatha) leucocytes. Dev Comp Immunol, 1994. 18: 295
Ng S. C., Rao A. G., Howard O. M., Sodetz J. M. The eighth Component of human complement (C8): evidence that it is an Oligomeric serum protein assembled from products of three different genes. Biochemistry, 1987. 26: 5229-5233
Noel G. J., Brittingham A., Granato A. A., Mosser D. M., Effect of amplification of the Cap b locus on complement-mediated bacteriolysis and opsonization of type b Haemopbilus influenzae. Infect. Immun, 1996. 64: 4769-4775
Nonaka M, Takahashi M. Complete complementary DNA sequence of the third component of complement of lamprey. Implication for the evolution of thioester containing proteins. J Immunol 1992. 148: 3290
Nonaka M. Evolution of the complement system. Curr Opin Immunol., 2001,. 13: 69
Nonaka M., Azumi K. Opsonic complement system of the solitary ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 1999. 23(4-5):421-427.
Nonaka M., Azumi K., Ji X. Namikawa-Yamada C., Sasaki M., Saiga H., Dodds A. W., Sekine H., Homma M. K., Matsushita, M. Endo, Y. Fujita, T. Opsonic complement component C3 in the solitary ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi. J. Immunol. 1999.162: 387–391
Nonaka M., Fujii T., Kaidoh T., Natsuume-Sakai S., Yamaguchi N., Takahashi M. Purication of a lamprey complement protein homologous to the third component of the mammalian complement system. J Immunol 1984. 133: 3242
Nonaka M., Kimura A. Genomic view of the evolution of the complement system. Immunogenetics, 2006. 58: 701-13
Nonaka M., Kuroda N., Naruse K., Shima A. Molecular genetics of the complement C3 convertases in lower vertebrates. Immunol Rev, 1998.166:.59
Nonaka M., Namikawa C., Kato Y., et al. Major histocompatibility complex gene mapping in the amphibian Xenopus implies a primordial organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1997. 94:5789-5791
Nonaka M., Natsuume-Sakai S., Takahashi M. The complement system in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). II. Purification and characterization of the fifth component (C5). J Immunol 1981. 126: 1495
Nonaka M., Smith S. L. Complement system of bony and cartilaginous fish. Fish ShellfishImmunol., 2000. 10: 215
Nonaka M., Takahashi M., Sasaki M. Molecuar cloning of a lamprey homologue of the mammalian MHC classⅢgene, complement factor B. Immunology, 1994. 152: 2263-2269
Nonaka M., Yamaguchi N., Natsuume-Sakai S., Takahashi M. The complement system of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). I. Identification of the serum lytic system homologous to mammalian complement. The Journal of Immunology, 1981.126: 1489-1494
Nuttal G. Experimente uber die bakterienfeidlichen Einflusse des thierischen Korpers. Z Hyg Infektionskr 1888. 4: 353-95
Oakley B.R., Kirsch D. R., Morris N. R. A simplified ultrasensitive silver stain for detecting proteins in polyacrylamide gels. Anal Biochem, 1980. 105(2):361-363.
