基于生态与水文过程的城镇绿网构建
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摘要
随着近20年景观生态学在国内的快速发展和中国城市生态建设热潮,绿地作为城镇尺度最重要的自然生态系统之一,绿道网络构建成为城市规划热点之一。绿道网络具有提供野生动物栖息地、保护水资源、提供游憩、保护历史文化等多重功能。本次研究根据绿色空间的不同服务对象,将绿道网络分为生态分支和游憩分支,提出以生境保护为首要目标,优先构建生态分支,结合水域空间修复的绿地系统规划方法:1)针对城镇破碎化景观,以空间生态学为理论依据,选择复合种群理论和保护生物学实验结果作为生境网络的构建依据,根据保持物种基因稳定和种群数量稳定的空间需求确定生境斑块的规模阈值;根据目标物种的巢区规模及其对扩散行为的影响确定生态廊道形态参量;2)根据河流地貌学原理,结合流域雨洪管理目标,进行水域空间形态修复,并以此作为绿道网络的空间形态依据;3)通过增设步道将服务于人类活动的绿色空间纳入游憩分支;4)提出生态学意义明确、具有特异性、稳定性和低冗余度的指数筛选与增补原则,应用图论原理,将网络结构指数和景观格局指数应用于网络构建和形态辅助设计。
尝试将生态过程、空间格局及其指标参量形成对应关系,对拟规划的空间要素给出相应的规划手段,并应用于蓟县案例。使用网络分析方法(ANP)进行多方案比对和成果优化。评价结果显示,生态效益一定程度上依靠生境斑块规模和廊道连接质量;以水域空间为基础的生态分支具有较高的功能混合度,优先构建生态分支可同时获得多方面收益。设计方法适用于具有一定水网基础的平原城镇的绿地系统规划,有助于推进城市“绿线”、“蓝线”一体化设计,并促进生态相关学科的交流与协作。
As the most important urban ecological system, the greenway network, including waterways has become a focus in planning research and practices currently in China. Two subgraphs namely ecological and recreational subnets were extracted from the multifunctional urban greenway network with priorities being given to the ecological aspects. Aiming at the short-term population stability and long-term genic diversity, thresholds for targeted species in terms of the minimum amount and area of habitat patches were set by applying the metapopulation and conservation biology. According to the experimental and observational results of conservation biology, the morphological parameters of habitat corridors were related to home range sizes of targeted species. The ecological subnet was derived from natural drainage path delineation via ArcHydro tools and spatially enriched by surface water morphological restoration; whereas the recreational subnet was obtained by walks and bicycle paths providing human and social service values. To enhance the coupling between spatial pattern and ecological processes, the network indices and landscape metrics were therefore selected and supplemented with more specific, stable, low-redundant and explicitly ecological features. The procedure in greenway network planning was exemplified in Jixian, Tianjin. Case study results from index assessment and Analytic Network Process (ANP) limit matrix indicate that our plan generally outranks the other 2 scenarios and, ecological benefits depend, to a certain extent, on habitat patch sizes. Using rivers and potential water space as greenway skeleton shall attain both natural and cultural values. The design methods are applicable to other plain river-net areas, and help promote“green line”and“blue line”integrated design.
尝试将生态过程、空间格局及其指标参量形成对应关系,对拟规划的空间要素给出相应的规划手段,并应用于蓟县案例。使用网络分析方法(ANP)进行多方案比对和成果优化。评价结果显示,生态效益一定程度上依靠生境斑块规模和廊道连接质量;以水域空间为基础的生态分支具有较高的功能混合度,优先构建生态分支可同时获得多方面收益。设计方法适用于具有一定水网基础的平原城镇的绿地系统规划,有助于推进城市“绿线”、“蓝线”一体化设计,并促进生态相关学科的交流与协作。
As the most important urban ecological system, the greenway network, including waterways has become a focus in planning research and practices currently in China. Two subgraphs namely ecological and recreational subnets were extracted from the multifunctional urban greenway network with priorities being given to the ecological aspects. Aiming at the short-term population stability and long-term genic diversity, thresholds for targeted species in terms of the minimum amount and area of habitat patches were set by applying the metapopulation and conservation biology. According to the experimental and observational results of conservation biology, the morphological parameters of habitat corridors were related to home range sizes of targeted species. The ecological subnet was derived from natural drainage path delineation via ArcHydro tools and spatially enriched by surface water morphological restoration; whereas the recreational subnet was obtained by walks and bicycle paths providing human and social service values. To enhance the coupling between spatial pattern and ecological processes, the network indices and landscape metrics were therefore selected and supplemented with more specific, stable, low-redundant and explicitly ecological features. The procedure in greenway network planning was exemplified in Jixian, Tianjin. Case study results from index assessment and Analytic Network Process (ANP) limit matrix indicate that our plan generally outranks the other 2 scenarios and, ecological benefits depend, to a certain extent, on habitat patch sizes. Using rivers and potential water space as greenway skeleton shall attain both natural and cultural values. The design methods are applicable to other plain river-net areas, and help promote“green line”and“blue line”integrated design.
引文
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