有机复合膜与传感器的室温气敏性研究
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摘要
气敏材料与传感器已广泛用于电子鼻、电子舌等仿生系统的设计。在食品工业、环保检测、反恐、防恐、毒品检测、人类、动物一些疾病的早期预测和适时在线监控等方面具有重要的应用价值。研究高灵敏度、快速响应、重现性良好和室温可逆的有机薄膜传感器。同时,通过材料-工艺-器件性能的相关性研究,探讨有机膜的气敏规律性,用于指导新材料的设计和开发。对该领域的深入研究开发和材料与器件的推广应用具有重要的意义。
本文概述了有机气敏材料的研究进展,分析了影响气敏性的主要因素及改进措施。针对这些问题,从敏感材料和制备工艺入手,探讨了如何改善这些性能的有效途径。
研究了酞菁薄膜-非氧化性气体这一弱相互作用体系,比较了全氟代酞菁化合物对室温气敏性的影响。结果表明,氟取代明显改善了ZnPc对系列还原性气体(氨、三甲基胺、甲基胺和三乙基胺)的敏感性和选择性,对部分气体大幅度提高了其响应速度和灵敏度。其灵敏度可提高2-3个数量级。对卟啉类化合物及其全氟代衍生物电响应敏感性的考察结果表明,氟代显著改善了卟啉锌对氨的敏感性,响应速度提高了30倍以上。
为进一步提高有机薄膜的灵敏度和响应速度,对导电性聚合物进行了相应研究。基于导电聚合物的电导强烈依赖于掺杂和去掺杂,采用原位制备、自掺杂等方式,获得了快速响应、高灵敏的有机薄膜。其灵敏度和响应速度远远高于采用传统的旋涂方式获得的相应薄膜,其灵敏度提高了3-4个数量级。为进一步完善旋涂工艺,通过添加少量聚电解质诱导的方式,在保持较高敏感性和快速响应的前提下,改善了其成膜工艺。
通过添加少量的三氟化硼乙醚,利用分子间的相互作用降低噻吩的
Gas-sensitive materials and sensors have been widely used in the designs of electronic nose and tongue of bionic systems, and have many potential applications in food industry, environmental monitoring, and counter terror, inspection of drugs and toxic gases, and prognoses of some diseases. To study an organic film sensor with high sensitivity, rapid response and good reproducibility, and attempt to explore some rules to conduct the design and development of new materials by the research of relationship among materials, technologies and properties of devices, it would be very important for investigations in-depth and accelerating applications in these fields.The progresses of organic gas-sensitive materials were reviewed in this paper, and the affecting factors and improving approaches to gas-sensitivity were also analyzed. Being aimed at the sensitivity, response rate, reproducibility and reversibility at room temperature, how to improve these properties were discussed from sensitive materials and film-forming technologies.The gas-sensitivities of weak interaction systems between phthalocyanine film and absorbed gases were studied in this paper, good results on recovery at room temperature were obtained. The gas-sensitivities of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and its fluorinated derivative (zinchexadecafluorophthalocyanine-ZnF16Pc) films to a series of reducing gases at room temperature are investigated. The results indicate that the gas-sensitivities and the response rates of ZnPc film to ammonia, trimethylamine and methylamine can be improved significantly via fluorination, the gas-sensitivity values to some vapors were increased 2-3 orders, and the fluorination film has a good selectivity and stability, and it can be completely recovered by high-purity N2 at room temperature. The results of examination on the gas-sensitivities of zinc tetraphenylporphyrin evaporation film and zinc-meso-tetra (2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-porphyrin film to a series of organic volatiles under similar conditions show that the sensitivity of zinc porphyrin film to ammonia can also be improved greatly via fluorination, the response speed was enhanced over 30 folds.In order to enhance the sensitivities and response rates of organic films greatly, the gas-sensitivities of conductive polymers and their composite films were studied. Basing on the conductivity of polymer strongly depending on the doping and undoping, several organic films with high sensitivity and rapid response were obtained via in-situ polymerization approach and self-doping
method. The values of gas-sensitivity and response rate are much higher than that of poly(aniline) film obtained via conventional spin-coating (polyaniline was dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidone). The gas-sensitivity value was increased 3-4 orders. To improve the film-forming further, the film-forming technology was improved greatly by adding a small amount of poly (sodium-p-styrenesulfonate) under holding high sensitivity.Polythiophene composite film on the interdigital electrodes of carbon was formed with an in-situ polymerization approach at room temperature by adding a small amount of boron trifluoride etherate, which purpose is decreasing the oxidation potential utilizing interaction between molecules. The results indicated that this film showed a good sensitivity to ammonia, and had also a good selectivity to analogy gases and a fast response while exhibiting a good reproducibility. The gas-sensitivity value can reach to 3 orders within 250s.To increase the heat stability of organic films, and expect to obtain new kind composite materials with synergetic or complementary behaviors, and be used in electronic or nanoelectronic devices. Considering P-zeolite being one of type materials with regular channels, which has outstanding surface feature, and is widely used in carrier of catalyze. At the same time, it is also good candidates for template of nano-materials preparation, some organic-inorganic hybrid materials were investigated. The results indicated that, in spite of the heat stability of organic films increasing at certain extent, the gas-sensitivities of some composite systems were decreased. However, the gas-sensitivity was enhanced obviously via adjusting the ratio of Si/Al in zeolite, organic-inorganic hybrid materials with synergetic or complementary behaviors was obtained.Some conductive polymers with nano-structure were obtained via several simple methods, such as: template method, non-template approach and nano-fiber seeding method. Their gas-sensitivities were also examined, and preliminary discussions on dependences among materials, technology, structure and their properties to obtain some valuable information. Comparing to that of conventional polyaniline film via organic solution spin-coating, the value of gas-sensitivity and response rate of the film with nano-wire structure obtained by non-template approach were increased dramatically. Its gas-sensitivity value was increased 3-4 orders.