Odumeru, J. A., Wiseman G. M., Ronald A. R. Role of lipopolysaccharide and complement in susceptibility of Haemophilus ducreyi to human serum. Infect. Immun. 1985. 50: 495–499
Ohno M., Hirata T., Enomoto M., Araki T., Ishimaru H., Takahashi T. A. A putative chemoattractant receptor, C5L2, is expressed in granulocyte and immature dendritic cells, but not in mature dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2000. 37: 407
Ohno S. Evolution by gene duplication. New York: Springer-Verlag: 1970
Ohta H., Kai C., Yashikawa Y., Yamanouchi K. Activation of chicken alternative complement pathway by fowlpox virus-infected cells. Infec Immun, 1983. 42: 721-727
Olivier G., Eaton C. A., Campbell N. Interaction between Aeromonas salmonicida and peritoneal macrophages of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1986. 12: 223
Ortlund E., Parker C. L., Schreck S. F., Ginell S., Minor W., Sodetz J. M., Lebioda L. Crystal structure of human complement protein C8γat 1.2? resolution reveals a lipocalin fold and a distinct ligand Binding site. Biochemistry, 2002. 41: 7030-7037
Ortuno J., Esteban M. A., Meseguer J. High dietary intake of alpha-tocopherol acetate enhances the non-specific immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2000.10: 293-307
Ortuno J., Esteban M. A.,Meseguer J. Efects of short-term crowding stress on the gitthead seabream (Sparus aurala L.) innate immune response. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2001.11: 187-197
Ourth D. D., Bachinski L. M., Bacterial sialic acid modulates activation of the alternative complement pathway of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Dev. Comp. Immunol, 1987. 11: 551-564
Ourth D. D., Bachinsky L. M. Bacterial sialic acid modulates activation of the alternative complement pathway of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus). Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 1987. 11:551-564
Ourth D. D., Secretory IgM, lysozyme and lymphocytes in the skin mucus of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Dev Comp Immunol. 1980. 4 (1): 65-74
Ourth D. D., Wilson E. A. Alternative pathway of complement and bactericidal response of the channel catfish to Salmonella paratyphi. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 1982. 6 : 75-85
Ourth D. D., Wilson E. A. Bactericidal response of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) by the classical and alternative complement pathways against bacterial pathogens. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 1987. 3: 42-45
Palva E. T., Makela P. H. Lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity in Samonella typhimurium analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eur. J. Biochem. 1980. 107: 137-143
Pang Q. X., Zhang S. C., Shi X. D., Su F., Wu D. Purification and characterisation of phenoloxidase from amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2005. 19:139-148
Pang Q. X., Zhang S. C., Wang C. F., Shi X. D., Sun Y. N. Presence of prophenoloxidase in the humoral fluid of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2004. 17:477-487
Pangburn M. K., Rice P. A. A novel sialic acid binding site on factor H mediates serum resistance of sialylated Neisseria gonorrboeae. J. Exp. Med. 1998. 187: 743-752
Parker C. L., Sodetz J. M. Role of the human C8 subunits in complement-mediated bacterial killing: evidence that C8 is not essential. MolecularImmunology, 2002. 39: 453-458
Partridge S. M. Filter-paper partition chromatography of sugars: 1. General description and application to the qualitative analysis of sugars in apple juice, egg white and foetal blood of sheep. with a note by R. G. Westall. Biochem J. 1948. 42(2):238-250.
Partridge S. M. Filter-paper partition chromatography of sugars: 2. An examination of the blood group A specific substance from hog gastric mucin and the specific polysaccharide of Bacterium dysenteriae (Shiga). Biochem J. 1948. 42(2):251-253.
Pascual M. Schifferli J. A. The binding of immune complexes by the erythrocyte complement receptor 1 (CR1). Immunopharmacology, 1992. 24: 101–106
Pilz D., Vocke T., Heesemann J., Brade V., Mechanism of YadA-mediated serum resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O3. Infect. Immun., 1992. 60: 189-195
Pinto M. R. , Chinnici C. M., Kimura Y., Melillo D., Marino R., Spruce L A., et al. CiC3-1a-mediated chemotaxis in the deuterostome invertebrate Ciona intestinalis (Urochordata). J Immunol, 2003. 171: 5521
Plumb M. E., Sodetz J. M. 1998.Proteins of the membrane attack complex. In: Volanakis, J. E., Frank, M. M. (Eds.), The Human Complement System in Health and Disease. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 119-148
Podack E. R., Biesecker G., Kolb W. P., Müller-Eberhard H. J. 1978. J. Immunol. 121, 484-490.
