蒙新湖泊大型水生植物与大型底栖动物调查及金鱼藻与环棱螺的互作关系研究
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摘要
2008年7月20日至9月22日,参加了“中国湖泊水质、水量和生物资源调查”专项(2006FY110600)中的蒙新高原片区湖泊的调查,专项主要调查面积大于10km2的湖泊。调查了12个主要湖泊(内蒙古自治区4个,新疆维吾尔族自治区7个,陕西省1个)的大型水生植物和大型底栖无脊椎动物。同时通过实验室模拟试验研究了金鱼藻和梨形环棱螺的互作关系。
(1)11个湖泊有水生植物分布,阜康天池没有分布,种类丰富度总体较低。鉴定出8科12种,其中挺水植物3科4种、沉水植物4科7种、浮叶植物1科1种。鸟梁素海的种类最丰富,有9种；乌伦古湖和吉力湖分别有8种；岱海有7种；博斯腾湖、哈素海分别有3种；柴窝堡和达里诺尔分别有2种；赛里木湖、喀纳斯湖、红碱淖都只有1种。水生植物以挺水植物芦苇和沉水植物蓖齿眼子菜分布最广
相似性分析显示,蒙新高原湖泊水生植物种类相似性总体上较低。水生植物在湖内分布不均匀,乌梁素海和哈素海全湖都有水生植物分布,其它湖泊仅在个别湖湾有分布。水生植被是维持水生生物多样性的重要环境条件,对水生植物空间分布异质性较高的湖泊,保护水生植被密集的湖湾对保护整个湖泊的生物资源有重要意义。
(2)11个湖泊采集到底栖动物,阜康天池未采集到,共74个采样点,15个未采集到,获得底栖动物10443头。鉴定出4门8纲26科64种(属)。其中节肢动物门昆虫纲18科52种,甲壳纲3科3种,蛛形纲1种；软体动物门腹足纲2科3种,双壳纲1科1种；环节动物门寡毛纲1科2种,蛭纲1科1种；扁形动物门涡虫纲1种。与文献记载的相比,部分湖泊底栖动物正面临多样性丧失的威胁。
底栖动物群落相似性在湖泊之间以及各湖泊沿岸带之间都较低；在乌伦古湖、吉力湖、柴窝堡湖、岱海和达里诺尔的各敞水区之间较高,在其它湖泊敞水区之间较低。底栖动物在蒙新高原湖泊内的分布大致可以分为3个湖区,沿岸带水生植物区、敞水区和强劲湖流区。沿岸带水生植物区底栖动物发现57种,优势种有4种(萝卜螺Radix sp.、小划蝽Sigara substriata、湖泊钩虾3ammarus lacustris和水丝蚓Limnodrilus sp.);敞水区发生26种,优势种有1种(摇蚊Chironomous sp.),强劲湖流区几乎没有底栖动物,前两者多样性差异极显著(p<0.01)。水生植物区可以分为四种生境类型,Ⅰ型生境中底栖动物发现种类最多(57种),Ⅱ型次之(16种),Ⅲ型最少(10种),Ⅳ型无底栖动物分布(p/a stress=0.01, fourth root stress=0.09).
总体上,各湖泊底栖动物群落相似性低,要保护蒙新高原湖泊的底栖动物,应对每个湖泊的底栖动物进行适当保护。水生植物有利于底栖动物的栖息繁衍,应加强保护沿岸带水生植物区,尤其是沉水植物区。在调查湖泊底栖动物时,应在水生植物区,尤其是沿岸浅滩的沉水植物区(水深<0.6m),加采底栖动物样点。
(3)研究了金鱼藻、梨形环棱螺及其组合对着生物、TN、TP等指标的影响。结果显示,金鱼藻对着生物干重和Chla的增长率为295.62%(p<0.01)和32.31%(p<0.05),环棱螺对二者的去除率为65.69%(p<0.05)和46.19%(p<0.01),组合对二者的去除率为70.07%(p<0.05)和70.16%(p<0.01)。试验过程中,金鱼藻、环棱螺及其组合对TN的平均去除率分别为35.18%、15.27%和20.48%,对NO3--N为22.34%、18.33%和10.66%,对NH4+-N为37.88%、13.98%和25.72%,对TP为53.12%、8.38%和41.97%。金鱼藻与环棱螺在脱氮除磷时表现出正、负相互作用,负交互作用一定程度地促进了氮磷浓度的升高,但仍有较强的去除作用。综合水体景观质量和富营养化控制,同时利用沉水植物和螺类有利于水体的生态修复。
From July 20th to September 22th in 2008, we participated the project, "The investigation on water quantity, water quality and biosource of lakes in China (2006FY110600) ", and we were responsible for the investigation on the area of Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau Macrophytes and benthic macroinvertebrates of 12 lakes (4 in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,7 in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and 1 in Shanxi Province) were investigated using semi-quantitative method. The investigation aimed on water quantity, water quality and biosource of China(2006FY110600). It aimed on lakes of more than 10km2. The interactions between Ceratophyllum demersum and Bellamya purificata were also studied by simulated experiments.
