论勃兰特的外交思想
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摘要
勃兰特的外交思想是为了适应国际政治、经济局势变化和发展的需要而提出的,关于加强与西方联盟和改善与东欧国家关系的思想。本文通过国际环境的变化、联邦德国社会民主党的外交纲领的演变来剖析勃兰特外交思想形成的外部因素;通过对勃兰特人生经历的论述来解析勃兰特外交思想形成的内部因素;并在此基础上阐释了勃兰特外交思想的主要内容,以此揭示勃兰特外交思想的本质。
20世纪60年代国际关系格局发生了重大变化,东、西方的关系进入了一个新的阶段——缓和逐渐取代了对抗,并逐步成为这一时期的主题。在此期间,美苏关系也发生了变化。美国由于深陷越南战争泥潭,巨额的军费开支以及贸易逆差使其自顾不暇;苏联利用此机会,逐渐缩小了与美国的差距,使得美苏实力处于一种相对均衡状态,从而形成了缓和的局面。而此时,随着欧洲一体化进程的开展和经济快速发展,西欧国家迫切要求改变被保护国的地位,谋求独立自主。为此,以法国总统戴高乐为首的欧洲政治家对美国的欧洲政策提出了挑战,勃兰特的外交思想就是在这一有利的国际环境中孕育而成的。联邦德国社会民主党的对外政策,论述了社会民主党历史演变的过程,以及对外政策的转变及其原因,并指出政党政策在勃兰特外交思想的形成中起着重要的作用。
勃兰特个人的人生经历对勃兰特外交思想的形成产生了重要的影响。勃兰特的国外经历,使其能够认清国际局势和欧洲局势以及德国的走向。他与各国社会民主党人并肩战斗,并建立了深厚的友谊。这为其以后发展与各国之间的友好关系奠定了基础。1947年勃兰特出任西柏林市长,由于西柏林的特殊地位,使其能够与各国领导人经常会晤和交谈。这为他了解各国对于国际局势的看法尤其对德国问题的看法提供了便利,同时,也使他学习和积累了丰富的外交经验。而外交部长职位为他实施独立的外交政策提供了广阔的舞台。
在西欧联合过程中,德法关系是西欧联合思想的核心,没有德法的密切合作,欧洲一体化运动就无法开展。正是基于这种认识,勃兰特上台后积极缓解与法国的矛盾,重启法德关系。在欧洲一体化深化和发展上,勃兰特以海牙大会为契机,积极推动一体化的发展,先后建立了经济与货币联盟、欧洲理事会,并在外交方面尝试合作,以便推动欧洲一体化的深化。在积极推动一体化深化的同时,也积极推进欧洲一体化的扩大,在其努力下英国、丹麦等国先后加入共同体。在德美关系上,从安全角度强调美国对联邦德国的重要性,并十分重视北大西洋公约组织的作用。在东方政策思想中,缓和局势对新东方政策思想形成的产生了重要影响。在此基础上,他提出了“以接近求改变”的思想和“一个民族两个国家事实上承认的思想,”并对其内容进行了阐释,这一思想的提出解决了两个德国与德国统一的问题。
Brandt's diplomatic thoughts was put forward to adapt to the change and development of international politics and economic landscape. It was about reinforing the federation with the West and improving the relationship with East Europe.
A huge change had taken place on the international pattern in the 1960s, and the relationship between the East and the West had entered a new phase--confrontation had been replaced by slackening, which had gradually become an important theme of that time. During this period, the U.S.-Soviet Union relation had changed a lot. Because of the participation in the Vietnam War, America faced a huge expense on military expenditure and unfavorable balance of trade. The Soviet Union took the opportunity to catch up with its opponent little by little, leading to a balance between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, which was the main reason of the slackening situation. Meanwhile, with the progress of European Integration and the fast-developing economy, there was an urgent need in the whole Europe of not being Protected states and becoming independent. For this, A challenge had been posed to the U.S.on its Europe politics by European politicians with De Gaulle as the leader. And this was the beneficial international situation in which Brandt's diplomatic thoughts was grown. The Germany Social Democrats' external policy discussed the changing process of its history and the reason of the changing in the external policy itself. Also, it pointed out the important role the policy had played in the forming of Brandt's diplomatic thoughts.
The personal experience of Brandt had great effect on his diplomatic thoughts. The overseas experience got Brandt a clear understanding of international situation and the trend of Germany. He had earned intense friendship with his comrade in arms of Social Democrats, which laid a foundation for his good relationship with all the nations in the future. Brandt became the mayor of West-Berlin in 1947. The special status of West-Berlin gave Brandt a lot of opportunity to meet and talk with leaders from other countries, which afforded him onvenience to understanding all the attitudes towards the international situation, especially on German issues. Meanwhile, it gained Brandt much knowledge and experience on diplomacy. And being Foreign minister also offered him grand space to carry out independent diplomatic policy.
In the Union of West Europe progress, the Germany-France relation was the core of the idea in West Europe Union. It couldn't be realized without intimate cooperation between Germany and France.
