《漫漫坎坷路》与文学语境下的美国南方价值观
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摘要
尤多拉?韦尔蒂(1909-2001)是第一位获得普利策奖的美国南方女作家,她一生经历了几乎整个20世纪,见证了美国南方文学景观的变迁。将其代表作品置于“南方文艺复兴”和后现代语境中加以考察,有助于研究美国南方文学所体现的爱心、坚韧和家庭意识等价值观对现实生活的人文关怀。
《漫漫坎坷路》首次发表在1941年二月的《大西洋月刊》上,当年获得欧·亨利奖,后来多次被其它书刊收录并成为课堂教材。2001年,《佐治亚评论》(秋季号)刊登了一篇过去从未发表过的《福克纳致罗伯特·E·琼斯会督的一封信》以及发现这封信的巴特·威林的一篇评论文章,这给解读菲尼克斯原型并研究该小说所表现的南方价值观提供了极有价值的线索。论文通过研究《漫漫坎坷路》的主人公形象并比照福克纳的这封私人信函和威林的评论文章后认为,福克纳的“黑人妈妈”卡罗琳·巴尔就是菲尼克斯·杰克逊的人物原型,韦尔蒂把真实性和现实性相结合,表达了勇气、爱心、珍视希望和呵护家庭等南方文学传统价值观。
在时代变迁的背景下,“南方文艺复兴”时期的经典主题逐渐模糊。二战后出生的南方作家无意重构其前辈的道德体系,作品缺乏清晰、稳定的道德架构,刻意模糊正确与谬误、美与丑的截然分界,在后现代语境中消解传统价值观。在消费文化的冲击下,文学语境下的南方价值体系呈现多元化趋势,“主题失忆症”成为后现代南方文学的真实写照。本文解读了《漫漫坎坷路》的主题,并通过与后现代时期文学主题的比照研究,阐述了该文本所体现的南方价值观对现代社会的重要意义。
黄梅认为时代变迁对传统文学主题的解构在韦尔蒂的后期小说中有所反映。当绝对真理受质疑,伦理规范被搁置时,美国南方文学体现出的坚韧、爱心、家庭等价值观对当下的价值观体系构建还有多大意义?美国著名文学评论家鲁宾认为经典作品是一种珍贵的文化遗产,其反映的主流价值观是人类宝贵的精神财富,他强调南方文学的基本原则犹存,福克纳和韦尔蒂的作品所表现的南方价值观无论现在还是将来都不会失去其重要价值。美国前总统克林顿和南方作家有着很深的渊源,一直褒扬南方文学所坚守的价值观,希拉里?克林顿在接受法国记者采访时也谈到:“我们(民主党人)是道德观念的化身。……我们应该恢复南部联盟的基础,重新成为家庭和同情心的一部分。”本文认为,《漫漫坎坷路》所揭示的经典主题对当今的社会生活依然有着重大的现实意义,否认它就等于否认了历史认同,进而也否认了自我存在的合理内核。
论文从《漫漫坎坷路》的基本要素入手,用英美新批评和原型批评方法,解读小说的悬疑、象征、隐喻以及所体现文学主题,结论认为“南方文艺复兴”时期的经典主题具有坚如磐石的质感和恒久流传的张力,它赋予南方文学凝重的历史感,铸就了鲜明的地域特色。本文以解密《漫漫坎坷路》为主线,以后现代文学思潮对经典主题的冲击为辅,在对比分析新时期南方作家福特的小说《体育记者》的基础上,阐述《漫漫坎坷路》所体现的南方价值观及其现实意义。
Eudora Welty (1909-2001), the first woman writer who won Pulitzer Prize, ranks the top list among American southern writers. She had lived through almost all of the 20th century and experienced the dramatic change of the southern America. Through the close study on Welty’s masterpiece, we can re-examine the values of love, persistence, pro-family embodied in the classic works of American southern literature, and observe the thematic turn in the postmodernity as well as the significance of the core values.
