可聚合松香基单体的合成、表征和应用研究
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摘要
松香是一种重要的可再生资源,它是由松树分泌的黏稠液体经蒸馏而得到的一种天然树脂。松树是分布最广的树种之一,在我国从南到北都有分布。松香是我国重要的森林化学产品,年产量80多万吨。随着原油的短缺和价格的提升使得世界各国的科研人员开始探索可以替代石油成为生产高分子材料的其它资源,松香以它特有的组成和结构,已成为继纤维素、木质素、淀粉、甲壳素、壳聚糖、天然橡胶等之后,又一个制备高分子材料的重要原料来源。
本文先以含羧基官能团的松香或松香衍生物为原料,通过羧基官能团的酰氯化后酯化或直接酯化法的方法分别合成了8种(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯类、(甲基)烯丙基酯类和丙烯酸氢化松香醇酯类可自由基聚合松香基单体,采用FT-IR、GC-MS、LC、NMR和DSC等分析手段分析了上述目标产物的组成和结构,并证实上述松香基单体具有可自由基聚合活性。所合成的可自由基聚合松香基单体具有如下特性:(1)歧化松香(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯(DR-2-HEA),其主要成分脱氢枞酸(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯(DHR-2-HEA)含量为53.2 %,均聚物玻璃化转变温度为-20℃;(2)脱氢枞酸(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯,收率为75%,白色晶体,熔点为59-61℃,质量含量在98%以上,均聚物玻璃化转变温度为54.18℃;(3)脱氢枞酸(β-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯是白色晶体,质量含量为99.8 %,熔点为54.23℃,均聚物玻璃化转变温度为73.97℃;(4)脱氢枞酸(β-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基)酯是一个同分异构体,质量含量为97.7 %,两种结构质量含量分别为67.29 %和30.25 %;(5)马来海松酸是一种白色晶体,质量含量为99.5 %,熔点为232.27℃。马来海松酸经酰氯化,酯化反应可合成马来海松酸(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯,它为一种白色晶体,熔点99.11℃,均聚物的玻璃化转变温度为60.96℃;(6)脱氢枞酸烯丙基酯的质量含量为98.2 %,马来海松酸烯丙基酯的质量含量为99.3 %;(7)脱氢枞酸甲基烯丙基酯,质量含量为91.36%,熔程为41.24~52.24℃,均聚物玻璃化转变温度为-29.7℃;(8)丙烯酸氢化松香醇酯主要由丙烯酸四氢松香醇酯、丙烯酸二氢松香醇酯和丙烯酸去氢松香醇酯组成,三者质量分数总量为80.45 %,其余为氢化松香甲酯和中性物,均聚物玻璃化转变温度为-28.92℃。
采用非等温和等温DSC分析法,分别研究了(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯类、(甲基)烯丙基酯类和丙烯酸氢化松香醇酯类等三类可自由基聚合松香基单体的均聚活性。分析结果表明可自由基聚合松香基单体聚合活化能从大到小排列如下:脱氢枞酸甲基烯丙基酯>歧化松香(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯>丙烯酸氢化松香醇酯>歧化松香(β-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯>脱氢枞酸(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯>脱氢枞酸(β-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯。均聚物相对分子质量最高为30000左右,最小在4000左右,因而可自由基聚合松香基单体更适合用于共聚反应。
通过乳液聚合法制得DHR-2-HEA/丙烯酸酯、脱氢枞酸(DHR)/丙烯酸酯和歧化松香(DR)/丙烯酸酯复合乳液。动态光散射方法和TEM的方法证实,在乳化体系和引发剂体系相同条件下,DHR-2-HEA、DHR和DR的复合乳液的粒子最终粒径基本相同;DHR-2-HEA的引入并不影响共聚物的相对分子质量,而随着DHR和DR的用量增加,共聚物相对分子质量下降;DHR-2-HEA、DHR和DR都与聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯有较好的相容性;随着DHR-2-HEA、DHR和DR用量的增加,共聚物的玻璃转变温度均呈现不同程度的下降。DHR-2-HEA可以在一定程度上增加丙烯酸酯聚合物膜的贮存模量和拉伸强度,而DHR和DR则会使贮存模量和拉伸强度下降;DHR-2-HEA的引入对丙烯酸酯聚合物膜的憎水性影响不大,DR和DHR则略有增加。