Basing on this, Brandt positively alleviated contradictions with France and set a new start to Germany-France relation. In the progress and deepening of West Europe Union, Brandt took the opportunity in the Hague convention and positively pushed forward the development of Integration by founding Economic and Monetary Union and the European Council. Also, the attempt in diploma cooperation was aimed at impulsing the depth in European integration. While impulsing the depth in European integration, he also put emphasis on enlarging the scale. England, Denmark had joined the Community on his effort. As for the Germany-America relation, he saw the importance of the U.S.considering safety issues and also thought highly of the effect of North Atlantic organization. In the Eastern policy thoughts, appeasing the situation had played important role in the forming of the Eastern policy thoughts. Basing on this, he riled "Approach to Change" and "One people, two nations" and interpreted them, which solved the problem in Two Germany and the Unity of Germany in long-range. c
20世纪60年代国际关系格局发生了重大变化,东、西方的关系进入了一个新的阶段——缓和逐渐取代了对抗,并逐步成为这一时期的主题。在此期间,美苏关系也发生了变化。美国由于深陷越南战争泥潭,巨额的军费开支以及贸易逆差使其自顾不暇;苏联利用此机会,逐渐缩小了与美国的差距,使得美苏实力处于一种相对均衡状态,从而形成了缓和的局面。而此时,随着欧洲一体化进程的开展和经济快速发展,西欧国家迫切要求改变被保护国的地位,谋求独立自主。为此,以法国总统戴高乐为首的欧洲政治家对美国的欧洲政策提出了挑战,勃兰特的外交思想就是在这一有利的国际环境中孕育而成的。联邦德国社会民主党的对外政策,论述了社会民主党历史演变的过程,以及对外政策的转变及其原因,并指出政党政策在勃兰特外交思想的形成中起着重要的作用。
勃兰特个人的人生经历对勃兰特外交思想的形成产生了重要的影响。勃兰特的国外经历,使其能够认清国际局势和欧洲局势以及德国的走向。他与各国社会民主党人并肩战斗,并建立了深厚的友谊。这为其以后发展与各国之间的友好关系奠定了基础。1947年勃兰特出任西柏林市长,由于西柏林的特殊地位,使其能够与各国领导人经常会晤和交谈。这为他了解各国对于国际局势的看法尤其对德国问题的看法提供了便利,同时,也使他学习和积累了丰富的外交经验。而外交部长职位为他实施独立的外交政策提供了广阔的舞台。
在西欧联合过程中,德法关系是西欧联合思想的核心,没有德法的密切合作,欧洲一体化运动就无法开展。正是基于这种认识,勃兰特上台后积极缓解与法国的矛盾,重启法德关系。在欧洲一体化深化和发展上,勃兰特以海牙大会为契机,积极推动一体化的发展,先后建立了经济与货币联盟、欧洲理事会,并在外交方面尝试合作,以便推动欧洲一体化的深化。在积极推动一体化深化的同时,也积极推进欧洲一体化的扩大,在其努力下英国、丹麦等国先后加入共同体。在德美关系上,从安全角度强调美国对联邦德国的重要性,并十分重视北大西洋公约组织的作用。在东方政策思想中,缓和局势对新东方政策思想形成的产生了重要影响。在此基础上,他提出了“以接近求改变”的思想和“一个民族两个国家事实上承认的思想,”并对其内容进行了阐释,这一思想的提出解决了两个德国与德国统一的问题。
Brandt's diplomatic thoughts was put forward to adapt to the change and development of international politics and economic landscape. It was about reinforing the federation with the West and improving the relationship with East Europe.
A huge change had taken place on the international pattern in the 1960s, and the relationship between the East and the West had entered a new phase--confrontation had been replaced by slackening, which had gradually become an important theme of that time. During this period, the U.S.-Soviet Union relation had changed a lot. Because of the participation in the Vietnam War, America faced a huge expense on military expenditure and unfavorable balance of trade. The Soviet Union took the opportunity to catch up with its opponent little by little, leading to a balance between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, which was the main reason of the slackening situation. Meanwhile, with the progress of European Integration and the fast-developing economy, there was an urgent need in the whole Europe of not being Protected states and becoming independent. For this, A challenge had been posed to the U.S.on its Europe politics by European politicians with De Gaulle as the leader. And this was the beneficial international situation in which Brandt's diplomatic thoughts was grown. The Germany Social Democrats' external policy discussed the changing process of its history and the reason of the changing in the external policy itself. Also, it pointed out the important role the policy had played in the forming of Brandt's diplomatic thoughts.
The personal experience of Brandt had great effect on his diplomatic thoughts. The overseas experience got Brandt a clear understanding of international situation and the trend of Germany. He had earned intense friendship with his comrade in arms of Social Democrats, which laid a foundation for his good relationship with all the nations in the future. Brandt became the mayor of West-Berlin in 1947. The special status of West-Berlin gave Brandt a lot of opportunity to meet and talk with leaders from other countries, which afforded him onvenience to understanding all the attitudes towards the international situation, especially on German issues. Meanwhile, it gained Brandt much knowledge and experience on diplomacy. And being Foreign minister also offered him grand space to carry out independent diplomatic policy.
In the Union of West Europe progress, the Germany-France relation was the core of the idea in West Europe Union. It couldn't be realized without intimate cooperation between Germany and France.
Basing on this, Brandt positively alleviated contradictions with France and set a new start to Germany-France relation. In the progress and deepening of West Europe Union, Brandt took the opportunity in the Hague convention and positively pushed forward the development of Integration by founding Economic and Monetary Union and the European Council. Also, the attempt in diploma cooperation was aimed at impulsing the depth in European integration. While impulsing the depth in European integration, he also put emphasis on enlarging the scale. England, Denmark had joined the Community on his effort. As for the Germany-America relation, he saw the importance of the U.S.considering safety issues and also thought highly of the effect of North Atlantic organization. In the Eastern policy thoughts, appeasing the situation had played important role in the forming of the Eastern policy thoughts. Basing on this, he riled "Approach to Change" and "One people, two nations" and interpreted them, which solved the problem in Two Germany and the Unity of Germany in long-range. c
引文
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[1] http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm
[2] http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/newapproach/nando/index.cfm?fuseaction=notifiedbody.main
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Brandt.27s_popularity
[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostpolitik