Internet中域间可区分流量工程环境下的路由问题研究
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摘要
为了使Internet更好地适应网络发展的新形势,必须赋予其提供QoS服务的能力。当前,DiffServ已经成为QoS供应的主流模型。然而,仅仅使用DiffServ并不能解决所有的问题,它还需要Internet流量工程的支持。在核心网中同时实施DiffServ和流量工程已经成为一个广泛的共识,流量工程也已经因此而成为QoS体系中最重要的组成之一。
但是,目前的流量工程无论是在广度还是在深度方面都还亟待进一步发展。为了更好地融合DiffServ的区分服务思想,为了在更广阔的网络区域中加以实施,迫切需要将现有的不可区分的、作用范围局限在域内的Internet流量工程扩展为端到端、可区分的Internet流量工程。
本文以域间可区分的Internet流量工程环境下的动、静态路由方案为研究目标,对相关的动、静态路由算法和协议机制进行了研究和探索,其中,主要的研究内容如下:
1.分析了目前Internet流量工程作用范围的局限性之所在,并在深入研究整个Internet路由体系结构以及可区分流量工程的基础上,创造性地提出了端到端、可区分的Internet流量工程体系框架。该体系框架的建立为今后多种多样跨区域的网络应用奠定了基础,是本论文的主要创新之一。
2.基于化繁为简、由浅入深的考虑,将域间可区分Internet流量工程(IDDS-TE)环境下的动态路由问题分解为单自治域中多路由区之间(Inter-Area DS-TE)的动态路由问题以及多个单区自治域之间(Inter-AS DS-TE)的动态路由问题,分别给出了两种情况下的路径计算方法和信令传递机制。以MPLS技术为基础,将类别区分与跨区域操作结合起来进行流量工程的基于约束路由计算是本文的创新之处。
3.将Inter-Area DS-TE环境下的动态路由机制和Inter-AS DS-TE环境下的动态路由机制结合起来,提出了IDDS-TE环境下层次化的通用动态路由机制,以适应任意的组网情况。
4.针对要求简单、快速的计算环境(例如网络规划以及某些大规模的ISP网络),提出了一种适用于区间可区分流量工程环境下的静态路由算法,并为之设计了合理的全局优化策略,以弥补因为算法简单而带来的优化性能损失,该策略的使用是本文简单静态算法的特色所在。
5.给出了与本文IDDS-TE动态路由机制相关的协议扩展,主要是路由协议(主要是OSPF协议、IS-IS协议以及BGP协议)以及信令协议(主要是RSVP协议)方面的扩展。
It tends to be such an urgent task to add Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms in the Internet because of the forwarding progress of the different network applications. Nowadays, the Differentiated Services (DiffServ) model has been the mainstream of QoS supplying. Even though, it isn’t enough to have all the problems resolved only depending on DiffServ, we also need the help of Traffic Engineering (TE). There’re so many reasons and strongpoint to deploy TE and DiffServ in the backbone network at the same time, and this has been greatly accepted in common. Because of this, TE has been one of the most important modules of the QoS architecture.
But the current TE mechanism has so many limitations at different aspects, so it needs to be enhanced to make it more applicable. To apply TE and DiffServ more seamless, it’s necessary to make the current TE to be DiffServ-aware TE (DS-TE). Furthermore, the scope of the current TE also needs to be extended from just one routing area to across the Internet backbone, so as to forming the so-called Edge-to-Edge DiffServ-aware TE. In this dissertation, it mainly discusses the issues of dynamic routing mechanisms and offline routing algorithm in the environment of Inter-Domain DiffServ-aware TE (IDDS-TE). As a result, we propose the related path computing methods, signaling and protocol enhancement schemes. The major achievements are outlined as follows.
After analyzing the limitation reason of the current Internet TE, we propose an Edge-to-Edge DiffServ-aware traffic engineering architecture based on the deeply investigation of the Internet’s routing architecture and the prevailed DiffServ-aware traffic engineering.