分别制备了歧化松香(β-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯(DR-2-HEMA)、丙烯酸松香(β-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯(AR-2-HEMA)、DHR和DR的丙烯酸酯压敏胶复合乳液。研究发现随着DR用量的增加,初黏性和180°剥离强度增加,而持黏性下降;DR-2-HEMA用量的增加,初黏性和180°剥离强度变化不大,而持黏性有一定程度的下降,表明DR-2-HEMA适合作为一种反应型的增粘树脂;AR-2-HEMA用量的增加,丙烯酸酯压敏胶(PSA)初黏性和180°剥离强度下降,而持黏性增加。DR的引入可以提高PSA的疏水性,降低PSA的表面张力,DR-2-HEMA的加入对PSA的表面张力的影响不大。实验结果显示,DR-2-HEA和AR-2-HEA能作为功能单体应用于反应型的压敏胶中。
探讨了DR-2-HEA和丙烯酸松香(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯(AR-2-HEA)在紫外光固化涂层中的应用。研究结果显示(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯类可自由基聚合松香基单体可以提高聚合物涂层的硬度,但对玻璃的附着力差;通过在配方中引入一定量的丙烯酸-2-羟基乙基酯(HEA),可在硬度不受影响的前提下,提高涂层的附着力;AR-2-HEA组成比例增加,附着力降低;对于玻璃涂层,最佳的组成配比为:DR-2-HEA(50%), AR-2-HEA(30%),其它辅助成分(20%)。
The rosin, a major renewable resource, is natural resin distilled from the high viscous liquids exuded from the pine tree which is extensively widespread in the world. Rosin is also one of key natural products in China, with an annual output of about 800 000 tons. Due to the limited resource and increasing price of cruel oil, the study on the replacement of petroleum-based polymer has attracted great attention in recent years. Because of its features such as the structure and chemical reactivity, rosin has become an important resource for polymer preparation just like cellulose, lignin, starch, chitin, chitosan and natural rubber.
A variety of rosin-based polymerizable monomers were synthesized by the esterification of carboxyl group in rosin or its derivatives, and characterized by IR, GC-MS, LC, NMR and DSC. The results showed that these monomers could polymerize in present of initiators. The basic properties of rosin-based monomers were described as follows:
(1) Disproportionated rosin (β-acryloxyl ethyl) ester(DR-2-HEA) is mainly composed by (β-acryloxyl ethyl) esters of dehydroabietic acids (53.2%, wt) and the glass transition temperature(Tg) of its homopolymer was -20℃。
(2) (2-acryloyloxy)ethyl ester of dehydroabietic acid(DHR-2-HEA)(>98%, wt) is a type of white crystals with melt point 59~61℃. It could polymerize in the present of initiator and the homopolymer has a Tg of 54.18℃.
(3) (2-methylacryloyloxy)ethyl ester of dehydroabietic acid(99.8 %, wt) , a type of white crystals with melt point 54.23℃, could polymerize in the present of initiator and the Tg of its homopolymer is 73.97℃.
(4) (2-methylacryloyloxy)propyl ester of dehydroabietic acid(97.7 %, wt) is a isomer and the fraction of two structures is 67.29 % and 30.25 % respectively.