Pramoonjago P., Kaneko M., Kinoshita T., Ohtsubo E., Takeda J., Hong K. S., Inagi R., Inoue K., Role of TraT protein an anticomplementary protein produced in Escherichia coli by R100 factor in serum resistance. J. Immunol., 1992. 148: 827-836
Qadri F., Svennerholm A. M., Shamsuzzaman S., Bhuiyan T. R., Harris J. B., Ghosh A. N., et al. Reduction in capsular content and enhanced bacterial susceptibility to serum killing of Vibrio cholerae O139 associated with the 2002 cholera epidemic in Bangladesh. Infect Immun, 2005. 73: 6577-83
Raftos D. A., Nair S V., Robbins J., Newton R. A., Peters R. A complement component C3-like protein from the tunicate, Styela plicata. Dev Comp Immunol, 2002. 26: 307.
R?hr H. The circulatory system of amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum PallasP). Acta Zool. 1979. 60:1-18
Ram S., Sharma A. M., Simpson S. D., Gulatis. S., McQuillen D. P., Pangburn M. K., Rice P. A., A novel sialic acid binding site on factor H mediates serum resistance of sialylated Neisseria gonorrboeae. J. Exp. Med, 1998. 187: 743-752
Ram S., Sharma A. M., Simpson S. D., Gulatis. S., McQuillen D. P., Pangburn M. K., Rice P. A., A novel sialic acid binding site on factor H mediates serum resistance of sialylated Neisseria gonorrboeae. J. Exp. Med., 1998. 187: 743-752
Red K. H., Fjalestad K., Larsen H. J.,Midthjel L. Genetic variations in haemolytic activity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar L.). Journal of fish Biology, 1992. 40: 739-750
Reid K. B., Day A. J. Structure-function relationships of the complement components. Immunology Today, 1989.10: 177–180.
Rhodes C. P., Ratcliffe N. A., Rowley A. F. Presence of coelomocytes in the primitive chordate amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum). Science. 1982. 217:263-265
Robertson M. Innate immunity. Curr Biol 1998. 8: R595-7
Rotllant J., Parra D., Peters R., Boshra H., Sunyer J. O. Generation, purication and functional characterization of three C3a anaphylatoxins in rainbow trout: role in leukocyte chemotaxis and respiratory burst. Dev Comp Immunol. 2004, 28: 815
Rowley D. Sensitivity of rough gram-negative bacteria to the bactericidal action of serum. J. Bacteriol. 1968. 95: 1647-1650
Ruddy S. The immunobiology of complement. Chemistry and biologic activity of the complement system. Trans Proc 1974. 6:1-7
Russell R. R., Johnson K. G. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of lipopolysaccharides. Canadian Journal of Microbiology,1975, 21: 2013–2018
Sahu A., Lambris J. D. Structure and biology of complement protein C3, a connecting link between innate and acquired immunity. Immunological Reviews, 2001.180: 35-48
Sakai D. K. Lytic and bactericidal properties of salmonid sera. Journalof Fish Biology,1983. 23: 457—466
Sakai D. K. Opsonization by fish antibody and complement in the immune phagocytosis by peritoneal exudate cells isolated from salmonid fishes. Journal of Fish, 1984. 7: 29-38
Sakai D. K., Heat inactivation of complements and immune hemolysis reactions in rainbow trout, masu salmon, coho salmon, goldfish and tilapia. Bulletin of the Janpanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 1981. 47: 565-571
Sato A., Mayer W. E., Klein J. A molecule bearing an immunoglobulin-like V region of the CTX subfamily in amphioxus. Immunogenetics, 2003. 55: 423-427
Sato T., EndoY., Matsushita M. et al. Molecular characterization of a novel serine protease involved inactivation of the complement system by mannose-binding protein. Int Immunol , 1994. 6: 665-669
Schenkein H. A., Failure of Bacteroides gingivalis W83 to accumulate bound C3 following opsonization with serum, J. Periodont. Res., 1989. 24: 20-27