Because of the multiplex network structure, the dynamic routing problem of IDDS-TE is so complicated that it must be decoupled. So we first discuss the dynamic routing mechanisms of Inter-Area DS-TE which is only effective between some routing areas of the same Autonomous System (AS). Then, the dynamic routing mechanisms of Inter-AS DS-TE is discussed which is effectivebetween some ASes comprising just one routing area. The mechanisms include the path computing methods and signaling.
Based on the discussion of the dynamic routing mechanisms of Inter-Area DS-TE and Inter-AS DS-TE, we propose the general dynamic routing mechanisms of IDDS-TE which is effective in any universal network structure.
To meet the computation speed requirement of some special offline computing environment such as in the network planning and in some huge network, we propose a simple offline routing algorithm used in the Inter-Area DS-TE. Because the simplicity may deeply weaken the optimization performance, we design an effective strategy to make up for this so as to strengthen the performance of the simple algorithm.
In order to deploy our dynamic routing mechanisms in the real network, it must be scalable enough for the correlated routing protocol and signaling protocol to supply. After investigate the current protocols such as OSPF, BGP and RSVP, the extension of these protocols is proposed for our dynamic routing mechanisms.
但是,目前的流量工程无论是在广度还是在深度方面都还亟待进一步发展。为了更好地融合DiffServ的区分服务思想,为了在更广阔的网络区域中加以实施,迫切需要将现有的不可区分的、作用范围局限在域内的Internet流量工程扩展为端到端、可区分的Internet流量工程。
本文以域间可区分的Internet流量工程环境下的动、静态路由方案为研究目标,对相关的动、静态路由算法和协议机制进行了研究和探索,其中,主要的研究内容如下:
1.分析了目前Internet流量工程作用范围的局限性之所在,并在深入研究整个Internet路由体系结构以及可区分流量工程的基础上,创造性地提出了端到端、可区分的Internet流量工程体系框架。该体系框架的建立为今后多种多样跨区域的网络应用奠定了基础,是本论文的主要创新之一。
2.基于化繁为简、由浅入深的考虑,将域间可区分Internet流量工程(IDDS-TE)环境下的动态路由问题分解为单自治域中多路由区之间(Inter-Area DS-TE)的动态路由问题以及多个单区自治域之间(Inter-AS DS-TE)的动态路由问题,分别给出了两种情况下的路径计算方法和信令传递机制。以MPLS技术为基础,将类别区分与跨区域操作结合起来进行流量工程的基于约束路由计算是本文的创新之处。
3.将Inter-Area DS-TE环境下的动态路由机制和Inter-AS DS-TE环境下的动态路由机制结合起来,提出了IDDS-TE环境下层次化的通用动态路由机制,以适应任意的组网情况。
4.针对要求简单、快速的计算环境(例如网络规划以及某些大规模的ISP网络),提出了一种适用于区间可区分流量工程环境下的静态路由算法,并为之设计了合理的全局优化策略,以弥补因为算法简单而带来的优化性能损失,该策略的使用是本文简单静态算法的特色所在。
5.给出了与本文IDDS-TE动态路由机制相关的协议扩展,主要是路由协议(主要是OSPF协议、IS-IS协议以及BGP协议)以及信令协议(主要是RSVP协议)方面的扩展。
It tends to be such an urgent task to add Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms in the Internet because of the forwarding progress of the different network applications. Nowadays, the Differentiated Services (DiffServ) model has been the mainstream of QoS supplying. Even though, it isn’t enough to have all the problems resolved only depending on DiffServ, we also need the help of Traffic Engineering (TE). There’re so many reasons and strongpoint to deploy TE and DiffServ in the backbone network at the same time, and this has been greatly accepted in common. Because of this, TE has been one of the most important modules of the QoS architecture.
But the current TE mechanism has so many limitations at different aspects, so it needs to be enhanced to make it more applicable. To apply TE and DiffServ more seamless, it’s necessary to make the current TE to be DiffServ-aware TE (DS-TE). Furthermore, the scope of the current TE also needs to be extended from just one routing area to across the Internet backbone, so as to forming the so-called Edge-to-Edge DiffServ-aware TE. In this dissertation, it mainly discusses the issues of dynamic routing mechanisms and offline routing algorithm in the environment of Inter-Domain DiffServ-aware TE (IDDS-TE). As a result, we propose the related path computing methods, signaling and protocol enhancement schemes. The major achievements are outlined as follows.