本文概述了有机气敏材料的研究进展,分析了影响气敏性的主要因素及改进措施。针对这些问题,从敏感材料和制备工艺入手,探讨了如何改善这些性能的有效途径。
研究了酞菁薄膜-非氧化性气体这一弱相互作用体系,比较了全氟代酞菁化合物对室温气敏性的影响。结果表明,氟取代明显改善了ZnPc对系列还原性气体(氨、三甲基胺、甲基胺和三乙基胺)的敏感性和选择性,对部分气体大幅度提高了其响应速度和灵敏度。其灵敏度可提高2-3个数量级。对卟啉类化合物及其全氟代衍生物电响应敏感性的考察结果表明,氟代显著改善了卟啉锌对氨的敏感性,响应速度提高了30倍以上。
为进一步提高有机薄膜的灵敏度和响应速度,对导电性聚合物进行了相应研究。基于导电聚合物的电导强烈依赖于掺杂和去掺杂,采用原位制备、自掺杂等方式,获得了快速响应、高灵敏的有机薄膜。其灵敏度和响应速度远远高于采用传统的旋涂方式获得的相应薄膜,其灵敏度提高了3-4个数量级。为进一步完善旋涂工艺,通过添加少量聚电解质诱导的方式,在保持较高敏感性和快速响应的前提下,改善了其成膜工艺。
通过添加少量的三氟化硼乙醚,利用分子间的相互作用降低噻吩的
Gas-sensitive materials and sensors have been widely used in the designs of electronic nose and tongue of bionic systems, and have many potential applications in food industry, environmental monitoring, and counter terror, inspection of drugs and toxic gases, and prognoses of some diseases. To study an organic film sensor with high sensitivity, rapid response and good reproducibility, and attempt to explore some rules to conduct the design and development of new materials by the research of relationship among materials, technologies and properties of devices, it would be very important for investigations in-depth and accelerating applications in these fields.The progresses of organic gas-sensitive materials were reviewed in this paper, and the affecting factors and improving approaches to gas-sensitivity were also analyzed. Being aimed at the sensitivity, response rate, reproducibility and reversibility at room temperature, how to improve these properties were discussed from sensitive materials and film-forming technologies.The gas-sensitivities of weak interaction systems between phthalocyanine film and absorbed gases were studied in this paper, good results on recovery at room temperature were obtained. The gas-sensitivities of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and its fluorinated derivative (zinchexadecafluorophthalocyanine-ZnF16Pc) films to a series of reducing gases at room temperature are investigated. The results indicate that the gas-sensitivities and the response rates of ZnPc film to ammonia, trimethylamine and methylamine can be improved significantly via fluorination, the gas-sensitivity values to some vapors were increased 2-3 orders, and the fluorination film has a good selectivity and stability, and it can be completely recovered by high-purity N2 at room temperature. The results of examination on the gas-sensitivities of zinc tetraphenylporphyrin evaporation film and zinc-meso-tetra (2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-porphyrin film to a series of organic volatiles under similar conditions show that the sensitivity of zinc porphyrin film to ammonia can also be improved greatly via fluorination, the response speed was enhanced over 30 folds.In order to enhance the sensitivities and response rates of organic films greatly, the gas-sensitivities of conductive polymers and their composite films were studied. Basing on the conductivity of polymer strongly depending on the doping and undoping, several organic films with high sensitivity and rapid response were obtained via in-situ polymerization approach and self-doping
method. The values of gas-sensitivity and response rate are much higher than that of poly(aniline) film obtained via conventional spin-coating (polyaniline was dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidone). The gas-sensitivity value was increased 3-4 orders. To improve the film-forming further, the film-forming technology was improved greatly by adding a small amount of poly (sodium-p-styrenesulfonate) under holding high sensitivity.Polythiophene composite film on the interdigital electrodes of carbon was formed with an in-situ polymerization approach at room temperature by adding a small amount of boron trifluoride etherate, which purpose is decreasing the oxidation potential utilizing interaction between molecules. The results indicated that this film showed a good sensitivity to ammonia, and had also a good selectivity to analogy gases and a fast response while exhibiting a good reproducibility. The gas-sensitivity value can reach to 3 orders within 250s.To increase the heat stability of organic films, and expect to obtain new kind composite materials with synergetic or complementary behaviors, and be used in electronic or nanoelectronic devices. Considering P-zeolite being one of type materials with regular channels, which has outstanding surface feature, and is widely used in carrier of catalyze. At the same time, it is also good candidates for template of nano-materials preparation, some organic-inorganic hybrid materials were investigated. The results indicated that, in spite of the heat stability of organic films increasing at certain extent, the gas-sensitivities of some composite systems were decreased. However, the gas-sensitivity was enhanced obviously via adjusting the ratio of Si/Al in zeolite, organic-inorganic hybrid materials with synergetic or complementary behaviors was obtained.Some conductive polymers with nano-structure were obtained via several simple methods, such as: template method, non-template approach and nano-fiber seeding method. Their gas-sensitivities were also examined, and preliminary discussions on dependences among materials, technology, structure and their properties to obtain some valuable information. Comparing to that of conventional polyaniline film via organic solution spin-coating, the value of gas-sensitivity and response rate of the film with nano-wire structure obtained by non-template approach were increased dramatically. Its gas-sensitivity value was increased 3-4 orders.
引文
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79 W. Lu, G. G. Wallace, A. A. Karayakin, Use of prussian blue conducting polymer modified electrodes for the detection of cytochrome c, Electroanalysis, 1998, 10 (7): 472-476.
80 W. Lu, H. Zhao, G. G. Wallace, Detection of cytochrome c using a conducting polymer mediator containing electrode, Electroanalysis, 1996, 8, 248 -252.
81 K. S. Ryder, D. G. Morris, J. M. Cooper, Role of conducting polymeric interfaces in promoting biological electron transfer, Biosens. Bioelectron,
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87 Hoa, D. T.; Suresh, T. N.; Punekar, N. S.; Srinivasa, R. S.; Lai, R.; Contractor, A. Q. A biosensor based on conducting polymers, Anal. Chem. 1992, 64: 2645-2646.
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89 Koopal, C. G. J.; Feiters, M. C; Nolte, R. J. M; de Ruiter, B.; Schasfoort, R. B. M.; Czajka, R.; Van Kempen, H. Polypyrrole microtubules and their use in the construction of a third generation biosensor, Synth. Met. 1992, 51: 397-405.
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91 Bartlett, P. N.; Tebbutt, P.; Tyrrell, C. H. Electrochemical immobilization of enzymes. 3. Immobilization of glucose oxidase in thin films of electrochemically polymerized phenols, Anal. Chem. 1992,64: 138-142.
92 Sun, Z.; Tachkikawa, H. Enzyme-based bilayer conducting polymer electrodes consisting of polymetallophthalocyanines and polypyrrole-glucose oxidase thin films, Anal. Chem. 1992, 64: 1112-1117.
93 Koopal, C. G. J.; Eijsma, B.; Nolte, R. J. M. Chronoamperometric detection of glucose by a third generation biosensor constructed from conducting microtubules of polypyrrole, Synth. Met. 1993, 55-57: 3689-3695.
94 Schuhmann, W.; Kranz, C; Huber, J.; Wohlschlager, H. Conducting polymer-based amperometric enzyme electrodes. Towards the development of miniaturized reagentless biosensors, Synth. Met. 1993, 61: 31-35.
95 Genies, E. M.; Marchesiello, M. Conducting polymers for biosensors, application to new glucose sensors GOD entrapped into polypyrrole, GOD adsorbed on poly (3-methylthiophene, Synth. Met. 1993, 55-57: 3677-3682.
96 Yon-Hin, B. F. Y.; Smolander, M.; Crompton, T.; Lowe, C. R. Covalent electropolymerization of glucose oxidase in polypyrrole. Evaluation of methods of pyrrole attachment to glucose oxidase on the performance of electropolymerized glucose sensors, Anal. Chem. 1993, 65: 2067-2071.
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100 Kuwabata, S.; Martin, C. R. Mechanism of the Amperometric Response of a Proposed Glucose Sensor Based on a Polypyrrole-Tubule-Impregnated Membrane, Anal. Chem. 1994, 66: 2757-2762.
101 Rockel, H.; Huber, J.; Gleiter, R.; Schuhmann, W. Synthesis of functionalized poly(dithienylpyrrole) derivatives and their application in amperometric biosensors, Adv. Mater. 1994, 6: 568-571.