Schenkein H. A., The effect of periodontal proteolytic Bacteroides species on proteins of the human complement system. J. Periodont. Res. 1988, 23: 187-192
Schlesinger L. S., Horwitz M. A., Phagocytosis of Mycobacterium leprae by human monocyte-derived macrophages is mediated by complement receptors CR1 (CD35), CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) and IFN-gamma activation inhibits complement receptor function and phagocytosis of this bacterium. J. Immunol., 1991. 147: 1983-1994
Schultz D. R., Miller K. D., Elastase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: inactivation of complement components and complement-derived chemotactic and phagocytic factors, Infect. Immun., 1974. 10: 128-135
Schwaeble W., Dahl M.R., Thiel S., Stover C., Jensenius J.C., The mannan-binding lectin-associated serine proteases (MASPs) and MAp19: four components of the lectin pathway activation complex encoded by two genes. Immunobiology 2002. 205: 455–466
Seeger A., Mayer W. E., Klein J. A complement factor B-like cDNA clone from the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). Molecular Immunology , 1996. 33, 511–520
Sekine H., Kenjo A., Azumi K., Ohi G., Takahashi M, Kasukawa R, et al. An ancient lectin-dependent complement system in an ascidian: novel lectin isolated from the plasma of the solitary ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi. J Immunol, 2001.167: 4504
Sekine H., Kenjo A., Azumi K., Ohi G., Takahashi M., Kasukawa R., Lchikawa N., Nakata M., Mizuochi T., Matsushita M., Endo Y., Fujita T., An ancient lection-dependent complement system in an ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi. J. Immunol. 2001. 167: 4504-4510
Sekizawa A., Fujii T., Katagiri C. Isolation and characterization of the third component of complement in the serum of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. The Journal of Immunology, 1984. 133: 1436-1443
Sim R. B., Laich A., Serine proteases of the complement system. Biochem Soc Trans 2000. 28: 545
Smith L. C., Azumi K., Nonaka M. Complement systems in invertebrates. The ancient alternative and lectin pathways. Immunopharmacology, 1999. 42: 107
Smith L. C., Britten R. J., Davidson E. H. Lipopolysaccharide activates the sea urchin immunesystem. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 1995. 19: 217–224
Smith L. C., Chang L., Britten R. J. Davidson, E. H. Sea urchin genes expressed in activated coelomocytes are identified by expressed sequence tags. Complement homologues and other putative immune response genes suggest immune system homology within the deuterostomes. J. Immunol. 1996. 156, 593–602
Smith L. C., Shih C.-S., Dachenhausen S. G., Coelomocytes specifically express SpBf, a homologue of factor B, the second component in the sea urchin complement system. J. Immunol. 1998.161: 6784–6793
Smith S. L. Shark complement: an assessment. Immunol Rev, 1998. 166: 67
Sotrup-Jensen L., Stepanik T. M., Klistensen T. et al. Common evolutionary origin of α2-macroglobulin and complement components C3 and C4. Proc. Nat! Acad Sci USA, 1985. 82: 9-13
Spiller O. B., Morgan B. P. Antibody-independent activation of the classical complement pathway by cytomegalovirus-infected fibroblasts. J. Infec. Dis. 1998. 178, 1597–1603
Steckel E. W., York R. G., Monahan J. B., Sodetz J. M., The eighth Component of human complement: purification and physiochemical Characterization of its unusual subunit structure. J. Biol. Chem., 1980. 255: 11997-12005
Stendahl O., Edebo L., Magnusson K. E., Taesson C., Hjerten S. Surface-charge characteristics of smooth and routh Salmonella typhimurium bacteria determined by aqueous two-phase
partitioning and free zone electrophoresis. Acta. Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. B. 1977. 85: 334-340
