马尾松蛀干害虫种群动态与松材线虫病的关系及松褐天牛天敌研究
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摘要
松材线虫病（Pine wilt disease）是危害我国马尾松林的毁灭性病害，蛀干害虫是其病原——松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer)的传播媒介。为了揭示马尾松林中生物因子和非生物因子对其主要蛀干害虫种群变化的制约作用，探讨控制松材线虫病的有效措施，本研究于2012年5月~2014年4月，在浙江宁波、安徽九华山和贵州遵义受松材线虫病危害的马尾松林区，对生物因子——蛀干害虫及其天敌和非生物因子——立地条件和气象因子进行了调查，研究了马尾松蛀干害虫种群动态与松材线虫病的关系及松褐天牛的主要天敌，为防治松褐天牛遏制松材线虫病的蔓延提供依据。主要研究结果如下：
1．系统调查了松材线虫病危害的马尾松上的蛀干害虫种类及其天敌。结果表明马尾松上蛀干害虫有12种，其中松褐天牛是最主要的松材线虫携带者，其生态位宽度最大，数量最多，属优势害虫。调查发现了天敌昆虫22种，其中松褐天牛寄生性天敌的寄生率为30.84%。松褐天牛种群密度随天敌物种多样性指数增加呈指数下降趋势（r=-0.9283），说明天敌对控制松褐天牛种群密度发挥着重要作用，其中，花绒寄甲为松褐天牛天敌昆虫中生态位宽度最大、与之重叠度最高的天敌，其次为肿腿蜂。
2．研究表明，马尾松林中，随着松褐天牛种群密度的增加，松材线虫病害株率呈线性增加。松褐天牛是马尾松蛀干害虫中导致松材线虫病的蔓延的最直接因素，1头成虫平均能使4.06株马尾松感染松材线虫病。
3．马尾松林中制约松褐天牛种群密度变化的关键因子为：林龄、树种丰富度指数、郁闭度、马尾松株密度和日均相对湿度，这5个因子与松褐天牛种群密度（y）的回归模型为：y=16.69x1+15.07x2+x3+42.84x6+447.61x13-394.52，该模型可用于马尾松林中松褐天牛的种群密度预测，预测值与实测值差异不显著。
4．对花绒寄甲的林间种群保持机制研究表明，花绒寄甲可以通过寄生马尾松角胫象、短角椎天牛、松幽天牛、松瘤象等蛀干害虫，持续保持其林间较高的种群数量。
5．发现了松脊吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus sp.（新种），创建了忠岐指数（Y）的肿腿蜂类天敌的室内控害效能评价体系，为开发利用肿腿蜂用于生物防治提供了一种新的定量指标和方法。经该体系评价，表明新发现的松脊吉丁肿腿蜂在防治松褐天牛上具有较大潜力。单头雌蜂能防治3~4头松褐天牛3龄幼虫，是一种可用于防治该害虫的优秀寄生蜂。
Pine wilt disease was the devastating destruction to native masson pine forest, and itspathogen, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer), was transmitted by woodborers. Toreveal the restrictive function of biotic factors and abiotic factors to the main woodborer, and tofind effective measures to control pine wilt disease, investigation of woodborers and theirnatural enemies, stand factors and climatic factors were carried out. The relationship betweenwoodborers’ population dynamics and pine wilt disease on masson pine, and natural enemies ofMonochamus alternatus were studied on the pine wilt disease regions of Ningbo, ZhejiangProvince, Jiuhua mountian, Anhui Province, and Zunyi, Guizhou Province during May2012toApril2014.
1. The woodborer and its natural enemies on masson pine were studied. The resultdemonstrated that there were12kinds of woodborers, and M. alternatus was the most maincarrier of B. xylophilus, which niche breadth and population were the maximum. At the sametime,22kinds of natural enemies were found, and the parasitic rate of parasitoids to M.alternatus was30.83%. The population density of M. alternatus was declined closely withnatural enemies diversity index (r=-0.9283). This illuminated that natural enemies have playedan important role on the controlling of pine sawyer, and Darstarcus helophoroides was themost important natural enemy. M. alternatus own the largest niche breadth and niche overlopwith D. helophoroides, secondly are bethylids.
2. The result indicated that the rate of strain with pine wilt disease shows linear increasewith the increment of the population of pine sawyer. The most direct driving force of pine wiltdisease spreading was M. alternates of all the masson pine woodborers, which could infectaveragely4.06masson pines with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.
3. The key factors restricted population of M. alternates in masson pine forest were forest age, species of tree richness, canopy, plant density and average of daily relative humidity. Theregressive model between the population of M. alternates and these5factors was built asy=16.69x1+15.07x2+x3+42.84x6+447.61x13-394.52, which could be used for the prediction onthe population of M. alternates. No obvious difference was found between prediction value andmeasured value.
4. Population keeping mechanism of D. helophoroides were studied and resultsdemonstrated that D. helophoroides could keeping a high population in forest continuously bythe parasitization on Shirahoshizo patruelis, Spondylis buprestoides, Asemum amurense andSipalus gigas.