102 Kojima, K.; Nasa, J.; Shimomura, M.; Miyauchi, S. An interfering factor in the glucose oxidase sensing system with polypyrrole/glucose oxidase membrane, Synth. Met. 1995, 71: 2245-2246.
103 Sangodkar, X. X.; Sukeerthi, S.; Srinivasa, R. S.; Lai, R.; Contractor, A. Q. A Biosensor Array Based on Polyaniline, Anal. Chem. 1996, 68: 779-783.
104 Warriner, K.; Higson, S.; Christie, I.; Ashworth, D.; Vadgama, P. Electrochemical characteristics of two model electropolymerised films for
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105 Hiller, M; Kranz. C; Huber, J.; Bauerle, P.; Schuhmann, W. Amperometric biosensors produced by immobilization of redox enzymes at polythiophene-modified electrode surfaces, Adv. Mater. 1996, 8: 219-222.
106 Rikukawa, M; Nakagawa, M.; Nishizawa, N.; Sanui, K.; Ogata, N. Electrochemical and sensing properties of enzyme-polypyrrole multicomponent electrodes, Synth. Met. 1997, 85: 1377-1378.
107 Warriner, K.; Higson, S.; Ashworth, D.; Christie, I.; Vadgama, P. Stability of dodecyl sulphate-doped poly(pyrrole)/glucose oxidase modified electrodes exposed in human blood serum, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 1997, 5: 81-90.
108 Kojima, K.; Unuma, T.; Yamauchi, T.; Shimomura, M.; Miyauchi, S. Preparation of polypyrrole covalently attached with glucose oxidase and its application to glucose sensing, Synth. Met. 1997, 85: 1417-1418.
109 Yamato, H.; Koshiba, T.; Ohwa, M.; Wernet, W.; Matsumura, M. A new method for dispersing palladium microparticles in conducting polymer films and its application to biosensors, Synth. Met. 1997, 87: 231-236.
110 Lu, W.; Zhou, D.; Wallace, G. G. Enzymatic sensor based on conducting polymer coatings on metallised membranes, Anal. Comm. 1998, 35: 245-248.
111 Daly, D. J.; O'Sullivan, C. K.; Guilbault, G. G. The use of polymers coupled with metallised electrodes to allow H2O2 detection in the presence of electrochemical interferences, Talanta 1999, 49: 667-678.
112 Guerreiri, A.; De Benedetto, G. E.; Palmisano, F.; Zambonin, P. G. Electrosynthesized non-conducting polymers as permselective membranes in amperometric enzyme electrodes: a glucose biosensor based on a co-crosslinked glucose oxidase/overoxidized polypyrrole bilayer, Biosens. Bioelectron. 1998, 13: 103-112.
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114 Vidal, J.-C; Garcia, E.; Mendez, S.; Yarnoz, P.; Castillo, J.-R. Three approaches to the development of selective bilayer amperometric biosensors for glucose by in situ electropolymerization, Analyst 1999, 124, 319-324.
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116 Karyakin, A. A.; Lukachova, L. V.; Karyakina, E. E.; Orlov, A. V.; Karpachova, G. P. The improved potentiometric pH response of electrodes modified with processible polyaniline. Application to glucose biosensor, Anal. Commun. 1999,36: 153-156.
117 Yamauchi, T.; Kojima, K.; Oshima, K.; Shimomura, M.; Miyauchi, S. Glucose-sensing characteristics of conducting polymer bound with glucose oxidase, Synth. Met. 1999, 102: 1320.
118 Garjonyte, R.; Malinauskas, A. Amperometric glucose biosensor based on glucose oxidase immobilized in poly(o-phenylenediamine) layer, Sens.Actuators B 1999, 56: 85-92.
119 Jinqing, K.; Huaiguo, X.; Shaolin, M.; Hong, C. Effects of conducting polymers on immobilized galactose oxidase, Synth. Met. 1997, 87, 205-209.
120 Ghosh (Hazra), S.; Sarker, D.; Misra, T. N. Development of an amperometric enzyme electrode biosensor for fish freshness detection, Sens. Actuators B, 1998, 53, 58-62.
121 Wang, H. Y; Mu, S. L. Bioelectrochemical characteristics of cholesterol oxidase immobilized in a polyaniline film, Sens. Actuators B 1999, 56, 22-30.
122 Miland, E.; Miranda Ordieres, A. J.; Tunon Blanco, P.; Smyth, M. R.; Fagain, C. O. Poly (o-aminophenol)-modified bienzyme carbon paste electrode for the detection of uric acid, Talanta 1996, 43, 785-796.
123 Adeloju, S. B.; Shaw, S. J.; Wallace, Pulsed-amperometric detection of urea in blood samples on a conducting polypyrrole-urease biosensor, G. G. Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 341 (2-3): 155-160.
124 Hianik, T.; Cervenanska, Z.; Krawczynski vel Krawczyk, T.; Snejdarkova, M. Conductance and electrostriction of bilayer lipid membranes supported on conducting polymer and their application for determination of ammonia and urea, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 1998, 5, 301-305.
125 Cho, W.-J.; Huang, H.-J. An Amperometric Urea Biosensor Based on a Polyaniline-Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer Composite Electrode, Anal. Chem. 1998,70,3946-3951.
126 Dobay, R. D.; Harsanyi, G.; Visy, C. Detection of uric acid with a new type of conducting polymer-based enzymatic sensor by bipotentiostatic technique, Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 385, 187-194.
127 Lobo Castanon, M. J.; Miranda Ordieres, A. J.; Tunon Blanco, P. Amperometric detection of ethanol with poly-(o-phenylenediamine)-modified enzyme electrodes, Biosens. Bioelectron. 1997, 12, 511-520.
128 Alvarez-Crespo, S. L.; Lobo-Castanon, M. J.; Miranda-Ordieres, A. J.; Tunon-Blanco, P. Amperometric glutamate biosensor based on poly(o-phenylenediamine) film electrogenerated onto modified carbon paste electrodes, Biosens. Bioelectron. 1997, 12, 739-747.
129 Welzel, H.-P.; Kossmehl, G.; Engelmann, G; Neumann, B.;Wollenberger, U.; Scheller, F.; Schroder, W. Reactive groups on polymer covered electrodes, 4. Lactate-oxidase-biosensor based on electrodes modified by polythiophene, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 197, 3355-3363.
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131 Karyakin, A. A.; Bobrova, O. A.; Lukachova, L. V.; Karyakina, E. E. Potentiometric biosensors based on polyaniline semiconductor films, Sens. Actuators B 1996, 33, 34-38.
132 Tatsuma, T.; Gondaira, M.; Watanabe, T. Peroxidase-incorporated polypyrrole membrane electrodes, Anal. Chem. 1992, 64,1183-1187.
133 Tatsuma, T.; Ariyama, K.; Oyama, N. Electron Transfer from a Polythiophene Derivative to Compounds I and II of Peroxidases, Anal. Chem. 1995,67,283-287.
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135 Iwuoha, E. I.; de Villaverde, D. S.; Garcia, N. P.; Smyth, M. R.; Pingarron, J. M. Reactivities of organic phase biosensors. 2. The amperometric behaviour of
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139 Cosnier, S.; Fombon, J.-J.; Labbe, P.; Limosin, D. Development of a PPO-poly(amphiphilic pyrrole) electrode for on site monitoring of phenol in aqueous effluents, Sens. Actuators B 1999, 59, 134-139.
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144 W. Lu, D. Zhou, G. G. Wallace, Enzymatic sensor based on conducting polymer coatings on metallised membranes, Anal.Comm. 1998,35,245-248.
145 C. H. Tzang, R. Yuan, M. Yang, Voltammetric biosensors for the determination of formate and glucose-6-phosphate based on the measurement of dehydrogenase-generated NADH and NADPH, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2001, 16: 211 -219;
146 P. N. Bartlett, E. N. K. Wallace, The oxidation of P-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) at poly (aniline)-coated electrodes: Part II. Kinetics of reaction at poly (aniline)-poly(styrenesulfonate) composites, J. Eleectroanal.
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147 Rachov, A. R; Rozhko, M. I.; Sergeyeva, T. A.; Piletsky, S. A. Sens. Method and apparatus for the detection of the binding reaction of immunoglobulins, Actuators B 1994, 18-19, 610-613.
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149 Englebienne, P.; Weiland, M. Water-soluble conductive polymer homogeneous immunoassay (SOPHIA) A novel immunoassay capable of automation, J. Immunol. Methods 1996, 191, 159-170. Recently, McCullough used a method similar to detect amines, see refs 84 and 85.
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151 Barisci, J. N.; Hughes, D.; Minett, A.; Wallace, G. G. : Characterisation and analytical use of a polypyrrole electrode containing anti-human serum albumin, Anal. Chim. Acta 1998, 371 (1): 39-48.
152 Campbell, T. E.; Hodgson, A. J.; Wallace, G. G. Incorporation of erythrocytes into polypyrrole to form the basis of a biosensor to screen for Rhesus (D) blood groups and rhesus (D) antibodies, Electroanalysis1999, 11 (4): 215-222.
153 Masila, M.; Sargent, A.; Sadik, O. A. Pattern Recognition Studies of Halogenated Organic Compounds Using Conducting Polymer Sensor Arrays, Electroanalysis 1998, 10, 312-320.
154 Bender, S.; Sadik, O. A. Direct Electrochemical Immunosensor for Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32, 788-797.
155 B. Saoudi, N. Jammul, M. L. Abel, M. M. Chehimi, G. Dodin, DNA adsorption onto conducting polypyrrole, Synth. Met. 1997, 87, 97 -103.
156 W. Liu, A. L. Cholli, R. Nagarajan, J. Kumar, S. K. Tripathy, F. F. Bruno, L. A. Samuelson, The Role of Template in the Enzymatic Synthesis of Conducting Polyaniline, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999,121, 11345-11355.
157 R. Nagarajan, W. Liu, J. Kumar, S. K. Tripathy, F. F. Bruno, L. A. Samuelson, Manipulating DNA Conformation Using Intertwined Conducting Polymer Chains, Macromoleculars, 2001, 34, 3921-3927.
158 J. Wang, M. Jiang, Toward Genolelectronics: Nucleic Acid Doped Conducting Polymers, Langmuir, 2000, 16, 2269-2274.
159 J. Wang, M. Jiang, A. Fortes, B. Mukharjee, New label-free DNA recognition based on doping nucleic-acid probes within conducting polymer films, Anal. Chim.Acta, 1999, 402,7-12.
160 T. Livache, B. Farque, A. Roget, J. Marchand, G. Bidan, R. Teanle, G. Matis, Polypyrrole DNA Chip on a Silicon Device: Example of Hepatitis C Virus Genotyping, Anal. Biochem. 1998, 255,188 -194.
161 N. Lasalle, P. Mailley, E. Vieil, T. Livache, A. Roget, J. P. Correia, L. M. Abrantes, Electronically conductive polymer grafted with oligonucleotides as electrosensors of DNA: Preliminary study of real time monitoring by in situ techniques, J. Electroanal. Chem. 2001, 509, 48 - 57.
162 F. Gamier, H. Korri-Youssoufi, P. Srivastava, B. Mandrand, T. Delair, Toward intelligent polymers: DNA sensors based on oligonucleotide-functionalized polypyrroles, Synth. Met. 1999, 100, 89, 89-94.
163 J. Wang, M. Jiang, A. N. Kawde, Flow Detection of UV Radiation-Induced DNA Damage at a Polypyrrole-Modified Electrode, Electroanalysis, 2001, 13, 537-540.
164 M. Pyo, J. R. Reynolds, Electrochemically Stimulated Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate (ATP) Release through Redox Switching of Conducting Polypyrrole Films and Bilayers, Chem. Mater. 1996, 8, 128-133.
165 Emge, A.; Bauerle, P. Molecular Recognition Properties of Nucleobase-functionalized Polythiophenes, Synth. Met. 1999, 102, 1370-1373.
166 Baurele, P.; Emge, A. Specific Recognition of Nucleobase-Functionalized Polythiophenes, Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 324 -330.
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168 A. J. Hodgson, K. Gilmore, C. Small, G. G. Wallace, I. L. Mackenzie, T. Aoki, N. Ogata, Reactive supramolecular assemblies of mucopolysaccharide, polypyrrole and protein as controllable biocomposites for a new generation of
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169 B. Garner, A. Georgevich, A. J. Hodgson, L. Liu, G. G. Wallace, Polypyrrole-heparin composites as stimulus-responsive substrates for endothelial cell growth, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1999, 44, 121-129.
170 B. Garner, A. J. Hodgson, G. G. Wallace, P. A. Underwood, Human endothelial cell attachment to and growth on polypyrrole-heparin is vitronectin dependent, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 1999, 10, 19-27.
171 A. Kotwal, C. E. Schmidt, Electrical stimulation alters protein adsorption and nerve cell interactions with electrically conducting biomaterials, Biomaterials, 2001,22, 1055-1064.
172 X. Cui, V. A. Lee, Y. Raphael, J. A. Wiler, J. F. Hetke, O. J. Anderson, D. C. Martin, Surface modification of neural recording electrodes with conducting polymer/biomolecule blends, Biomed. Mater. Res. 2001, 56, 261-272.
173 Akhtar, P.; Too, C. O.; Wallace, G. G. Detection of amino acids at conducting electroactive polymer modified electrodes using flow injection analysis. Part Ⅰ. Use of macroelectrodes, Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 201-209.
174 Akhtar, P.; Too, C. O.; Wallace, G. G. Detection of amino acids at conducting electroactive polymer modified electrodes using flow injection analysis. Part Ⅱ. Use of microelectrodes, Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 211-223.
175 Akhtar, P.; Too, C. O.; Wallace, G. G. Detection of haloacetic acids at conductive electroactive polymer-modified microelectrodes, Anal. Chim. Acta 1997,341 (2-3): 141-153.
176 Carabias Matinez, R.; Becerro Dominguez, F.; Sierra Garcia, I. M.; Hernandez Mendez, J.; Cordova Orellana, R.; Schrebler Guzman, R. Electrochemical response of a polypyrrole-dodecylsulphate electrode with multicharged cations and vitamins B1 and B6. Application as a microsensor in flow-injection analysis, Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 336, 47-56.