A Worn Path was published on the Atlantic in January, 1941, and won O’Henry Prize in the same year. Since then, it has been frequently anthologized as a masterpiece into American textbooks. In 2001, The Georgia Review (Autumn Issue) published for the first time Faulkner’s A Letter to Bishop Robert E Jones, and Bart H. Wellings’s commentary In Praise of the Black Mother: An Unpublished Faulkner Letter on‘Mammy’Caroline Barr, which have provided a valuable clue for us to find the protagonist’s real identity. Comparing Faulkner’s personal letter as well as Mr. Wellings’s review, this thesis draws the conclusion that black Mammy Caroline Barr is the prototype of Phoenix Jackson. By portraying an enduring black grandmother who struggles the way in a freezing day for medicine to cure her sick grandson, A Worn Path expresses the values of courage, love, hope, and pro-family.
The postwar writers have no interest to repeat the traditional values. They avoid taking definite stance between the right and wrong, the beautiful and ugly―the glorious tradition is lost in the context of postmoderniy. Moral amnesia constitutes the landscape of the contemporary southern literature, and the classic theme of the southern literature has been blurred with the‘cultural turn’. This thesis studies A Worn Path and makes a contrastive study with the postmodernism works to illustrate the significance of the traditional values.
Chinese critic Huang Mei notes that Welty had changed the theme of her novels gradually in her late works. In such a context of displacement, how do people treat the legacy of values? Louis Rubin maintains that the themes expressed in the works before the 1960s are still valuable nowadays. He asserts that the southern heritage is far from outdated and the southern literature has developed into a new phase, showing a trend of vigor. He also stresses that the basic values—Welty’s literary themes—remained to be the torch handed down to the new generations. Bill Clinton admires the southern literary works and adores the southern writers, who have been endeavored to preserve the southern values in the pervasive consumerism. Senate Hillary says in an interview,“The Democratic Party has long been the symbol of the southern values……We’d better return to the ground of our national frame, and make family and sympathy integral part of our life.”In this sense, the thesis maintains that the theme of A Worn Path illuminates the values that should be inherited as a legacy to American posterity.
This thesis combines the theory of Anglo-American New Criticism and Archetypal criticism to study the symbols and metaphors of A Worn Path. It concludes that the classical theme of the Southern Renaissance is solid and everlasting, which has forged the hallmark of history and regional attributes. The thesis also studies Ford’s postmodern work The Sportswriter to highlight the thematic significance of A Worn Path.
《漫漫坎坷路》首次发表在1941年二月的《大西洋月刊》上,当年获得欧·亨利奖,后来多次被其它书刊收录并成为课堂教材。2001年,《佐治亚评论》(秋季号)刊登了一篇过去从未发表过的《福克纳致罗伯特·E·琼斯会督的一封信》以及发现这封信的巴特·威林的一篇评论文章,这给解读菲尼克斯原型并研究该小说所表现的南方价值观提供了极有价值的线索。论文通过研究《漫漫坎坷路》的主人公形象并比照福克纳的这封私人信函和威林的评论文章后认为,福克纳的“黑人妈妈”卡罗琳·巴尔就是菲尼克斯·杰克逊的人物原型,韦尔蒂把真实性和现实性相结合,表达了勇气、爱心、珍视希望和呵护家庭等南方文学传统价值观。
在时代变迁的背景下,“南方文艺复兴”时期的经典主题逐渐模糊。二战后出生的南方作家无意重构其前辈的道德体系,作品缺乏清晰、稳定的道德架构,刻意模糊正确与谬误、美与丑的截然分界,在后现代语境中消解传统价值观。在消费文化的冲击下,文学语境下的南方价值体系呈现多元化趋势,“主题失忆症”成为后现代南方文学的真实写照。本文解读了《漫漫坎坷路》的主题,并通过与后现代时期文学主题的比照研究,阐述了该文本所体现的南方价值观对现代社会的重要意义。
黄梅认为时代变迁对传统文学主题的解构在韦尔蒂的后期小说中有所反映。当绝对真理受质疑,伦理规范被搁置时,美国南方文学体现出的坚韧、爱心、家庭等价值观对当下的价值观体系构建还有多大意义?美国著名文学评论家鲁宾认为经典作品是一种珍贵的文化遗产,其反映的主流价值观是人类宝贵的精神财富,他强调南方文学的基本原则犹存,福克纳和韦尔蒂的作品所表现的南方价值观无论现在还是将来都不会失去其重要价值。美国前总统克林顿和南方作家有着很深的渊源,一直褒扬南方文学所坚守的价值观,希拉里?克林顿在接受法国记者采访时也谈到:“我们(民主党人)是道德观念的化身。……我们应该恢复南部联盟的基础,重新成为家庭和同情心的一部分。”本文认为,《漫漫坎坷路》所揭示的经典主题对当今的社会生活依然有着重大的现实意义,否认它就等于否认了历史认同,进而也否认了自我存在的合理内核。
论文从《漫漫坎坷路》的基本要素入手,用英美新批评和原型批评方法,解读小说的悬疑、象征、隐喻以及所体现文学主题,结论认为“南方文艺复兴”时期的经典主题具有坚如磐石的质感和恒久流传的张力,它赋予南方文学凝重的历史感,铸就了鲜明的地域特色。本文以解密《漫漫坎坷路》为主线,以后现代文学思潮对经典主题的冲击为辅,在对比分析新时期南方作家福特的小说《体育记者》的基础上,阐述《漫漫坎坷路》所体现的南方价值观及其现实意义。
Eudora Welty (1909-2001), the first woman writer who won Pulitzer Prize, ranks the top list among American southern writers. She had lived through almost all of the 20th century and experienced the dramatic change of the southern America. Through the close study on Welty’s masterpiece, we can re-examine the values of love, persistence, pro-family embodied in the classic works of American southern literature, and observe the thematic turn in the postmodernity as well as the significance of the core values.