(1)A total of 12 species,8 families of macrophytes were indentified through our investigation, among them were 4 emergent macrophytes(Phragmites communis, Typha sp., Cyperus rotundus and Scirpus validus),7 submerged macrophytes (Potamogeton pectinatus, Potarnogeton malatanus, Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Najas sp., Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton crispus) and 1 floating-leaved plant (Nymphoides peltatum). The common species among 12 lakes were Phragmites australis and Potamogeton pectinatus Nymphoides peltatum only occurred in the adjacent drainage estuary of Wuliangsu lake.
Species similarity analysis showed that in Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plataeu benthic macroinvertebrate was low among lakes, meanwhile the space distribution were uneven. Macrophytes distributed in all lake subareas of Wuliangsu and Hasu. A large area of aquatic plant distributed in lakes of Dai, Wulungu, Jili and Boston, but respectively concentrated in lake-bays of southeastern, southern, northern and southern. In lakes of Sailimu, Kanas, Chaiwopu, Hongjian and Dali, Macrophytes sporadicly distributed in individual lake-bays. Aquatic plants were important environmental conditions for biodiversity protection. It is important to protect lake bays with rich aquatic plants for maintaining whole lakes aquatic biosource.
(2) Benthic macroinvertebrates were found in 11 lakes except for Tianchi from 74 sampling sites, among them 15 sites had no zoobenthos. Through out this investigation, 10443 individuals were collected in all. A total of sixty four species (genus) were found, which belonging to four phylums, eight classes and twenty six families. Among them anthropoda had 3 classess, including 52 species 18 families in insecta,3 species 3 families in Crustacea,1 species in Arachnida. Mollusca had two classes, including 2 families 3 species in Gastropoda,1 species in to Bivalvia. Annelida had two classes, including 2 species 1 family in Oligochaeta,1 species in Hirudinea,1 species in Turbellaria. Historical data showed that Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plataeu was suffering from the lost of macrobenthos diversity in some lakes.
Benthic community similarity was very low among based on the data from the whole lake and coastal areas respectively. However, the similarity was high among lakes of Wulungu, Jili, Chaiwopu, Dai and Dali based on the data from open water areas, while other lakes were low. Lakes usually be approximately divided into 3 subareas (coastal aquatic plant area, open water area, and strong lake current area) in Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plataeu. Our investigation found 57 species in coastal aquatic plant area, among which 4 dominant species(Radix sp., Sigara substriata, Gammarus lacustris, Limnodrilus sp.); 26 species in open water, among which 1 dominant species(Chironomous sp.), however no macrobenthos was found in strong lake current. The diverstiy was significantly different between former two areas (p<0.01). Aquatic plant areas could be divided into four habitat types, typeⅠhad the most number of macrobenthos species(57 species), typeⅡhad fewer (16 species), typeⅢhad the fewest(10 species), type IV had no (p/a stress=0.01, fourth root stress=0.09).
Benthic macroinvertebrates community of each lake in Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau was relatively independent. Aquatic plants were helpful for benthic macroinvertebrates protection and the protection of aquatic plant areas especially the submerged macrophyte is better for the whole lake bidoversity protection. while investigating macrobenthos in lakes, It was necessary to collect samples in coastal submerged macrophyte areas(depth<0.6m).
(3) Influences of Ceratophyllum demersum, Bellamya purificata and there combined treatments on periphyton, TN, TP, and other indexes were studied. The results showed that, for periphyton and Chla, C. demersum increased them 295.62%(p<0.01) and 32.31%(p<0.05) respectively, B.purificata decreased them 65.69%(p<0.05) and 46.19%(p<0.01), the combined treatment decreased them70.07%(p>0.05) and 70.16%(p<0.01). Average removal rates for TN, effects of C. Demersum, B.purificata and the combined treatments were 35.18%,15.27% and 20.48% respectively. For NO3--N, they were 22.34%,18.33% and 10.66%. For NH4+-N, they were 37.88%,13.98% and 25.72%. For TP, they were 53.12%,8.38% and 41.97%. While removing nitrogen and phosphorus, C. Demersum and B.purificata showed interactions of antagonism and synergism. Antagonism in combined treatment increased nitrogen and phosphorus concentration a little, but still had high removing effects for nitrogen and phosphorus. Considering visual quality and eutrophication, it was helpful to water biorestoration, while using submerged macrophytes and snails together.