After analyzing the limitation reason of the current Internet TE, we propose an Edge-to-Edge DiffServ-aware traffic engineering architecture based on the deeply investigation of the Internet’s routing architecture and the prevailed DiffServ-aware traffic engineering.
Because of the multiplex network structure, the dynamic routing problem of IDDS-TE is so complicated that it must be decoupled. So we first discuss the dynamic routing mechanisms of Inter-Area DS-TE which is only effective between some routing areas of the same Autonomous System (AS). Then, the dynamic routing mechanisms of Inter-AS DS-TE is discussed which is effectivebetween some ASes comprising just one routing area. The mechanisms include the path computing methods and signaling.
Based on the discussion of the dynamic routing mechanisms of Inter-Area DS-TE and Inter-AS DS-TE, we propose the general dynamic routing mechanisms of IDDS-TE which is effective in any universal network structure.
To meet the computation speed requirement of some special offline computing environment such as in the network planning and in some huge network, we propose a simple offline routing algorithm used in the Inter-Area DS-TE. Because the simplicity may deeply weaken the optimization performance, we design an effective strategy to make up for this so as to strengthen the performance of the simple algorithm.
In order to deploy our dynamic routing mechanisms in the real network, it must be scalable enough for the correlated routing protocol and signaling protocol to supply. After investigate the current protocols such as OSPF, BGP and RSVP, the extension of these protocols is proposed for our dynamic routing mechanisms.
引文
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[111]. Francois Le Faucheur, Waisum Lai, Maximum Allocation Bandwidth Constraints Model for Diff-Serv-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering, draft-ietf-tewg-diff-te-mam-04.txt, December 2004
[112]. Jerry Ash, Max Allocation with Reservation Bandwidth Constraints Model for DiffServ-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering & Performance Comparisons, draft-ietf-tewg-diff-te-mar-06.txt, December, 2004
[113]. Francois Le Faucheur, Russian Dolls Bandwidth Constraints Model for Diff-Serv-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering, draft-ietf-tewg-diff-te-russian-07.txt, December 2004
[114]. Wai Sum Lai, Bandwidth Constraints Models for Differentiated Services-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering: Performance Evaluation, draft-wlai-tewg-bcmodel-06.txt, January 2005
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[117]. K. Varadhan , S. Hares , Y. Rekhter, BGP4/IDRP for IP---OSPF Interaction,RFC1745,December 1994
[118]. JL Le Roux,JP Vasseur,Jim Boyle,Requirements for Inter-area MPLS Traffic Engineering,draft-ietf-tewg-interarea-mpls-te-req-02.txt,June 2004
[119]. Raymond Zhang,JP Vasseur,MPLS Inter-AS Traffic Engineering requirements , draft-ietf-tewg-interas-mpls-te-req-09.txt , September 2004
[120]. Tracie E. Monk, Inter-domain Traffic Engineering: Principles and Case Examples,INET2002,June 2002
[121]. Jean-Philippe Vasseur , Raymond Zhang , Inter-AS MPLS Traffic Engineering,draft-vasseur-inter-as-te-01.txt,June, 2003
[122]. CISCO WhitePaper,Inter-Area Traffic Engineering,2004
[123]. D. Harrington, R. Presuhn, B. Wijnen, An Architecture for Describing Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Management Frameworks, RFC3411, December 2002
[124]. Francis Reichmeyer, Kwok Chan, David Durham, et al, COPS Usage for Differentiated Services, IETF Internet draft, draft-ietf-rap-cops-ds-01.txt, 1998.12