177 Lyons, M. E. G; Breen, W.; Cassidy, J. Ascorbic acid oxidation at polypyrrole-coated electrodes, J. Chem. Soc, Faraday Trans. 1991, 87, 115-123.
178 Casella, I. G; Cataldi, T. R. I.; Guerrieri, A.; Desimoni, E. Copper dispersed into polyaniline films as an amperometric sensor in alkaline solutions of amino acids and polyhydric compounds, Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 335, 217-225.
179 Casella, I. G; Guascito, M. R. Electrocatalysis of ascorbic acid on the glassy
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180 Faguy, P. W.; Ma, W.; Lowe, J. A.; Pan, W.-P.; Brown, T. J. Mater. Chem. 1994,4,771-772.
181 Kaneto, K.; Bidan, G. Electrochemical recognition and immobilization of uranyl ions by polypyrrole film doped with calix[6]arene, Thin Solid Films 1998,331,272-278.
182 Bidan, G.; Niel, M.-A. Electrode modified by sulfonated calixarenes immiobilized into a polypyrrole film: A step towards new ion-sensitive layers, Synth. Met. 1997, 84, 255-256.
183 Migdalski, J.; Blaz, T.; Lewenstam, A. Conducting polymer-based ion-selective electrodes, Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 322, 141-149.
184 Dabke, R. B.; Singh, G. D.; Dhanabalan, A.; Lai, R.; ContractorA. Q. An Ion-Activated Molecular Electronic Device, Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 724-727.
185 Sun, X. X.; Aboul-Enien, H. Y. Anal. Lett. 1999, 32, 1143-1156.
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64 P. R. Teasdale, G. G. Wallace, Characterizing the chemical interactions that occur on polyaniline with inverse thin layer chromatography, Polymer. Int. 1994, 35, 197-205.
65 H. Chriswanto, G. G. Wallace, Redox chromatography using polypyrrole as a stationary phase, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1996, 19, 2457.
66 R. S. Deinhammer, M. D. Porter, K. Shimazu, Retention characteristics of polypyrrole as a stationary phase for the electrochemically modulated liquid chromatographic (EMLC) separations of dansyl amino acids, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1995,387:35-46.
67 P. Akhtar, C. O. Too, G. G. Wallace, Detection of amino acids at conducting electroactive polymer modified electrodes using flow injection analysis .2. Use of microelectrodes, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1997, 339 (3): 211-223.
68 P. Akhtar, C. O. Too, G. G. Wallace, Detection of amino acids at conducting electroactive polymer modified electrodes using flow injection analysis .1. Use of macroelectrodes, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1997, 339 (3): 201-209.
69 L. L. Miller, B. Zinger, O. X. Zhou, Electrically controlled release of hexacyanoferrate(4-) from polypyrrole, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987,109, 2267-2272.
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71 H. Ge, K. Gilmore, S. A. Ashraf, C. O. Too, G. G. Wallace, Separation of small molecules in the presence of proteins using conducting polymer stationary phases, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1993, 16: 95-108.
72 H. Ge, Investigations into the use of poly (3-methylpyrrole-4-carboxylic acid) coated silica as a chromatographic stationary phase, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1993, 16: 1023-1044.
73 H. Ge, K. J. Gilmore, G. G. Wallace, Studies on poly(3-octadecyl pyrrole) modified silica as a reversed phase HPLC packing material, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1994, 17: 1301-1316.
74 G. F. Khan, W. Wernet, Adsorption of proteins on electro-conductive polymer films, Thin Solid Films, 1997, 300,265 -271.
75 D. Zhou, C. O. Too, A. M. Hodges, A. W. H. Mau, G. G. Wallace, Protein transport and separation using polypyrrole coated, platinised polyvinylidene fluoride membranes, React. Funct. Polym. 2000, 45: 217-226.
76 D. Zhou, C. O. Too, G. G. Wallace, Synthesis and characterisation of polypyrrole/heparin composites, React. Funct. Polym. 1999, 39 (1): 19-26.
77 F. A. Armstrong, A. A. Hill, N. J. Walton, Direct electrochemistry of redox proteins, Acc. Chem. Res. 1988, 21,407-413.
78 J. M. Cooper, D. G. Morris, K. S. Ryder, A Bio-electronic Interface using Functionalised Conducting Poly(pyrroles, J. Chem. Soc, Chem. Commun. 1995, 697.
79 W. Lu, G. G. Wallace, A. A. Karayakin, Use of prussian blue conducting polymer modified electrodes for the detection of cytochrome c, Electroanalysis, 1998, 10 (7): 472-476.
80 W. Lu, H. Zhao, G. G. Wallace, Detection of cytochrome c using a conducting polymer mediator containing electrode, Electroanalysis, 1996, 8, 248 -252.
81 K. S. Ryder, D. G. Morris, J. M. Cooper, Role of conducting polymeric interfaces in promoting biological electron transfer, Biosens. Bioelectron,
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82 Cooper, J. M.; Bloor, D. Evidence for the functional mechanism of a polypyrrole glucose oxidase electrode, Electroanalysis 1993, 5: 883-886.
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84 Couves, L. D.; Porter, S. J. Polypyrrole as a potentiometric glucose sensor, Synth. Met. 1989, 28: 761-768.
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86 Yon-Hin, B. F. Y.; Sethi, R. S.; Lowe, C. R. Multi-analyte microelectronic biosensors, Sens. Actuators B, 1990, 1:550-554.
87 Hoa, D. T.; Suresh, T. N.; Punekar, N. S.; Srinivasa, R. S.; Lai, R.; Contractor, A. Q. A biosensor based on conducting polymers, Anal. Chem. 1992, 64: 2645-2646.
88 Koopal, C. G. J.; Feiters, M. C; Nolte, R. J. M; de Ruiter, B.; Schasfoort, R. B. M. Glucose sensor utilizing polypyrrole incorporated in track-etch membranes as the mediator, Biosens. Bioelectron. 1992, 7: 461-467.
89 Koopal, C. G. J.; Feiters, M. C; Nolte, R. J. M; de Ruiter, B.; Schasfoort, R. B. M.; Czajka, R.; Van Kempen, H. Polypyrrole microtubules and their use in the construction of a third generation biosensor, Synth. Met. 1992, 51: 397-405.
90 Wolowacz, S. E.; Yon-Hin, B. F. Y; Lowe, C. R. Covalent electropolymerization of glucose oxidase in polypyrrole, Anal. Chem. 1992, 64: 1541-1545.
91 Bartlett, P. N.; Tebbutt, P.; Tyrrell, C. H. Electrochemical immobilization of enzymes. 3. Immobilization of glucose oxidase in thin films of electrochemically polymerized phenols, Anal. Chem. 1992,64: 138-142.
92 Sun, Z.; Tachkikawa, H. Enzyme-based bilayer conducting polymer electrodes consisting of polymetallophthalocyanines and polypyrrole-glucose oxidase thin films, Anal. Chem. 1992, 64: 1112-1117.