(1)11个湖泊有水生植物分布,阜康天池没有分布,种类丰富度总体较低。鉴定出8科12种,其中挺水植物3科4种、沉水植物4科7种、浮叶植物1科1种。鸟梁素海的种类最丰富,有9种；乌伦古湖和吉力湖分别有8种；岱海有7种；博斯腾湖、哈素海分别有3种；柴窝堡和达里诺尔分别有2种；赛里木湖、喀纳斯湖、红碱淖都只有1种。水生植物以挺水植物芦苇和沉水植物蓖齿眼子菜分布最广
相似性分析显示,蒙新高原湖泊水生植物种类相似性总体上较低。水生植物在湖内分布不均匀,乌梁素海和哈素海全湖都有水生植物分布,其它湖泊仅在个别湖湾有分布。水生植被是维持水生生物多样性的重要环境条件,对水生植物空间分布异质性较高的湖泊,保护水生植被密集的湖湾对保护整个湖泊的生物资源有重要意义。
(2)11个湖泊采集到底栖动物,阜康天池未采集到,共74个采样点,15个未采集到,获得底栖动物10443头。鉴定出4门8纲26科64种(属)。其中节肢动物门昆虫纲18科52种,甲壳纲3科3种,蛛形纲1种；软体动物门腹足纲2科3种,双壳纲1科1种；环节动物门寡毛纲1科2种,蛭纲1科1种；扁形动物门涡虫纲1种。与文献记载的相比,部分湖泊底栖动物正面临多样性丧失的威胁。
底栖动物群落相似性在湖泊之间以及各湖泊沿岸带之间都较低；在乌伦古湖、吉力湖、柴窝堡湖、岱海和达里诺尔的各敞水区之间较高,在其它湖泊敞水区之间较低。底栖动物在蒙新高原湖泊内的分布大致可以分为3个湖区,沿岸带水生植物区、敞水区和强劲湖流区。沿岸带水生植物区底栖动物发现57种,优势种有4种(萝卜螺Radix sp.、小划蝽Sigara substriata、湖泊钩虾3ammarus lacustris和水丝蚓Limnodrilus sp.);敞水区发生26种,优势种有1种(摇蚊Chironomous sp.),强劲湖流区几乎没有底栖动物,前两者多样性差异极显著(p<0.01)。水生植物区可以分为四种生境类型,Ⅰ型生境中底栖动物发现种类最多(57种),Ⅱ型次之(16种),Ⅲ型最少(10种),Ⅳ型无底栖动物分布(p/a stress=0.01, fourth root stress=0.09).
总体上,各湖泊底栖动物群落相似性低,要保护蒙新高原湖泊的底栖动物,应对每个湖泊的底栖动物进行适当保护。水生植物有利于底栖动物的栖息繁衍,应加强保护沿岸带水生植物区,尤其是沉水植物区。在调查湖泊底栖动物时,应在水生植物区,尤其是沿岸浅滩的沉水植物区(水深<0.6m),加采底栖动物样点。
(3)研究了金鱼藻、梨形环棱螺及其组合对着生物、TN、TP等指标的影响。结果显示,金鱼藻对着生物干重和Chla的增长率为295.62%(p<0.01)和32.31%(p<0.05),环棱螺对二者的去除率为65.69%(p<0.05)和46.19%(p<0.01),组合对二者的去除率为70.07%(p<0.05)和70.16%(p<0.01)。试验过程中,金鱼藻、环棱螺及其组合对TN的平均去除率分别为35.18%、15.27%和20.48%,对NO3--N为22.34%、18.33%和10.66%,对NH4+-N为37.88%、13.98%和25.72%,对TP为53.12%、8.38%和41.97%。金鱼藻与环棱螺在脱氮除磷时表现出正、负相互作用,负交互作用一定程度地促进了氮磷浓度的升高,但仍有较强的去除作用。综合水体景观质量和富营养化控制,同时利用沉水植物和螺类有利于水体的生态修复。
From July 20th to September 22th in 2008, we participated the project, "The investigation on water quantity, water quality and biosource of lakes in China (2006FY110600) ", and we were responsible for the investigation on the area of Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau Macrophytes and benthic macroinvertebrates of 12 lakes (4 in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,7 in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and 1 in Shanxi Province) were investigated using semi-quantitative method. The investigation aimed on water quantity, water quality and biosource of China(2006FY110600). It aimed on lakes of more than 10km2. The interactions between Ceratophyllum demersum and Bellamya purificata were also studied by simulated experiments.