[125]. Francois Le Faucheur, Considerations on Bandwidth Constraints Models for DS-TE, draft-lefaucheur-tewg-russian-dolls-00.txt, June, 2002
[126]. Srihari R. Sangli, Daniel Tappan, Yakov Rekhter, BGP Extended Communities Attribute, draft-ietf-idr-bgp-ext-communities-07.txt, September 2004
[127]. R. Chandra, P. Traina, T. Li, BGP Communities Attribute,RFC1997, August 1996
[128]. CISCO WhitePaper,MPLS Traffic Engineering—Inter-AS TE,2004
[129]. Ravindra K. Ahuja, Thomas L. Magnanti, James B. Orlin, Network Flows: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications, Prentice Hall, 1993
[130]. Z. Wang, J. Crowcroft, “Quality of Service Routing for Supporting Multimedia Applications”, IEEE JSAC, 1996.9
[131]. Kireeti Kompella,Daniel O. Awduche,Notes on Path Computation in Constraint-Based Routing,draft-kompella-te-pathcomp-00.txt,January 2001
[132]. F. Le Faucheur, R. Uppili, A. Vedrenne, et al, Use of Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) Metric as a second MPLS Traffic Engineering (TE) Metric, RFC3785, May 2004
[133]. Minieka, E.T.著,李家滢,赵官旗译,网络和图的最优化算法,北京:中国铁道出版社,1984
[134]. 薛希俊,QoS 供应体系下的流量工程与网络规划研究,天津大学博士学位论文,2002.6
[135]. 殷剑宏, 吴开亚编著,图论及其算法,中国科学技术大学出版社,2003
[136]. 苗邦均,应用图论,北京:中国铁道出版社,1980
[137]. JP Vasseur,Arthi Ayyangar,Inter-area and Inter-AS MPLS Traffic Engineering , draft-vasseur-ccamp-inter-area-as-te-00.txt , February, 2004
[138]. Adrian Farrel,Jean-Philippe Vasseur,Jerry Ash,Path Computation Element (PCE) Architecture , draft-ash-pce-architecture-00.txt ,September 2004
[139]. Jerry Ash , Adrian Farrel , Path Computation Element Problem Statement,draft-ash-pce-problem-statement-00.txt,June 2004
[140]. JP Vasseur,Arthi Ayyangar,Raymond Zhang,Inter-domain Traffic Engineering LSP path computation methods ,draft-vasseur-ccamp-inter-domain-path-comp-00.txt,July, 2004
[141]. JP Vasseur,Raymond Zhang,RSVP Path computation request and reply messages,draft-vasseur-mpls-computation-rsvp-05.txt,July 2004
[142]. JP Vasseur,Peter Psenak,Jean-Louis Le Roux,OSPF MPLS Traffic Engineering capabilities,draft-vasseur-ospf-te-caps-00.txt,July 2004
[143]. Jean-Philippe Vasseur,JL Le Roux,Stefano Previdi,IS-IS MPLS Traffic Engineering capabilities,draft-vasseur-isis-te-caps-00.txt,July 2004
[144]. Jean-Philippe Vasseur , Rahul Aggarwal , Naiming Shen , IS-IS extensions for advertising router information ,draft-vasseur-isis-caps-02.txt,July 2004
[145]. D. Awduche,L. Berger,D. Gan,et al,RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels,RFC3209, December 2001
[146]. Tarek Saad, Tingzhou Yang, Dimitrios Makrakis, Inter-domain adaptive traffic engineering for IP differentiated services MPLS-based networks, 2002
[147]. Panos Trimintzios, George Pavlou, Service-driven traffic engineering for intradomain quality of service management, IEEE networks, 2003
[148]. Srihari R. Sangli,Daniel Tappan,Yakov Rekhter,BGP ExtendedCommunities Attribute,draft-ietf-idr-bgp-ext-communities-07.txt,2004
[149]. E. Rosen,Y. Rekhter,BGP/MPLS VPNs,RFC2547,March 1999
[150]. Cristel Pelsser, Olivier Bonaventure, Extending RSVP-TE to support Inter-AS LSPs, 2003
[151]. K.H. Ho, N. Wang, P. Trimintzios, et al, Traffic Engineering for Inter-domain Quality of Service, 2003
[152]. Chris Liljenstolpe,Offline Traffic Engineering in a Large ISP Setting,draft-liljenstolpe-tewg-cwbcp-02.txt,May 2003
[153]. S. Van den Bosch,G. Van Hoey,N. Degrande,et al,Offline TE in hierarchical networks,draft-vdbosch-tewg-multiarea-offline-te-00.txt,November 2001