5. Sclerodermus sp.(nov.) was discovered and the evaluation system, called ZhongqiIndex, on controlling efficiency of bethylid parasitoids was created, which provided a newquantitative index and method for biological control on developing natural enemies of bethylidparasitoids. The result indicated that the Sclerodermus sp. was excellent, which had greatpotential for the controlling of M. alternates, and each female bethylid could control3~43rdinstar larvae of pine sawyer.
1．系统调查了松材线虫病危害的马尾松上的蛀干害虫种类及其天敌。结果表明马尾松上蛀干害虫有12种，其中松褐天牛是最主要的松材线虫携带者，其生态位宽度最大，数量最多，属优势害虫。调查发现了天敌昆虫22种，其中松褐天牛寄生性天敌的寄生率为30.84%。松褐天牛种群密度随天敌物种多样性指数增加呈指数下降趋势（r=-0.9283），说明天敌对控制松褐天牛种群密度发挥着重要作用，其中，花绒寄甲为松褐天牛天敌昆虫中生态位宽度最大、与之重叠度最高的天敌，其次为肿腿蜂。
2．研究表明，马尾松林中，随着松褐天牛种群密度的增加，松材线虫病害株率呈线性增加。松褐天牛是马尾松蛀干害虫中导致松材线虫病的蔓延的最直接因素，1头成虫平均能使4.06株马尾松感染松材线虫病。
3．马尾松林中制约松褐天牛种群密度变化的关键因子为：林龄、树种丰富度指数、郁闭度、马尾松株密度和日均相对湿度，这5个因子与松褐天牛种群密度（y）的回归模型为：y=16.69x1+15.07x2+x3+42.84x6+447.61x13-394.52，该模型可用于马尾松林中松褐天牛的种群密度预测，预测值与实测值差异不显著。
4．对花绒寄甲的林间种群保持机制研究表明，花绒寄甲可以通过寄生马尾松角胫象、短角椎天牛、松幽天牛、松瘤象等蛀干害虫，持续保持其林间较高的种群数量。
5．发现了松脊吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus sp.（新种），创建了忠岐指数（Y）的肿腿蜂类天敌的室内控害效能评价体系，为开发利用肿腿蜂用于生物防治提供了一种新的定量指标和方法。经该体系评价，表明新发现的松脊吉丁肿腿蜂在防治松褐天牛上具有较大潜力。单头雌蜂能防治3~4头松褐天牛3龄幼虫，是一种可用于防治该害虫的优秀寄生蜂。
Pine wilt disease was the devastating destruction to native masson pine forest, and itspathogen, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer), was transmitted by woodborers. Toreveal the restrictive function of biotic factors and abiotic factors to the main woodborer, and tofind effective measures to control pine wilt disease, investigation of woodborers and theirnatural enemies, stand factors and climatic factors were carried out. The relationship betweenwoodborers’ population dynamics and pine wilt disease on masson pine, and natural enemies ofMonochamus alternatus were studied on the pine wilt disease regions of Ningbo, ZhejiangProvince, Jiuhua mountian, Anhui Province, and Zunyi, Guizhou Province during May2012toApril2014.
1. The woodborer and its natural enemies on masson pine were studied. The resultdemonstrated that there were12kinds of woodborers, and M. alternatus was the most maincarrier of B. xylophilus, which niche breadth and population were the maximum. At the sametime,22kinds of natural enemies were found, and the parasitic rate of parasitoids to M.alternatus was30.83%. The population density of M. alternatus was declined closely withnatural enemies diversity index (r=-0.9283). This illuminated that natural enemies have playedan important role on the controlling of pine sawyer, and Darstarcus helophoroides was themost important natural enemy. M. alternatus own the largest niche breadth and niche overlopwith D. helophoroides, secondly are bethylids.
2. The result indicated that the rate of strain with pine wilt disease shows linear increasewith the increment of the population of pine sawyer. The most direct driving force of pine wiltdisease spreading was M. alternates of all the masson pine woodborers, which could infectaveragely4.06masson pines with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.
3. The key factors restricted population of M. alternates in masson pine forest were forest age, species of tree richness, canopy, plant density and average of daily relative humidity. Theregressive model between the population of M. alternates and these5factors was built asy=16.69x1+15.07x2+x3+42.84x6+447.61x13-394.52, which could be used for the prediction onthe population of M. alternates. No obvious difference was found between prediction value andmeasured value.
4. Population keeping mechanism of D. helophoroides were studied and resultsdemonstrated that D. helophoroides could keeping a high population in forest continuously bythe parasitization on Shirahoshizo patruelis, Spondylis buprestoides, Asemum amurense andSipalus gigas.
5. Sclerodermus sp.(nov.) was discovered and the evaluation system, called ZhongqiIndex, on controlling efficiency of bethylid parasitoids was created, which provided a newquantitative index and method for biological control on developing natural enemies of bethylidparasitoids. The result indicated that the Sclerodermus sp. was excellent, which had greatpotential for the controlling of M. alternates, and each female bethylid could control3~43rdinstar larvae of pine sawyer.
引文
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