A Worn Path was published on the Atlantic in January, 1941, and won O’Henry Prize in the same year. Since then, it has been frequently anthologized as a masterpiece into American textbooks. In 2001, The Georgia Review (Autumn Issue) published for the first time Faulkner’s A Letter to Bishop Robert E Jones, and Bart H. Wellings’s commentary In Praise of the Black Mother: An Unpublished Faulkner Letter on‘Mammy’Caroline Barr, which have provided a valuable clue for us to find the protagonist’s real identity. Comparing Faulkner’s personal letter as well as Mr. Wellings’s review, this thesis draws the conclusion that black Mammy Caroline Barr is the prototype of Phoenix Jackson. By portraying an enduring black grandmother who struggles the way in a freezing day for medicine to cure her sick grandson, A Worn Path expresses the values of courage, love, hope, and pro-family.
The postwar writers have no interest to repeat the traditional values. They avoid taking definite stance between the right and wrong, the beautiful and ugly―the glorious tradition is lost in the context of postmoderniy. Moral amnesia constitutes the landscape of the contemporary southern literature, and the classic theme of the southern literature has been blurred with the‘cultural turn’. This thesis studies A Worn Path and makes a contrastive study with the postmodernism works to illustrate the significance of the traditional values.
Chinese critic Huang Mei notes that Welty had changed the theme of her novels gradually in her late works. In such a context of displacement, how do people treat the legacy of values? Louis Rubin maintains that the themes expressed in the works before the 1960s are still valuable nowadays. He asserts that the southern heritage is far from outdated and the southern literature has developed into a new phase, showing a trend of vigor. He also stresses that the basic values—Welty’s literary themes—remained to be the torch handed down to the new generations. Bill Clinton admires the southern literary works and adores the southern writers, who have been endeavored to preserve the southern values in the pervasive consumerism. Senate Hillary says in an interview,“The Democratic Party has long been the symbol of the southern values……We’d better return to the ground of our national frame, and make family and sympathy integral part of our life.”In this sense, the thesis maintains that the theme of A Worn Path illuminates the values that should be inherited as a legacy to American posterity.
This thesis combines the theory of Anglo-American New Criticism and Archetypal criticism to study the symbols and metaphors of A Worn Path. It concludes that the classical theme of the Southern Renaissance is solid and everlasting, which has forged the hallmark of history and regional attributes. The thesis also studies Ford’s postmodern work The Sportswriter to highlight the thematic significance of A Worn Path.
引文
Bauman, Z.“The Fall of the Legislator”[A], in T. Dochetry (ed.) Postmodernism: a Reader [C]. Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire: Simon & Schuster International Group, 1993.
Brooks, C. On the Prejudices, Predilections and Firm Beliefs of William Faulkner [C]. Baton Rouge: UP of Louisiana, 1987.
Bryant Jr. J.A. 20th Century Southern Literature [M]. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1997.
Cassill, R.V. The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction (5th Edition) [M]. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995.
Charters, A. (ed.) The Short Story and Its Writer-An Introduction to Short Fiction (4th Edition) [M]. Boston: Bedford Books, 1995.