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[54]. H. Schulzrinne, R. Hancock, GIMPS: General Internet Messaging Protocol for Signaling, draft-ietf-nsis-ntlp-02, May 30, 2004
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[62]. Y. Rekhter, T. Li, A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4), RFC1654, July 1994
[63]. Y. Rekhter, P. Gross, Application of the Border Gateway Protocol in the Internet, RFC1655, July 1994
[64]. Y. Rekhter, T.Li, S. Hares, A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4), draft-ietf-idr-bgp4-24.txt, 2003
[65]. CISCO, BGP Best Path Selection Algorithm, 2004
[66]. Shiv Kalyanaraman, Hema T. Kaur, Mehul Doshi, et al, Connectionless Building Blocks For Intra- and Inter-Domain Traffic Engineering, 2002
[67]. B. QUOITIN, S. UHLIG and O. BONAVENTURE, Using redistribution communities for Interdomain Traffic Engineering, 2002
[68]. G. Cristallo, C. Jacquenet, The BGP QOS_NLRI Attribute, draft-jacquenet-bgp-qos-00.txt, February 2004
[69]. T. Bates, Y. Rekhter, R. Chandra,et al,Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4,RFC2858,June 2000
[70]. Y. Rekhter,E. Rosen,Carrying Label Information in BGP-4,RFC3107,May 2001
[71]. V. Paxson,G. Almes,J. Mahdavi,et al,Framework for IP Performance Metrics,RFC2330,May 1998
[72]. Steve. Uhlig, Implications of Interdomain Traffic Characteristics on Traffic Engineering, 2002
[73]. B. Quoitin, Interdomain traffic engineering with BGP, 2002
[74]. Nick. Feamster, guidelines for Interdomain Traffic Engineering, 2003.
[75]. Hema T. Kaur, Shivkumar Kalyanaraman,A Connectionless Approach to Intra- and Inter-Domain Traffic Engineering,2002
[76]. Geoffrey Cristallo, Christian Jacquenet, AN APPROACH TO INTER-DOMAIN TRAFFIC ENGINEERING,2002
[77]. Róbert Szabó, Attila Takács and András Császár, Optimised Multi Homing - an Approach for Inter-domain Traffic Engineering, IPS 2004,2004
[78]. Jared Winick, Sugih Jamin, Jennifer Rexford, Traffic Engineering Between Neighboring Domains,2002
[79]. Ben Abarbanel,Senthil Venkatachalam,BGP-4 support for Traffic Engineering,draft-abarbanel-idr-bgp4-te-01.txt,September, 2000
[80]. L. Swinnen, S. Tandel, S. Uhlig, et al, An Evaluation of BGP-based Traffic Engineering Techniques, 2002
[81]. Michael Brusca, IP-based DSL Architecture Paves the Way for "DSLHome", The DSL Forum, 1/22/2004
[82]. Michael Patrick, William Murwin, Data Over Cable System Quality of Service Management Information Base (DOCSIS-QOS MIB), draft-ietf-ipcdn-qos-mib-06.txt, November 9, 2001
[83]. Chuck Semeria, Traffic Engineering for the New Public Network, White paper, Juniper Networks, 1999.1
[84]. D. Awduche,J. Malcolm,J. Agogbua,et al,Requirements for Traffic Engineering Over MPLS,RFC2702,September 1999
[85]. D. Awduche, A. Chiu, A. Elwalid, et al, Overview and Principles of Internet Traffic Engineering, rfc3272, May 2002
[86]. J. Boyle,V. Gill,A. Hannan,et al,Applicability Statement for Traffic Engineering with MPLS,RFC3346,August 2002
[87]. D. Awduche and Y. Rekhter, Multiprocotol Lambda Switching: Combining MPLS Traffic Engineering Control with Optical Crossconnects, IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2001.
[88]. A. Elwalid, D. Mitra and R.H. Wentworth, "A New Approach for Allocating Buffers and Bandwidth to Heterogeneous, Regulated Traffic in an ATM Node", IEEE IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 13:6, pp. 1115-1127, Aug. 1995.
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[93]. Katsube, Y. K. Nagami. and H. Esaki. Toshiba’s Router Architecture Extensions for ATM: Overview, RFC2098, April 1997.