(5) Maleopimaric acid (99.5 %, wt), a white crystals with the melt point 232.27℃was used to synthesize the (2-acryloyloxy)ethyl ester of maleopimaric acid by acyl chlorination and esterification. (2-acryloyloxy)ethyl ester of maleopimaric acid is a kind of white crystal with melting point 99.11℃, which can polymerize without of initiator after being heated to the temperature above the melting point. The glass transition temperature of its homopolymer is 60.96℃
(6) The contents of allyl ester of dehydroabietic acid and maleopimaric acid synthesized are 98.2 % and 99.11% by weight respectively
(7) Methylallyl ester of dehydroabietic acid (91.36%, wt), has a melting range of 41.24~52.24℃and the Tg of its homopolymer is -29.7℃.
(8) Hydroabietyl acrylate is mainly composed of perhydrogenated abietyl acrylate, dihydroabietyl acrylate ,dehydrogenated abietyl acrylate, and small amount of methyl hydroabietate. The fraction of hydroabietyl acrylate is 80.45 wt%. Hydroabietyl acrylate can polymerize in the present of initiators. The glass transition temperature of the homopolymer is -28.92℃.
The kinetics of homopolymerization of the above rosin-based monomers was evaluated by non-isothermal or isothermal DSC measurement. The results showed that the activation energy of homopolymerization of rosin-based monomers in descending order was as follows: Methylallyl ester of dehydroabietic acid > Disproportionated rosin (β-acryloxyl ethyl) ester > hydroabietyl acrylate > Disproportionated rosin (β-methylacryloxyl ethyl) ester > (2-methylacryloyloxy)ethyl ester of dehydroabietic acid > (2-methylacryloyloxy)propyl ester of dehydroabietic acid. All the homopolymers are kind of oligomers with molecular weight ranging from 4000 to 30000, which shows that those rosin-based monomers is more sutiable for copolymerization.
Acrylate hybrid emulsions containing (2-acryloyloxy)ethyl ester of dehydroabietic acid (DHR-2-HEA), dehydroabietic acid (DHR) or disproportionated rosin (DR) were synthesized by miniemulsion polymerization respectively and characterized by the DSL and TEM. It was found that the particle sizes of hybrid emulsions by using different rosin based monomers were almost same when same emulsifiers and initiator were used. The introduction of DHR-2-HEA had no significant impact on molecular weight of the copolymer. However, the molecular weight of the copolymers decreased with the increase of the amount of DR or DHR. The result of DSC measurement showed that both of DHR and DR are compatible with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The Tg of copolymers decreased with the increase of the amount of the rosin based monomers, especially in the case of DR and DHR. It is obvious that the introduction of DHR-2-HEA could increase the storage modulus and tensile strength of copolymer. On the contrary, the storage modulus and tensile strength of copolymer decreased with the increase of content of DR or DHR. By the contact angle evaluation, the copolymer containing DR or DHR was more hydrophobic than that of DHR-2-HEA.
The pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA) based on acrylate hybrid emulsions containing rosin-based monomers were also formulated and their performance was evaluated. The results showed that the initial adhesion and 180°peeling strength of PSA were improved and the persistent adhesion decreased when DR or DHR was added. However, the introduction of disproportionated rosin (β-methylacryloxyl ethyl) ester (DR-2-HEMA) did not affect the initial adhesion and 180°peeling strength of PSA, although the persistent adhesion decrease slightly, which reflected that DR-2-HEMA was more suitable for the preparation of heat active resin. With two acrylate groups, acrylic rosin (β-methylacryloxyl ethyl) ester (AR-2-HEMA) could be used as crosslinking monomer to increase the persistent adhesion of PSA. However it also led to the decrease of initial adhesion and 180°peeling strength. DR was proved to improve the hydrophobicity of the copolymers and reduce the surface tension of PSA film by the contact angle measurements, while DR-2-HEMA had no significant effect on the surface tension.