Stet R. J. M., Johnston R., Parham P. The unMHC of teleostean fish: segregation analysis in common carp and atlantic salmon. Hereditas, 1997.127: 169-170
Stover C. M., Thiel S., Lynch N. J. et al. The rat and mouse homologues of MASP-2 and MAP-19 components of the lectin activation pathway of complement. The Journal of Immunology, 1999. 163: 6848-6859
Suner Q., Tort L. The complement system of the teleost fish Sparus aurata. Ann New York Acad Sci , 1994. 712: 371–373
Sunyer J. O., Lambris J. D. Evolution and diversity of the complement system of poikilothermic vertebrates. Immunol Rev., 1998. 166: 39
Sunyer J. O., Tort L. Natural hemolytic and bactericidal activities of sea bream Sparus aurata serum are effected by the alternative complement pathway. Vet Immunol Immunopathol., 1995. 45: 333
Sunyer J. O., Tort L., Lambris, J. D. Diversity of the third form of complement, C3, in fish: functional characterization of five forms of C3 in the diploid fish, Sparus aurata. Biochemical Journal, 1997. 326: 877-881
Sunyer J. O., Tort, L., Lambris J. D. Structural C3 diversity in fish-characterization of five isoforms of C3 in the diploid fish Sparus aurata. Journal of Immunology, 1997. 158: 2813-2821
Sunyer J. O., Zarkadis I. K., Lambris J. D. Complement diversity: a mechanism for generating immune diversity? Immunol Today, 1998a. 19: 519
Sunyer J. O., Zarkadis I., Sarrias M. R., Hansen J. D., Lambris J. D. Cloning, structure, and function of two rainbow trout Bf molecules. Journal of Immunology, 1998b. 161: 4106–4114
Sunyer J., O., Zarkadis I. K., Sahu A. et al. Multiple forms of complement C3 in trout, that differ in binding to complement activators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A., 1996. 93: 8546-8551
Sunyer, J. O., Lambris, J. D. Complement. In: Encyclopedia of life sciences. Macmillan References Limited. 1999
Suzuki M. M,, Satoh N., Nonaka M. C6-Like and C3-Like Molecules from the Cephalochordate, Amphioxus, Suggest a Cytolytic Complement System in Invertebrates. J Mol Evol., 2002. 54: 671-679
Szmelcman S., Hofnung M. Maltose transport in Escherichia coli K-12: involvement of the bacteriophage lambda receptor. J. Bacteriol. 1975. 124: 112-118
Tack B. F, Prahl J. W. Third component of human complement; Purification from plasma and physicochemical characterization. Biochemistry, 1976. 15: 4513–4521
Takabayashi T., Vannier E., Clark B. D., Margolis N. H., Dinarello C. A., Burke J. F., et al. A new biologic role for C3a and C3adesArg: regulation of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta synthesis. J Immunol, 1996. 156: 3455
Takada Y., Arimoto Y., Mineda H., Takada A. Inhibition of the classical and alternative pathway by amino acids and their derivatives. Immunology , 1978. 34: 509–515
Takahashi M., Endo Y., Fujita T. et al. A truncated form of mannose-binding lectin associated serine protease (MASP)-2 expressed by alternative polyadenylation is a component of the lectin complement pathway. Int Immunol 1994. 11: 859-863
Takahashi S., Nagano Y., Nagano N., Hayashi O., Taguchi F., Okuwaki Y., Role of C5a-ase in group B streptococcal resistance to opsonophagocytic killing, Infect. Immun., 1995. 63: 4767-4769
Takami K., Zaleska-Rutczynska Z., Figueroa F., Klein J. Linkage of LMP, TAP, and RING3 with Mhc class I rather than class II genes in the zebrafish. Journal of Immunology, 1997. 159: 6052–6060
Taylor J. S., Thomas M. J., Stahl G. L. Eicosanoid production from porcine neutrophils and platelets: differential production with various agonists. J Biol Chem, 1998. 273: 32535
Taylor P. W., Complement-mediated killing of susceptible Gram-negative bacteria: an elusive mechanism. Exp. Clin. Immunogenet, 1992. 9: 48-56