(1)A total of 12 species,8 families of macrophytes were indentified through our investigation, among them were 4 emergent macrophytes(Phragmites communis, Typha sp., Cyperus rotundus and Scirpus validus),7 submerged macrophytes (Potamogeton pectinatus, Potarnogeton malatanus, Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Najas sp., Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton crispus) and 1 floating-leaved plant (Nymphoides peltatum). The common species among 12 lakes were Phragmites australis and Potamogeton pectinatus Nymphoides peltatum only occurred in the adjacent drainage estuary of Wuliangsu lake.
Species similarity analysis showed that in Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plataeu benthic macroinvertebrate was low among lakes, meanwhile the space distribution were uneven. Macrophytes distributed in all lake subareas of Wuliangsu and Hasu. A large area of aquatic plant distributed in lakes of Dai, Wulungu, Jili and Boston, but respectively concentrated in lake-bays of southeastern, southern, northern and southern. In lakes of Sailimu, Kanas, Chaiwopu, Hongjian and Dali, Macrophytes sporadicly distributed in individual lake-bays. Aquatic plants were important environmental conditions for biodiversity protection. It is important to protect lake bays with rich aquatic plants for maintaining whole lakes aquatic biosource.
(2) Benthic macroinvertebrates were found in 11 lakes except for Tianchi from 74 sampling sites, among them 15 sites had no zoobenthos. Through out this investigation, 10443 individuals were collected in all. A total of sixty four species (genus) were found, which belonging to four phylums, eight classes and twenty six families. Among them anthropoda had 3 classess, including 52 species 18 families in insecta,3 species 3 families in Crustacea,1 species in Arachnida. Mollusca had two classes, including 2 families 3 species in Gastropoda,1 species in to Bivalvia. Annelida had two classes, including 2 species 1 family in Oligochaeta,1 species in Hirudinea,1 species in Turbellaria. Historical data showed that Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plataeu was suffering from the lost of macrobenthos diversity in some lakes.
Benthic community similarity was very low among based on the data from the whole lake and coastal areas respectively. However, the similarity was high among lakes of Wulungu, Jili, Chaiwopu, Dai and Dali based on the data from open water areas, while other lakes were low. Lakes usually be approximately divided into 3 subareas (coastal aquatic plant area, open water area, and strong lake current area) in Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plataeu. Our investigation found 57 species in coastal aquatic plant area, among which 4 dominant species(Radix sp., Sigara substriata, Gammarus lacustris, Limnodrilus sp.); 26 species in open water, among which 1 dominant species(Chironomous sp.), however no macrobenthos was found in strong lake current. The diverstiy was significantly different between former two areas (p<0.01). Aquatic plant areas could be divided into four habitat types, typeⅠhad the most number of macrobenthos species(57 species), typeⅡhad fewer (16 species), typeⅢhad the fewest(10 species), type IV had no (p/a stress=0.01, fourth root stress=0.09).
Benthic macroinvertebrates community of each lake in Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau was relatively independent. Aquatic plants were helpful for benthic macroinvertebrates protection and the protection of aquatic plant areas especially the submerged macrophyte is better for the whole lake bidoversity protection. while investigating macrobenthos in lakes, It was necessary to collect samples in coastal submerged macrophyte areas(depth<0.6m).
(3) Influences of Ceratophyllum demersum, Bellamya purificata and there combined treatments on periphyton, TN, TP, and other indexes were studied. The results showed that, for periphyton and Chla, C. demersum increased them 295.62%(p<0.01) and 32.31%(p<0.05) respectively, B.purificata decreased them 65.69%(p<0.05) and 46.19%(p<0.01), the combined treatment decreased them70.07%(p>0.05) and 70.16%(p<0.01). Average removal rates for TN, effects of C. Demersum, B.purificata and the combined treatments were 35.18%,15.27% and 20.48% respectively. For NO3--N, they were 22.34%,18.33% and 10.66%. For NH4+-N, they were 37.88%,13.98% and 25.72%. For TP, they were 53.12%,8.38% and 41.97%. While removing nitrogen and phosphorus, C. Demersum and B.purificata showed interactions of antagonism and synergism. Antagonism in combined treatment increased nitrogen and phosphorus concentration a little, but still had high removing effects for nitrogen and phosphorus. Considering visual quality and eutrophication, it was helpful to water biorestoration, while using submerged macrophytes and snails together.
引文
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