93 Koopal, C. G. J.; Eijsma, B.; Nolte, R. J. M. Chronoamperometric detection of glucose by a third generation biosensor constructed from conducting microtubules of polypyrrole, Synth. Met. 1993, 55-57: 3689-3695.
94 Schuhmann, W.; Kranz, C; Huber, J.; Wohlschlager, H. Conducting polymer-based amperometric enzyme electrodes. Towards the development of miniaturized reagentless biosensors, Synth. Met. 1993, 61: 31-35.
95 Genies, E. M.; Marchesiello, M. Conducting polymers for biosensors, application to new glucose sensors GOD entrapped into polypyrrole, GOD adsorbed on poly (3-methylthiophene, Synth. Met. 1993, 55-57: 3677-3682.
96 Yon-Hin, B. F. Y.; Smolander, M.; Crompton, T.; Lowe, C. R. Covalent electropolymerization of glucose oxidase in polypyrrole. Evaluation of methods of pyrrole attachment to glucose oxidase on the performance of electropolymerized glucose sensors, Anal. Chem. 1993, 65: 2067-2071.
97 Schuhmann, W.; Huber, J.; Mirlach, A.; Daub, J. Covalent binding of glucose oxidase to functionalized polyazulenes. The first application of polyazulenes in amperometric biosensors, Adv. Mater. 1993, 5: 124-126.
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99 Koopal, C. G. J.; Bos, A. A. C. M.; Nolte, R. J. M. Third-generation glucose biosensor incorporated in a conducting printing ink, Sens. Actuators B 1994, 18-19, 166-170.
100 Kuwabata, S.; Martin, C. R. Mechanism of the Amperometric Response of a Proposed Glucose Sensor Based on a Polypyrrole-Tubule-Impregnated Membrane, Anal. Chem. 1994, 66: 2757-2762.
101 Rockel, H.; Huber, J.; Gleiter, R.; Schuhmann, W. Synthesis of functionalized poly(dithienylpyrrole) derivatives and their application in amperometric biosensors, Adv. Mater. 1994, 6: 568-571.
102 Kojima, K.; Nasa, J.; Shimomura, M.; Miyauchi, S. An interfering factor in the glucose oxidase sensing system with polypyrrole/glucose oxidase membrane, Synth. Met. 1995, 71: 2245-2246.
103 Sangodkar, X. X.; Sukeerthi, S.; Srinivasa, R. S.; Lai, R.; Contractor, A. Q. A Biosensor Array Based on Polyaniline, Anal. Chem. 1996, 68: 779-783.
104 Warriner, K.; Higson, S.; Christie, I.; Ashworth, D.; Vadgama, P. Electrochemical characteristics of two model electropolymerised films for
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105 Hiller, M; Kranz. C; Huber, J.; Bauerle, P.; Schuhmann, W. Amperometric biosensors produced by immobilization of redox enzymes at polythiophene-modified electrode surfaces, Adv. Mater. 1996, 8: 219-222.
106 Rikukawa, M; Nakagawa, M.; Nishizawa, N.; Sanui, K.; Ogata, N. Electrochemical and sensing properties of enzyme-polypyrrole multicomponent electrodes, Synth. Met. 1997, 85: 1377-1378.
107 Warriner, K.; Higson, S.; Ashworth, D.; Christie, I.; Vadgama, P. Stability of dodecyl sulphate-doped poly(pyrrole)/glucose oxidase modified electrodes exposed in human blood serum, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 1997, 5: 81-90.
108 Kojima, K.; Unuma, T.; Yamauchi, T.; Shimomura, M.; Miyauchi, S. Preparation of polypyrrole covalently attached with glucose oxidase and its application to glucose sensing, Synth. Met. 1997, 85: 1417-1418.
109 Yamato, H.; Koshiba, T.; Ohwa, M.; Wernet, W.; Matsumura, M. A new method for dispersing palladium microparticles in conducting polymer films and its application to biosensors, Synth. Met. 1997, 87: 231-236.
110 Lu, W.; Zhou, D.; Wallace, G. G. Enzymatic sensor based on conducting polymer coatings on metallised membranes, Anal. Comm. 1998, 35: 245-248.
111 Daly, D. J.; O'Sullivan, C. K.; Guilbault, G. G. The use of polymers coupled with metallised electrodes to allow H2O2 detection in the presence of electrochemical interferences, Talanta 1999, 49: 667-678.
112 Guerreiri, A.; De Benedetto, G. E.; Palmisano, F.; Zambonin, P. G. Electrosynthesized non-conducting polymers as permselective membranes in amperometric enzyme electrodes: a glucose biosensor based on a co-crosslinked glucose oxidase/overoxidized polypyrrole bilayer, Biosens. Bioelectron. 1998, 13: 103-112.
113 Vidal, J.-C; Mendez, S.; Castillo, J. R. Electropolymerization of pyrrole and phenylenediamine over an organic conducting salt based amperometric sensor of increased selectivity for glucose determination, Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 385: 203-211.
114 Vidal, J.-C; Garcia, E.; Mendez, S.; Yarnoz, P.; Castillo, J.-R. Three approaches to the development of selective bilayer amperometric biosensors for glucose by in situ electropolymerization, Analyst 1999, 124, 319-324.
115 Li, Q.-S.; Ye, B.-C; Liu, B.-X.; Zhong, J. Improvement of the performance of H2O2 oxidation at low working potential by incorporating TTF-TCNQ into a platinum wire electrode for glucose determination, J. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1999, 14: 327-334.
116 Karyakin, A. A.; Lukachova, L. V.; Karyakina, E. E.; Orlov, A. V.; Karpachova, G. P. The improved potentiometric pH response of electrodes modified with processible polyaniline. Application to glucose biosensor, Anal. Commun. 1999,36: 153-156.
117 Yamauchi, T.; Kojima, K.; Oshima, K.; Shimomura, M.; Miyauchi, S. Glucose-sensing characteristics of conducting polymer bound with glucose oxidase, Synth. Met. 1999, 102: 1320.
118 Garjonyte, R.; Malinauskas, A. Amperometric glucose biosensor based on glucose oxidase immobilized in poly(o-phenylenediamine) layer, Sens.Actuators B 1999, 56: 85-92.
119 Jinqing, K.; Huaiguo, X.; Shaolin, M.; Hong, C. Effects of conducting polymers on immobilized galactose oxidase, Synth. Met. 1997, 87, 205-209.
120 Ghosh (Hazra), S.; Sarker, D.; Misra, T. N. Development of an amperometric enzyme electrode biosensor for fish freshness detection, Sens. Actuators B, 1998, 53, 58-62.
121 Wang, H. Y; Mu, S. L. Bioelectrochemical characteristics of cholesterol oxidase immobilized in a polyaniline film, Sens. Actuators B 1999, 56, 22-30.
122 Miland, E.; Miranda Ordieres, A. J.; Tunon Blanco, P.; Smyth, M. R.; Fagain, C. O. Poly (o-aminophenol)-modified bienzyme carbon paste electrode for the detection of uric acid, Talanta 1996, 43, 785-796.
123 Adeloju, S. B.; Shaw, S. J.; Wallace, Pulsed-amperometric detection of urea in blood samples on a conducting polypyrrole-urease biosensor, G. G. Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 341 (2-3): 155-160.