Thakker M., Park J. S., Carey V., Lee J. C., Staphylococcus aureus serotype 5 capsular polysaccharide is antiphagocytic and enhances bacterial virulence in a murine bacteremia model. Infect. Immun, 1998. 66: 5183-5189
Thern A, Stenberg L, Dahlb?ck B, et al.Ig-binding surface protein of Streptococcus pyogenes also bind human C4b-binding protein (C4BP), a regulatory component of the complement system[J]. J. Immunol., 1995. 154, 375–386
Thern A., Wastfelt M., Lindahl G., Expression of two different antiphagocytic M proteins by Streptococcus pyogenes of the OF + lineage. J. Immunol., 1998. 160: 860-869
Thiel S., Vorup-Jensen T., Stover C. M et al. A second serine protease associated with mannan-binding lectin that activates complement. Nature, 1997. 386: 506-510
Thielens N. M., Bersch B., Hernandez J. .F., Arlaud G. J. Structure and functions of the interaction domains of C1r and C1s: keystones of the architecture of the C1 complex. Immunopharmacology. 1999. 42: 3-13
Thomas M. L., Janatova J., Gray W. R., Tack B. E., Third component of human complement: localization of the internal thiolester bond. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1982. 79: 1054-1058
Toma′s J. M., Benedy′V. J., Ciurana, B., Jofre. J. Role of capsule and O antigen in resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae to serum bactericidal activity. Infect. Immun. 1986. 54: 85–89
Tomás J. M., B. CiuranaBenedíV. J., Juarez. A. Role of lipopolysaccharide and complement in susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium to non-immune serum. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1988. 134:1009–1016
Tomlinson S. Complement defense mechanisms. Curr.Opin. Immunol. 1993. 5: 83–89
Tomlinson S., Taylor P. W., Morgan B. P., Luzio J. P. Killing of Gram-negative bacteria by complement. Biochem. J. , 1989. 263: 505-511
Tort L., Sunyer J. O., Gomez E., Molinero A. Crowding stress induces changes in serum haemolytic and agglutinating activity in the gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 1996b. 51: 179-188
Tort L., Sunyer J. O., Gomez E., Molinero A. Serum heamolytic and agglutinating activity as indicators of fish immunocompetence: their suitability in stress and dietary studies. Aquaculture International, 1996a. 4: 31-41
Trevelyan W. E., Procter D. P., Harrison J. S. Detection of Sugars on Paper Chromatograms. Nature 1950,166: 444– 445
Tsai C. M., Frasch C. E. A sensitive silver stain for detecting lipopolysaccharides in polyacrylamide gels. Anal Biochem. 1982, 119(1):115–119
Turner M. W. Mannose-binding lectin: the pluripotent molecule of the innate immune system. Immunol Today, 1996. 17: 532-40
Turner M. W., The role of mannose-binding lectin in health and disease. Mol. Immunol. 2003. 40: 423-429
Ullmann A. J., Lane R. S., Kurtenbach K., Miller M., Schriefer M. E., Zeldner N., et al. Bacteriolytic activity of selected vertebrate sera for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Borrelia bissettii. J Parasitol, 2003. 89: 1256-7
Unson C. G., Erickson B. W., Hugli T. E., Active site of C3a anaphylatoxin: contributions of the lipophilic and orienting residues. Biochemistry 1984. 23: 585–589
Van Dijk H., Rademaker P. M., Willers J. M. N., Estimation of classical pathway of mouse complement activity by use of sensitized rabbit erythrocytes. J Immunol Methods, 1980. 39: 257–268
Vanputten J. P., Phase variation of lipopolysaccharide directs interconversion of invasive and immuno-resistant phenotypes of Neisseria gonorrboeae. EMBO J, 1993. 12: 4043-4051
Villiers M. B., Villiers C. L., Jacquier-Sarlin M. R., Gabert F. M., Journet A. M., Colomb M. G. Covalent binding of C3b totetanus toxin: Influence on uptake/internalization of antigen by antigen-specific and non-specific B cells. Immunology, 1996. 89:348