The ultraviolet curing coatings based on the rosin-based monomer were prepared and evaluated. It was found that DR-2-HEA and acrylic rosin (β-acryloxyl ethyl) ester (AR-2-HEA) could increase the pencile hardness of coating film. However, the coating based on DR-2-HEA and AR-2-HEA showed poorer adhesion to glass, particularly when the content of AR-2-HEA was increased. The introduction of a small amount of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate could improve significantly the adhesion of coating, without reducing the pencile hardness. The suitable mass fraction of coating for glass was DR-2-HEA (50 %), AR-2-HEA (30 %) and additives (20 %).
本文先以含羧基官能团的松香或松香衍生物为原料,通过羧基官能团的酰氯化后酯化或直接酯化法的方法分别合成了8种(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯类、(甲基)烯丙基酯类和丙烯酸氢化松香醇酯类可自由基聚合松香基单体,采用FT-IR、GC-MS、LC、NMR和DSC等分析手段分析了上述目标产物的组成和结构,并证实上述松香基单体具有可自由基聚合活性。所合成的可自由基聚合松香基单体具有如下特性:(1)歧化松香(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯(DR-2-HEA),其主要成分脱氢枞酸(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯(DHR-2-HEA)含量为53.2 %,均聚物玻璃化转变温度为-20℃;(2)脱氢枞酸(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯,收率为75%,白色晶体,熔点为59-61℃,质量含量在98%以上,均聚物玻璃化转变温度为54.18℃;(3)脱氢枞酸(β-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯是白色晶体,质量含量为99.8 %,熔点为54.23℃,均聚物玻璃化转变温度为73.97℃;(4)脱氢枞酸(β-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基)酯是一个同分异构体,质量含量为97.7 %,两种结构质量含量分别为67.29 %和30.25 %;(5)马来海松酸是一种白色晶体,质量含量为99.5 %,熔点为232.27℃。马来海松酸经酰氯化,酯化反应可合成马来海松酸(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯,它为一种白色晶体,熔点99.11℃,均聚物的玻璃化转变温度为60.96℃;(6)脱氢枞酸烯丙基酯的质量含量为98.2 %,马来海松酸烯丙基酯的质量含量为99.3 %;(7)脱氢枞酸甲基烯丙基酯,质量含量为91.36%,熔程为41.24~52.24℃,均聚物玻璃化转变温度为-29.7℃;(8)丙烯酸氢化松香醇酯主要由丙烯酸四氢松香醇酯、丙烯酸二氢松香醇酯和丙烯酸去氢松香醇酯组成,三者质量分数总量为80.45 %,其余为氢化松香甲酯和中性物,均聚物玻璃化转变温度为-28.92℃。
采用非等温和等温DSC分析法,分别研究了(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯类、(甲基)烯丙基酯类和丙烯酸氢化松香醇酯类等三类可自由基聚合松香基单体的均聚活性。分析结果表明可自由基聚合松香基单体聚合活化能从大到小排列如下:脱氢枞酸甲基烯丙基酯>歧化松香(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯>丙烯酸氢化松香醇酯>歧化松香(β-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯>脱氢枞酸(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯>脱氢枞酸(β-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯。均聚物相对分子质量最高为30000左右,最小在4000左右,因而可自由基聚合松香基单体更适合用于共聚反应。
通过乳液聚合法制得DHR-2-HEA/丙烯酸酯、脱氢枞酸(DHR)/丙烯酸酯和歧化松香(DR)/丙烯酸酯复合乳液。动态光散射方法和TEM的方法证实,在乳化体系和引发剂体系相同条件下,DHR-2-HEA、DHR和DR的复合乳液的粒子最终粒径基本相同;DHR-2-HEA的引入并不影响共聚物的相对分子质量,而随着DHR和DR的用量增加,共聚物相对分子质量下降;DHR-2-HEA、DHR和DR都与聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯有较好的相容性;随着DHR-2-HEA、DHR和DR用量的增加,共聚物的玻璃转变温度均呈现不同程度的下降。DHR-2-HEA可以在一定程度上增加丙烯酸酯聚合物膜的贮存模量和拉伸强度,而DHR和DR则会使贮存模量和拉伸强度下降;DHR-2-HEA的引入对丙烯酸酯聚合物膜的憎水性影响不大,DR和DHR则略有增加。
分别制备了歧化松香(β-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯(DR-2-HEMA)、丙烯酸松香(β-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯(AR-2-HEMA)、DHR和DR的丙烯酸酯压敏胶复合乳液。研究发现随着DR用量的增加,初黏性和180°剥离强度增加,而持黏性下降;DR-2-HEMA用量的增加,初黏性和180°剥离强度变化不大,而持黏性有一定程度的下降,表明DR-2-HEMA适合作为一种反应型的增粘树脂;AR-2-HEMA用量的增加,丙烯酸酯压敏胶(PSA)初黏性和180°剥离强度下降,而持黏性增加。DR的引入可以提高PSA的疏水性,降低PSA的表面张力,DR-2-HEMA的加入对PSA的表面张力的影响不大。实验结果显示,DR-2-HEA和AR-2-HEA能作为功能单体应用于反应型的压敏胶中。