124 Hianik, T.; Cervenanska, Z.; Krawczynski vel Krawczyk, T.; Snejdarkova, M. Conductance and electrostriction of bilayer lipid membranes supported on conducting polymer and their application for determination of ammonia and urea, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 1998, 5, 301-305.
125 Cho, W.-J.; Huang, H.-J. An Amperometric Urea Biosensor Based on a Polyaniline-Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer Composite Electrode, Anal. Chem. 1998,70,3946-3951.
126 Dobay, R. D.; Harsanyi, G.; Visy, C. Detection of uric acid with a new type of conducting polymer-based enzymatic sensor by bipotentiostatic technique, Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 385, 187-194.
127 Lobo Castanon, M. J.; Miranda Ordieres, A. J.; Tunon Blanco, P. Amperometric detection of ethanol with poly-(o-phenylenediamine)-modified enzyme electrodes, Biosens. Bioelectron. 1997, 12, 511-520.
128 Alvarez-Crespo, S. L.; Lobo-Castanon, M. J.; Miranda-Ordieres, A. J.; Tunon-Blanco, P. Amperometric glutamate biosensor based on poly(o-phenylenediamine) film electrogenerated onto modified carbon paste electrodes, Biosens. Bioelectron. 1997, 12, 739-747.
129 Welzel, H.-P.; Kossmehl, G.; Engelmann, G; Neumann, B.;Wollenberger, U.; Scheller, F.; Schroder, W. Reactive groups on polymer covered electrodes, 4. Lactate-oxidase-biosensor based on electrodes modified by polythiophene, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 197, 3355-3363.
130 Lobo-Castanon, M. J.; Miranda-Ordieres, A. J.; Tunon-Blanco, P. Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 346, 165-174. More recently, see: Gerard, M.; Ramanathan, K.; Chaubey, A.; Malhotra, B. D. Immobilization of Lactate Dehydrogenase on Electrochemically Prepared Polyaniline Films, Electroanalysis 1999, 11, 450-452.
131 Karyakin, A. A.; Bobrova, O. A.; Lukachova, L. V.; Karyakina, E. E. Potentiometric biosensors based on polyaniline semiconductor films, Sens. Actuators B 1996, 33, 34-38.
132 Tatsuma, T.; Gondaira, M.; Watanabe, T. Peroxidase-incorporated polypyrrole membrane electrodes, Anal. Chem. 1992, 64,1183-1187.
133 Tatsuma, T.; Ariyama, K.; Oyama, N. Electron Transfer from a Polythiophene Derivative to Compounds I and II of Peroxidases, Anal. Chem. 1995,67,283-287.
134 Tatsuma, T.; Ariyama, K.; Oyama, N. Peroxidase-incorporated hydrophilic polythiophene electrode for the determination of hydrogen peroxide in acetonitrile, Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 318, 297-301.
135 Iwuoha, E. I.; de Villaverde, D. S.; Garcia, N. P.; Smyth, M. R.; Pingarron, J. M. Reactivities of organic phase biosensors. 2. The amperometric behaviour of
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136 Khan, G. F.; Wernet, W. A highly sensitive amperometric creatinine sensor, Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 351, 151-158.
137 Shih, Y. T.; Huang, H. J. Anal. Chim. A creatinine deiminase modified polyaniline electrode for creatinine analysis, Acta 1999, 392, 143-150.
138 Nishizawa, M.; Matsue, T.; Uchida, I. Penicillin sensor based on a microarray electrode coated with pH-responsive polypyrrole, Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 2642-2644.
139 Cosnier, S.; Fombon, J.-J.; Labbe, P.; Limosin, D. Development of a PPO-poly(amphiphilic pyrrole) electrode for on site monitoring of phenol in aqueous effluents, Sens. Actuators B 1999, 59, 134-139.
140 Cosnier, S.; Fontecave, M.; Limosin, D.; Niviere, V. A Poly(amphiphilic pyrrole)-Flavin Reductase Electrode for Amperometric Determination of Flavins, Anal. Chem.1997, 69, 3095-3099.
141 A. Kros, S. W. F. M. van Howell, N. A. S. M. Sommerdijk, R. J. M. Nolte, Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Based Glucose Biosensors, Adv. Mater. 2001, 13,1555-1557.
142 P. N. Bartlett, P. R. Birkin, J. H. Wang, F. Palmisano, G. De Benedetto, An Enzyme Switch Employing Direct Electrochemical Communication between Horseradish Peroxidase and a Poly(aniline) Film, Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 3685.
143 T. Tatsuma, T. Ogawa, R. Sato, N. Oyama, Peroxidase-incorporated sulfonated polyaniline-polycation complexes for electrochemical sensing of H_2O_2, J. Electroanal. Chem. 2001, 501, 180 - 185.
144 W. Lu, D. Zhou, G. G. Wallace, Enzymatic sensor based on conducting polymer coatings on metallised membranes, Anal.Comm. 1998,35,245-248.
145 C. H. Tzang, R. Yuan, M. Yang, Voltammetric biosensors for the determination of formate and glucose-6-phosphate based on the measurement of dehydrogenase-generated NADH and NADPH, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2001, 16: 211 -219;
146 P. N. Bartlett, E. N. K. Wallace, The oxidation of P-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) at poly (aniline)-coated electrodes: Part II. Kinetics of reaction at poly (aniline)-poly(styrenesulfonate) composites, J. Eleectroanal.
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147 Rachov, A. R; Rozhko, M. I.; Sergeyeva, T. A.; Piletsky, S. A. Sens. Method and apparatus for the detection of the binding reaction of immunoglobulins, Actuators B 1994, 18-19, 610-613.
148 Sergeyeva, T. A.; Lavrik, N. V.; Piletsky, S. A.; Rachkov, A. E.; El'skaya, A. V. Polyaniline label-based conductometric sensor for IgG detection, Sens. Actuators B 1996, 34, 283-288.
149 Englebienne, P.; Weiland, M. Water-soluble conductive polymer homogeneous immunoassay (SOPHIA) A novel immunoassay capable of automation, J. Immunol. Methods 1996, 191, 159-170. Recently, McCullough used a method similar to detect amines, see refs 84 and 85.
150 Fare, T. L.; Cabelli, M. D.; Dallas, S. M.; Herzog, D. P. Functional characterization of a conducting polymer-based immunoassay system, Biosens. Bioelectron. 1998, 13, 459-459.
151 Barisci, J. N.; Hughes, D.; Minett, A.; Wallace, G. G. : Characterisation and analytical use of a polypyrrole electrode containing anti-human serum albumin, Anal. Chim. Acta 1998, 371 (1): 39-48.
152 Campbell, T. E.; Hodgson, A. J.; Wallace, G. G. Incorporation of erythrocytes into polypyrrole to form the basis of a biosensor to screen for Rhesus (D) blood groups and rhesus (D) antibodies, Electroanalysis1999, 11 (4): 215-222.
153 Masila, M.; Sargent, A.; Sadik, O. A. Pattern Recognition Studies of Halogenated Organic Compounds Using Conducting Polymer Sensor Arrays, Electroanalysis 1998, 10, 312-320.
154 Bender, S.; Sadik, O. A. Direct Electrochemical Immunosensor for Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32, 788-797.
155 B. Saoudi, N. Jammul, M. L. Abel, M. M. Chehimi, G. Dodin, DNA adsorption onto conducting polypyrrole, Synth. Met. 1997, 87, 97 -103.
156 W. Liu, A. L. Cholli, R. Nagarajan, J. Kumar, S. K. Tripathy, F. F. Bruno, L. A. Samuelson, The Role of Template in the Enzymatic Synthesis of Conducting Polyaniline, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999,121, 11345-11355.
157 R. Nagarajan, W. Liu, J. Kumar, S. K. Tripathy, F. F. Bruno, L. A. Samuelson, Manipulating DNA Conformation Using Intertwined Conducting Polymer Chains, Macromoleculars, 2001, 34, 3921-3927.
158 J. Wang, M. Jiang, Toward Genolelectronics: Nucleic Acid Doped Conducting Polymers, Langmuir, 2000, 16, 2269-2274.
159 J. Wang, M. Jiang, A. Fortes, B. Mukharjee, New label-free DNA recognition based on doping nucleic-acid probes within conducting polymer films, Anal. Chim.Acta, 1999, 402,7-12.
160 T. Livache, B. Farque, A. Roget, J. Marchand, G. Bidan, R. Teanle, G. Matis, Polypyrrole DNA Chip on a Silicon Device: Example of Hepatitis C Virus Genotyping, Anal. Biochem. 1998, 255,188 -194.
161 N. Lasalle, P. Mailley, E. Vieil, T. Livache, A. Roget, J. P. Correia, L. M. Abrantes, Electronically conductive polymer grafted with oligonucleotides as electrosensors of DNA: Preliminary study of real time monitoring by in situ techniques, J. Electroanal. Chem. 2001, 509, 48 - 57.
162 F. Gamier, H. Korri-Youssoufi, P. Srivastava, B. Mandrand, T. Delair, Toward intelligent polymers: DNA sensors based on oligonucleotide-functionalized polypyrroles, Synth. Met. 1999, 100, 89, 89-94.
163 J. Wang, M. Jiang, A. N. Kawde, Flow Detection of UV Radiation-Induced DNA Damage at a Polypyrrole-Modified Electrode, Electroanalysis, 2001, 13, 537-540.
164 M. Pyo, J. R. Reynolds, Electrochemically Stimulated Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate (ATP) Release through Redox Switching of Conducting Polypyrrole Films and Bilayers, Chem. Mater. 1996, 8, 128-133.
165 Emge, A.; Bauerle, P. Molecular Recognition Properties of Nucleobase-functionalized Polythiophenes, Synth. Met. 1999, 102, 1370-1373.
166 Baurele, P.; Emge, A. Specific Recognition of Nucleobase-Functionalized Polythiophenes, Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 324 -330.
167 T. E. Campbell, A. J. Hodgson, G. G. Incorporation of erythrocytes into polypyrrole to form the basis of a biosensor to screen for Rhesus (D) blood groups and rhesus (D) antibodies, Wallace, Electroanalysis, 1999, 11 (4): 215-222.
168 A. J. Hodgson, K. Gilmore, C. Small, G. G. Wallace, I. L. Mackenzie, T. Aoki, N. Ogata, Reactive supramolecular assemblies of mucopolysaccharide, polypyrrole and protein as controllable biocomposites for a new generation of
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169 B. Garner, A. Georgevich, A. J. Hodgson, L. Liu, G. G. Wallace, Polypyrrole-heparin composites as stimulus-responsive substrates for endothelial cell growth, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1999, 44, 121-129.
170 B. Garner, A. J. Hodgson, G. G. Wallace, P. A. Underwood, Human endothelial cell attachment to and growth on polypyrrole-heparin is vitronectin dependent, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 1999, 10, 19-27.
171 A. Kotwal, C. E. Schmidt, Electrical stimulation alters protein adsorption and nerve cell interactions with electrically conducting biomaterials, Biomaterials, 2001,22, 1055-1064.
172 X. Cui, V. A. Lee, Y. Raphael, J. A. Wiler, J. F. Hetke, O. J. Anderson, D. C. Martin, Surface modification of neural recording electrodes with conducting polymer/biomolecule blends, Biomed. Mater. Res. 2001, 56, 261-272.
173 Akhtar, P.; Too, C. O.; Wallace, G. G. Detection of amino acids at conducting electroactive polymer modified electrodes using flow injection analysis. Part Ⅰ. Use of macroelectrodes, Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 201-209.
174 Akhtar, P.; Too, C. O.; Wallace, G. G. Detection of amino acids at conducting electroactive polymer modified electrodes using flow injection analysis. Part Ⅱ. Use of microelectrodes, Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 211-223.
175 Akhtar, P.; Too, C. O.; Wallace, G. G. Detection of haloacetic acids at conductive electroactive polymer-modified microelectrodes, Anal. Chim. Acta 1997,341 (2-3): 141-153.
176 Carabias Matinez, R.; Becerro Dominguez, F.; Sierra Garcia, I. M.; Hernandez Mendez, J.; Cordova Orellana, R.; Schrebler Guzman, R. Electrochemical response of a polypyrrole-dodecylsulphate electrode with multicharged cations and vitamins B1 and B6. Application as a microsensor in flow-injection analysis, Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 336, 47-56.
177 Lyons, M. E. G; Breen, W.; Cassidy, J. Ascorbic acid oxidation at polypyrrole-coated electrodes, J. Chem. Soc, Faraday Trans. 1991, 87, 115-123.
178 Casella, I. G; Cataldi, T. R. I.; Guerrieri, A.; Desimoni, E. Copper dispersed into polyaniline films as an amperometric sensor in alkaline solutions of amino acids and polyhydric compounds, Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 335, 217-225.
179 Casella, I. G; Guascito, M. R. Electrocatalysis of ascorbic acid on the glassy
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180 Faguy, P. W.; Ma, W.; Lowe, J. A.; Pan, W.-P.; Brown, T. J. Mater. Chem. 1994,4,771-772.
181 Kaneto, K.; Bidan, G. Electrochemical recognition and immobilization of uranyl ions by polypyrrole film doped with calix[6]arene, Thin Solid Films 1998,331,272-278.
182 Bidan, G.; Niel, M.-A. Electrode modified by sulfonated calixarenes immiobilized into a polypyrrole film: A step towards new ion-sensitive layers, Synth. Met. 1997, 84, 255-256.
183 Migdalski, J.; Blaz, T.; Lewenstam, A. Conducting polymer-based ion-selective electrodes, Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 322, 141-149.
184 Dabke, R. B.; Singh, G. D.; Dhanabalan, A.; Lai, R.; ContractorA. Q. An Ion-Activated Molecular Electronic Device, Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 724-727.
185 Sun, X. X.; Aboul-Enien, H. Y. Anal. Lett. 1999, 32, 1143-1156.
186 Lei Cao, Hongzheng Chen, Mang Wang, and Jingzhi Sun, Photoconductivity Study of Modified Carbon Nanotube/Oxotitanium Phthalocyanine Composites, J.Phys.Chem. B,2002, 106:8971-8975;
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