Virta M,, Lineri S,, Kankaanp?? P,, Karp M,, Peltonen K,, Nuutila J,, et al. Determination of complement-mediated killing of bacteria by viability staining and bioluminescence. Appli Environ Microbiol, 1998. 64: 515-9
Vitved L., Holmskov U., Koch C., Teisner B., Hansen S., Skjodt K. The homologue of mannose-binding lectin in the carp family Cyprinidae is expressed at high level in spleen, and the deduced primary structure predicts a.nity for galactose. Immunogenetics, 2000. 51:955
Vogel C. W., Smith C. A., MUller-Eberhard H. J. Cobra venom factor: structural homology with the third component of human complement. J Immunol, 1984.133: 3235-3241
Vogel C-W and MUller-Eberhard H. J. The cobra complement system. 1. The alternative pathway of activation. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 1985. 9: 311-325
Vogel C-W., Müller-Eberhard H. J, The cobra complement system. .I. The alternative pathway of activation. Dev Comp Immunol, 1985. 9: 311–325
Volanakis J. E., Arlaud G. J. Complement enzymes. In: Volanakis, J. E., Frank, M. M. Eds., The Human Complement System in Health and Disease. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1998. pp. 49–81
Volanakis, J. E. Over view of the complement system. In: (J. E. Volanakis & M. M. Frank, eds) The Human Complement System in Health and Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. pp. 1998. 9-32
Walport M. J. Complement. First of two parts. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001a. 344, 1058–1066
Walport M. J. Complement. Second of two parts. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001b.344, 1140–1144
Wang C. F., Zhang S. C., Luo Y., Xu T. T. Presence and induction by bacteria of D-galactoside-specific lectins in the humoral fluids of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. Inflammopharmacology 2002. 9:241-248
Wang Y., Bjes E. S., Esser A. F. Molecular aspects of complement-mediated bacterial killing: periplasmic conversion of C9 from a protoxin to a toxin. J. Biol. Chem., 2000. 275: 4687-4692
Ward C. K., Inzana T. J., Resistance of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to bactericidal antibodyand complement is mediated by capsular polysaccharide and blocking antibody specific for lipopolysaccharide and blocking antibody specific for lipopolysaccharide. J. Immunol., 1994. 153: 2110-2121
Weis J. J., Law S. K., Levine R. P., Cleary P. P., Resistance to phagocytosis by group A streptococci: failure of deposited complement opsonins to interact with cellular receptors. J. Immunol., 1985. 134: 500-505
Whitnack E., Dale J. B., Beachey E. H., Common protective antigens of group A streptococcal M proteins masked by fibrinogen. J. Exp. Med., 1984. 159: 1201-1212
Wiegertjes G. F., Yano T., Van Muiswinkel W. B. Estimation of the genetic variation in complement activity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 1993. 37: 309-319
Wingrove J. A., Discipio R. G., Chen Z., Potempa J., Travis J., Hugli T. E., Activation of complement component C3 and C5 by a cysteine proteinase (gingipain-1) from Porpbyromonas (Bacteroides) gingivalis, J. Biol. Chem., 1992. 267: 18902-18907
Woo P. T. K. Protective immune response of fish to parasitic flagellates. Annual Reviews in Fish Diseases, 1996. 6: 121-131
Xu Y., Narayana S. V., Volanakis J. E. Structural biology of the alternative pathway convertase. Immunol. Rev. 2001. 180: 123-135
Xu Y., Volanakis J. E. Contribution of the complement control protein modules of C2 in C4b binding assessed by analysis of C2rBf chimeras. J. Immunol. 1997. 158: 5958–5965
Yano T. Assays of hemolytic complement activity. In: Stolen JS, Fletcher TC, Anderson DP, Kaatari SL, Rowley AF, editors. Techniques In fish Immunology. Fair Haven, SOS publication NJ. 07704-3303 USA, 1992. p.131一142