探讨了DR-2-HEA和丙烯酸松香(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯(AR-2-HEA)在紫外光固化涂层中的应用。研究结果显示(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯类可自由基聚合松香基单体可以提高聚合物涂层的硬度,但对玻璃的附着力差;通过在配方中引入一定量的丙烯酸-2-羟基乙基酯(HEA),可在硬度不受影响的前提下,提高涂层的附着力;AR-2-HEA组成比例增加,附着力降低;对于玻璃涂层,最佳的组成配比为:DR-2-HEA(50%), AR-2-HEA(30%),其它辅助成分(20%)。
The rosin, a major renewable resource, is natural resin distilled from the high viscous liquids exuded from the pine tree which is extensively widespread in the world. Rosin is also one of key natural products in China, with an annual output of about 800 000 tons. Due to the limited resource and increasing price of cruel oil, the study on the replacement of petroleum-based polymer has attracted great attention in recent years. Because of its features such as the structure and chemical reactivity, rosin has become an important resource for polymer preparation just like cellulose, lignin, starch, chitin, chitosan and natural rubber.
A variety of rosin-based polymerizable monomers were synthesized by the esterification of carboxyl group in rosin or its derivatives, and characterized by IR, GC-MS, LC, NMR and DSC. The results showed that these monomers could polymerize in present of initiators. The basic properties of rosin-based monomers were described as follows:
(1) Disproportionated rosin (β-acryloxyl ethyl) ester(DR-2-HEA) is mainly composed by (β-acryloxyl ethyl) esters of dehydroabietic acids (53.2%, wt) and the glass transition temperature(Tg) of its homopolymer was -20℃。
(2) (2-acryloyloxy)ethyl ester of dehydroabietic acid(DHR-2-HEA)(>98%, wt) is a type of white crystals with melt point 59~61℃. It could polymerize in the present of initiator and the homopolymer has a Tg of 54.18℃.
(3) (2-methylacryloyloxy)ethyl ester of dehydroabietic acid(99.8 %, wt) , a type of white crystals with melt point 54.23℃, could polymerize in the present of initiator and the Tg of its homopolymer is 73.97℃.
(4) (2-methylacryloyloxy)propyl ester of dehydroabietic acid(97.7 %, wt) is a isomer and the fraction of two structures is 67.29 % and 30.25 % respectively.
(5) Maleopimaric acid (99.5 %, wt), a white crystals with the melt point 232.27℃was used to synthesize the (2-acryloyloxy)ethyl ester of maleopimaric acid by acyl chlorination and esterification. (2-acryloyloxy)ethyl ester of maleopimaric acid is a kind of white crystal with melting point 99.11℃, which can polymerize without of initiator after being heated to the temperature above the melting point. The glass transition temperature of its homopolymer is 60.96℃
(6) The contents of allyl ester of dehydroabietic acid and maleopimaric acid synthesized are 98.2 % and 99.11% by weight respectively
(7) Methylallyl ester of dehydroabietic acid (91.36%, wt), has a melting range of 41.24~52.24℃and the Tg of its homopolymer is -29.7℃.