Clinton, R. H. Living History [M]. New York: Scribner, 2003.
Davidson, D.“The Everlasting Southern Values”[A], in The New York Times Book Review [J]. March 12, 2002.
Deleuze, G. Kant’s Critical Philosophy [M], 1963. trans. Fross P. Dent: UP of London, 1984.
Dickey, J. The Roots of Southern Writing [M]. Athens: UP of Georgia, 1972.
Eagleton, T. An Introduction to Literary Theory [M]. London: Verso, 1998.
Faulkner, W. Absalom, Absalom! [M]. New York: The Modern Library, 1951.
Faulkner, W.“Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech”[A], in G. Kearns gen. (ed.) American Literature [M]. Mission Hills, California: Glencoe Macmillan Publishing Company, 1987.
Ford, R. The Sportswriter [M]. New York: Random House, 1986.
Fraser, N. and L. Nicholson,“Social Criticism without Philosophy: An Encounter between feminism and Postmodernism”[A], in T. Dochetry (ed.) Postmodernism: a Reader [C]. Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire: Simon & Schuster International Group, 1993.
Green, S. D. & L. Abney. Songs of the New South [C]. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2001.
Guinn, M. After Southern Modernism-Fiction of the Contemporary South [C]. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2000.
Hannah, B. Bats Out of Hell [M]. Boston: Houghton Mifflin/ Seymour Lawrence, 1993.
Harvey, D. The Condition of Postmodernity [M]. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 1993.
Heuy, G. (ed.), Perspective on Richard Ford [C]. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2000.
Hobson, F. The Southern Writer in the Postmodern World [M]. Athens: UP of Georgia, 1991. Jameson, F. Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism [M]. London: UP of Duke, 1991.
Kazin, A. Bright Book of life [M]. Boston-Toronto: Little Brown & Company, 1973.
Kennedy, C. The Earliest English Poetry [M]. New York: UP of Oxford, 1st edition, 1943, Reprinted in 1993.
Keys, M. A Worn Path: the Way of Dispossession [A]. See http://www. enotes. com/up akansas. Accessed on Aug. 19th, 2007.
Kieft, R. Eudora Welty [M]. New York: Twayne Publishing House, 1962.
Lawall, S. (ed.) The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces (7th Edition, Vol.2) [M]. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc. 1999.
McCarthy, C. Suttree [M]. New York: Vintage International, Vintage Books, 1992.
Mizener, A. Instructor’s Manual for Modern Short Studies: the Use of the Imagination [Z]. New York: Norton, 1967.
Oates, J.“Conversations with Richard Ford”[A], in G. Heuy (ed.) The Novels and its Writer [M]. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2001.
Oliva, A. B.“The International Trans-Avant-Garde”[A], in T. Dochetry (ed.) Postmodernism: a Reader [C]. Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire: Simon & Schuster International Group, 1993.
Rubin Jr., L. Essays in American Literature [C]. Baton Rouge: UP of Louisiana, 1969.
Rubin Jr., L. The literary South [M], New York: John Wiley& Sons, 1979.
Simpson, L. the Dispossessed Garden: Pastoral and History in Southern Literature [M]. Athens: UP of Georgia, 1975.
Smith, L. Conversations with Lee Smith [A]. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2001.
Sullivan, W. A Requiem for the Renascence [M]. Athens: the UP of Georgia, 1976.
Tate, A. Essays of Four Decades [M]. Chicago: Swallow Press,1968.
Throp, W. American Writing in the 20th Century [M]. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963. Tyler, A. Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant [M]. New York: Knopf. 1982.
Warren, R. P.“Robert Penn Warren Talking Interviews 1950―1978”[A], in Floyd C. Watkins and J. T. Hiers (ed.) The Postmodernism Writers in the South [M], New York: Random House, 1980.
Welty, E.“A Worn Path”[A], in G. Kearns gen. (ed.) American Literature [M]. Mission Hills, California: Glencoe Macmillan Publishing Company, 1987a.
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Welty, E.“Is Phoenix Jackson’s Grandson Really Dead?”[A], in G. Kearns gen. (ed.) the Short Story and its Writer [M]. Mission Hills, California: Glencoe Macmillan Publishing Company, 1987b.
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Woodward C. The Burden of Southern History [M]. Little Rock: UP of Arkansas, 1996.
比尔?克林顿,《我的生活》[M],李公昭译,南京:译林出版社,2004年
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Brooks, C. On the Prejudices, Predilections and Firm Beliefs of William Faulkner [C]. Baton Rouge: UP of Louisiana, 1987.
Bryant Jr. J.A. 20th Century Southern Literature [M]. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1997.
Cassill, R.V. The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction (5th Edition) [M]. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995.
Charters, A. (ed.) The Short Story and Its Writer-An Introduction to Short Fiction (4th Edition) [M]. Boston: Bedford Books, 1995.
Clinton, R. H. Living History [M]. New York: Scribner, 2003.
Davidson, D.“The Everlasting Southern Values”[A], in The New York Times Book Review [J]. March 12, 2002.
Deleuze, G. Kant’s Critical Philosophy [M], 1963. trans. Fross P. Dent: UP of London, 1984.
Dickey, J. The Roots of Southern Writing [M]. Athens: UP of Georgia, 1972.
Eagleton, T. An Introduction to Literary Theory [M]. London: Verso, 1998.
Faulkner, W. Absalom, Absalom! [M]. New York: The Modern Library, 1951.
Faulkner, W.“Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech”[A], in G. Kearns gen. (ed.) American Literature [M]. Mission Hills, California: Glencoe Macmillan Publishing Company, 1987.
Ford, R. The Sportswriter [M]. New York: Random House, 1986.
Fraser, N. and L. Nicholson,“Social Criticism without Philosophy: An Encounter between feminism and Postmodernism”[A], in T. Dochetry (ed.) Postmodernism: a Reader [C]. Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire: Simon & Schuster International Group, 1993.
Green, S. D. & L. Abney. Songs of the New South [C]. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2001.
Guinn, M. After Southern Modernism-Fiction of the Contemporary South [C]. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2000.
Hannah, B. Bats Out of Hell [M]. Boston: Houghton Mifflin/ Seymour Lawrence, 1993.
Harvey, D. The Condition of Postmodernity [M]. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 1993.
Heuy, G. (ed.), Perspective on Richard Ford [C]. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2000.
Hobson, F. The Southern Writer in the Postmodern World [M]. Athens: UP of Georgia, 1991. Jameson, F. Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism [M]. London: UP of Duke, 1991.
Kazin, A. Bright Book of life [M]. Boston-Toronto: Little Brown & Company, 1973.
Kennedy, C. The Earliest English Poetry [M]. New York: UP of Oxford, 1st edition, 1943, Reprinted in 1993.
Keys, M. A Worn Path: the Way of Dispossession [A]. See http://www. enotes. com/up akansas. Accessed on Aug. 19th, 2007.
Kieft, R. Eudora Welty [M]. New York: Twayne Publishing House, 1962.
Lawall, S. (ed.) The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces (7th Edition, Vol.2) [M]. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc. 1999.
McCarthy, C. Suttree [M]. New York: Vintage International, Vintage Books, 1992.
Mizener, A. Instructor’s Manual for Modern Short Studies: the Use of the Imagination [Z]. New York: Norton, 1967.
Oates, J.“Conversations with Richard Ford”[A], in G. Heuy (ed.) The Novels and its Writer [M]. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2001.
Oliva, A. B.“The International Trans-Avant-Garde”[A], in T. Dochetry (ed.) Postmodernism: a Reader [C]. Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire: Simon & Schuster International Group, 1993.
Rubin Jr., L. Essays in American Literature [C]. Baton Rouge: UP of Louisiana, 1969.
Rubin Jr., L. The literary South [M], New York: John Wiley& Sons, 1979.
Simpson, L. the Dispossessed Garden: Pastoral and History in Southern Literature [M]. Athens: UP of Georgia, 1975.
Smith, L. Conversations with Lee Smith [A]. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2001.
Sullivan, W. A Requiem for the Renascence [M]. Athens: the UP of Georgia, 1976.
Tate, A. Essays of Four Decades [M]. Chicago: Swallow Press,1968.
Throp, W. American Writing in the 20th Century [M]. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963. Tyler, A. Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant [M]. New York: Knopf. 1982.
Warren, R. P.“Robert Penn Warren Talking Interviews 1950―1978”[A], in Floyd C. Watkins and J. T. Hiers (ed.) The Postmodernism Writers in the South [M], New York: Random House, 1980.
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