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[103]. P. Vaananen, R. Ravikanth, Framework for Traffic Management in MPLS Networks, IETF Internet draft, draft-vaananen-mpls-tm-framework-00.txt, 1998.3
[104]. Eric Horlait, Nicolas Rouhana, Differentiated Services and Integrated Services Use of MPLS, ISCC2000
[105]. ATM Forum PNNI subworking group, Private Network-Network Interface Spec. v1.0 (PNNI 1.0), afpnni-0055.00, Mar. 1996.
[106]. Smit, H. And T. Li, ISIS Extensions for Traffic Engineering, Internet draft, draft-ietf-isis-traffic-02.txt, 2000.9
[107]. Dave Katz, Derek Yeung, Traffic Engineering Extensions to OSPF, IETF Internet draft, draft-katz-yeung-ospf-traffic-04.txt, 2001.2
[108]. Bruce Davie, Yakov Rekhter, 多协议标签交换技术与应用(MPLS: Technology and Applications),机械工业出版社,2001
[109]. Bilel Jamoussi, Editor, Constraint-Based LSP Setup using LDP, IETFInternet draft, draft-ietf-mpls-cr-ldp-05.txt, 2001.2
[110]. Chuck Semeria, RSVP Signaling Extensions for MPLS Traffic Engineering, White paper, Juniper Networks, 1999.8
[111]. Francois Le Faucheur, Waisum Lai, Maximum Allocation Bandwidth Constraints Model for Diff-Serv-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering, draft-ietf-tewg-diff-te-mam-04.txt, December 2004
[112]. Jerry Ash, Max Allocation with Reservation Bandwidth Constraints Model for DiffServ-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering & Performance Comparisons, draft-ietf-tewg-diff-te-mar-06.txt, December, 2004
[113]. Francois Le Faucheur, Russian Dolls Bandwidth Constraints Model for Diff-Serv-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering, draft-ietf-tewg-diff-te-russian-07.txt, December 2004
[114]. Wai Sum Lai, Bandwidth Constraints Models for Differentiated Services-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering: Performance Evaluation, draft-wlai-tewg-bcmodel-06.txt, January 2005
[115]. Wei Li,Inter-Domain Routing:Problems and Solutions,State University of New York at Stony Brook,2002
[116]. G. Malkin,RIP Version 2,RFC2453,November 1998
[117]. K. Varadhan , S. Hares , Y. Rekhter, BGP4/IDRP for IP---OSPF Interaction,RFC1745,December 1994
[118]. JL Le Roux,JP Vasseur,Jim Boyle,Requirements for Inter-area MPLS Traffic Engineering,draft-ietf-tewg-interarea-mpls-te-req-02.txt,June 2004
[119]. Raymond Zhang,JP Vasseur,MPLS Inter-AS Traffic Engineering requirements , draft-ietf-tewg-interas-mpls-te-req-09.txt , September 2004
[120]. Tracie E. Monk, Inter-domain Traffic Engineering: Principles and Case Examples,INET2002,June 2002
[121]. Jean-Philippe Vasseur , Raymond Zhang , Inter-AS MPLS Traffic Engineering,draft-vasseur-inter-as-te-01.txt,June, 2003
[122]. CISCO WhitePaper,Inter-Area Traffic Engineering,2004
[123]. D. Harrington, R. Presuhn, B. Wijnen, An Architecture for Describing Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Management Frameworks, RFC3411, December 2002
[124]. Francis Reichmeyer, Kwok Chan, David Durham, et al, COPS Usage for Differentiated Services, IETF Internet draft, draft-ietf-rap-cops-ds-01.txt, 1998.12
[125]. Francois Le Faucheur, Considerations on Bandwidth Constraints Models for DS-TE, draft-lefaucheur-tewg-russian-dolls-00.txt, June, 2002
[126]. Srihari R. Sangli, Daniel Tappan, Yakov Rekhter, BGP Extended Communities Attribute, draft-ietf-idr-bgp-ext-communities-07.txt, September 2004
[127]. R. Chandra, P. Traina, T. Li, BGP Communities Attribute,RFC1997, August 1996
[128]. CISCO WhitePaper,MPLS Traffic Engineering—Inter-AS TE,2004
[129]. Ravindra K. Ahuja, Thomas L. Magnanti, James B. Orlin, Network Flows: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications, Prentice Hall, 1993
[130]. Z. Wang, J. Crowcroft, “Quality of Service Routing for Supporting Multimedia Applications”, IEEE JSAC, 1996.9
[131]. Kireeti Kompella,Daniel O. Awduche,Notes on Path Computation in Constraint-Based Routing,draft-kompella-te-pathcomp-00.txt,January 2001
[132]. F. Le Faucheur, R. Uppili, A. Vedrenne, et al, Use of Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) Metric as a second MPLS Traffic Engineering (TE) Metric, RFC3785, May 2004
[133]. Minieka, E.T.著,李家滢,赵官旗译,网络和图的最优化算法,北京:中国铁道出版社,1984
[134]. 薛希俊,QoS 供应体系下的流量工程与网络规划研究,天津大学博士学位论文,2002.6
[135]. 殷剑宏, 吴开亚编著,图论及其算法,中国科学技术大学出版社,2003
[136]. 苗邦均,应用图论,北京:中国铁道出版社,1980
[137]. JP Vasseur,Arthi Ayyangar,Inter-area and Inter-AS MPLS Traffic Engineering , draft-vasseur-ccamp-inter-area-as-te-00.txt , February, 2004
[138]. Adrian Farrel,Jean-Philippe Vasseur,Jerry Ash,Path Computation Element (PCE) Architecture , draft-ash-pce-architecture-00.txt ,September 2004
[139]. Jerry Ash , Adrian Farrel , Path Computation Element Problem Statement,draft-ash-pce-problem-statement-00.txt,June 2004
[140]. JP Vasseur,Arthi Ayyangar,Raymond Zhang,Inter-domain Traffic Engineering LSP path computation methods ,draft-vasseur-ccamp-inter-domain-path-comp-00.txt,July, 2004
[141]. JP Vasseur,Raymond Zhang,RSVP Path computation request and reply messages,draft-vasseur-mpls-computation-rsvp-05.txt,July 2004
[142]. JP Vasseur,Peter Psenak,Jean-Louis Le Roux,OSPF MPLS Traffic Engineering capabilities,draft-vasseur-ospf-te-caps-00.txt,July 2004
[143]. Jean-Philippe Vasseur,JL Le Roux,Stefano Previdi,IS-IS MPLS Traffic Engineering capabilities,draft-vasseur-isis-te-caps-00.txt,July 2004
[144]. Jean-Philippe Vasseur , Rahul Aggarwal , Naiming Shen , IS-IS extensions for advertising router information ,draft-vasseur-isis-caps-02.txt,July 2004
[145]. D. Awduche,L. Berger,D. Gan,et al,RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels,RFC3209, December 2001
[146]. Tarek Saad, Tingzhou Yang, Dimitrios Makrakis, Inter-domain adaptive traffic engineering for IP differentiated services MPLS-based networks, 2002
[147]. Panos Trimintzios, George Pavlou, Service-driven traffic engineering for intradomain quality of service management, IEEE networks, 2003
[148]. Srihari R. Sangli,Daniel Tappan,Yakov Rekhter,BGP ExtendedCommunities Attribute,draft-ietf-idr-bgp-ext-communities-07.txt,2004
[149]. E. Rosen,Y. Rekhter,BGP/MPLS VPNs,RFC2547,March 1999
[150]. Cristel Pelsser, Olivier Bonaventure, Extending RSVP-TE to support Inter-AS LSPs, 2003
[151]. K.H. Ho, N. Wang, P. Trimintzios, et al, Traffic Engineering for Inter-domain Quality of Service, 2003
[152]. Chris Liljenstolpe,Offline Traffic Engineering in a Large ISP Setting,draft-liljenstolpe-tewg-cwbcp-02.txt,May 2003
[153]. S. Van den Bosch,G. Van Hoey,N. Degrande,et al,Offline TE in hierarchical networks,draft-vdbosch-tewg-multiarea-offline-te-00.txt,November 2001