Yano T. The nonspecific immune system: humoral defense. In The Fish Immune System: Organism, Pathogen, and Environment (G. Iwama&T. Nakanishi, eds). 1996. pp. 105-157. San Diego, CA: Academic Press
Yano T., Ando H., Nakao M. Two activation steps of carp complement requiring Ca 2+ and Mg2+ and an intermediate product in immune hemolysis. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 1985. 51: 841-846
Yano T., Matsuyama H., Nakao M. An intermediare complex in immune hemolysis by carpcomplement homologous to mammalian EAC14. Bulletin of the Japanese Society Sci Fish, 1986. 52: 281–286
Yano T., Nakao M. Isolation of a carp complement protein homologous to mammalian factor D. Molecular Immunology, 1994. 31: 337-342
Yin Z., Lam T., Sin Y. M. The effects of crowding stress on the non-specific immune response in fancy carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 1995. 5: 519-529
Ying S. C., Gewurz AT, Jiang H., Gewurz H. Human serum amyloid P component oligomers bind and activate the classical complement pathway via residues 14-26 and 76-92 of the A chain collagen-like region of C1q. J. Immunol. 1993.150:169-176
Young L. S., Stevens P., Ingram J. Functional role of antibody against“core”glycolipid of Enterobacteriaceae. J. Clin. Invest. 1975. 56: 850-861
Yu C., Dong M., Wu X., Li S., Huang S., Su J., et al. Genes‘‘waiting’’for recruitment by the adaptive immune system: the insights from amphioxus. J Immunol. 2005. 174:3493-3500
Zapata A. G., Chiba A. Varas A. Cells and tissues of the immune system of fish. In The Fish Immune System: Organism, Pathogen, and Environment (G. Iwama & T. Nakanish, eds), 1996. pp. 1–62. San Diego, USA: Academic Press
Zarkadis I. K., Duraj S., Chondrou M. Molecular cloning of the seventh component of complement in rainbow trout. Dev Comp Immunol, 2005. 29: 95
Zarkadis I. K., Sarrias M. R., Sfyroera G.,et al. Cloning and structure of three rainbow trout C3 molecules: a plausible explanation for their functional diversity. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2001 b. 25: 11-24
Zarkadis I., Chondrou M. Cloning of the sixth component of complement in rainbow trout. Unpublished results (GenBank accession number CAF22026) 2004
Zarkadis I., Papanastasiou. Cloning of C8 alpha component in rainbow trout. Unpublished resultse-Genbank accession number 2004. CAH65481
Zarkadis, I. K., Mastellos, D., Lambris, J. D. Phylogenetic aspects of the complement system. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2001a. 25: 745-762
Zhang S. C., and Li G. R. Presence of phenoloxidase and prophenoloxidase in the epidermal cells and epidermis mucus of the lancelet Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. Ophelia, 2000, 52(3): 207-212
Zhang S. C., Wang C.F., Wang Y. J., Wei R., Jiang G. H., Ju H. Presence and characterization of complement-like activity in the amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. Zoological Science of Japan, 2003. 20: 1207-1214
Zhang S., Wang C., Wang Y., Wei R., Jiang G., Ju H. Presence and characterization of complement-like activity in the amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. Zoolog Sci 2003;20:1207-1214
Zhu Y., Thangamani S., Ho B., Ding J. L. The ancient origin of the complement system. EMBO J., 2005. 24: 382
Zilberg D., Klesius P. H., Quantification of immunoglobulin in the serum and mucus of the channel catfish at different ages and following infection with Edwardsiella ictaluri. J Comp Pathol. 1997. 117 (2): 165-170
Zundel S., Cseh S., Lacroix M., Dahl M. R., Matsushita M., Andrieu J. P., et al. Characterization of recombinant mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease (MASP)-3 suggests an activation mechanism different from that of MASP-1 and MASP-2. J. Immunol 2004. 172: 4342