(8) Hydroabietyl acrylate is mainly composed of perhydrogenated abietyl acrylate, dihydroabietyl acrylate ,dehydrogenated abietyl acrylate, and small amount of methyl hydroabietate. The fraction of hydroabietyl acrylate is 80.45 wt%. Hydroabietyl acrylate can polymerize in the present of initiators. The glass transition temperature of the homopolymer is -28.92℃.
The kinetics of homopolymerization of the above rosin-based monomers was evaluated by non-isothermal or isothermal DSC measurement. The results showed that the activation energy of homopolymerization of rosin-based monomers in descending order was as follows: Methylallyl ester of dehydroabietic acid > Disproportionated rosin (β-acryloxyl ethyl) ester > hydroabietyl acrylate > Disproportionated rosin (β-methylacryloxyl ethyl) ester > (2-methylacryloyloxy)ethyl ester of dehydroabietic acid > (2-methylacryloyloxy)propyl ester of dehydroabietic acid. All the homopolymers are kind of oligomers with molecular weight ranging from 4000 to 30000, which shows that those rosin-based monomers is more sutiable for copolymerization.
Acrylate hybrid emulsions containing (2-acryloyloxy)ethyl ester of dehydroabietic acid (DHR-2-HEA), dehydroabietic acid (DHR) or disproportionated rosin (DR) were synthesized by miniemulsion polymerization respectively and characterized by the DSL and TEM. It was found that the particle sizes of hybrid emulsions by using different rosin based monomers were almost same when same emulsifiers and initiator were used. The introduction of DHR-2-HEA had no significant impact on molecular weight of the copolymer. However, the molecular weight of the copolymers decreased with the increase of the amount of DR or DHR. The result of DSC measurement showed that both of DHR and DR are compatible with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The Tg of copolymers decreased with the increase of the amount of the rosin based monomers, especially in the case of DR and DHR. It is obvious that the introduction of DHR-2-HEA could increase the storage modulus and tensile strength of copolymer. On the contrary, the storage modulus and tensile strength of copolymer decreased with the increase of content of DR or DHR. By the contact angle evaluation, the copolymer containing DR or DHR was more hydrophobic than that of DHR-2-HEA.
The pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA) based on acrylate hybrid emulsions containing rosin-based monomers were also formulated and their performance was evaluated. The results showed that the initial adhesion and 180°peeling strength of PSA were improved and the persistent adhesion decreased when DR or DHR was added. However, the introduction of disproportionated rosin (β-methylacryloxyl ethyl) ester (DR-2-HEMA) did not affect the initial adhesion and 180°peeling strength of PSA, although the persistent adhesion decrease slightly, which reflected that DR-2-HEMA was more suitable for the preparation of heat active resin. With two acrylate groups, acrylic rosin (β-methylacryloxyl ethyl) ester (AR-2-HEMA) could be used as crosslinking monomer to increase the persistent adhesion of PSA. However it also led to the decrease of initial adhesion and 180°peeling strength. DR was proved to improve the hydrophobicity of the copolymers and reduce the surface tension of PSA film by the contact angle measurements, while DR-2-HEMA had no significant effect on the surface tension.
The ultraviolet curing coatings based on the rosin-based monomer were prepared and evaluated. It was found that DR-2-HEA and acrylic rosin (β-acryloxyl ethyl) ester (AR-2-HEA) could increase the pencile hardness of coating film. However, the coating based on DR-2-HEA and AR-2-HEA showed poorer adhesion to glass, particularly when the content of AR-2-HEA was increased. The introduction of a small amount of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate could improve significantly the adhesion of coating, without reducing the pencile hardness. The suitable mass fraction of coating for glass was DR-2-HEA (50 %), AR-2-HEA (30 %) and additives (20 %).
引文
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