基于矢量量化数字水印研究与应用
|
摘要
矢量量化是一种高效的数据压缩技术,具有压缩比大且解码简单因此广泛应用于图像压缩、语音编码等多个领域。数字水印技术是将序列号、文字、二值图像等信息嵌入到多媒体数据中,目的是为了多媒体信息的版权跟踪和版权保护,特别是在图像、视频中得到了广泛的应用,成为多媒体信息安全研究领域的一个热点问题。在矢量量化基础上研究数字水印,就是在压缩域上研究数字水印,基于矢量量化的数字水印技术基本思想是利用匹配输入矢量集的码字索引表传输版权保护的信息。伴随着数码产品的更新换代,高清数码相机进入日常生活中,.彩色图像成为重要的数字水印研究对象,同时随着3G时代的到来,智能手机的普及与主流智能手机的相关增值业务的出现,基于智能手机的矢量量化数字水印技术必将成为一个研究的重点。
本文主要是针对基于矢量量化的数字水印技术的研究,分析了矢量量化关键技术中的码书设计与码字搜索。选择彩色图像为研究对象,提出了一种在彩色图像YUI色彩空间的基于矢量量化信息压缩的DCT域的数字水印算法。依据智能手机平台的特点选择一种特殊码书设计与码字搜索的策略,同时将基于图像检索的理论融合到该系统中,分别设计了最优码书生成系统与自识别VQ系统。主要工作内容及具体改进点如下：
(1)简单介绍Symbian智能手机操作系统,重点研究了码书设计与码书搜索算法。在码书设计算法中分析了传统的LBG算法与PNN算法的优劣性,在后面的码书设计中将LBG与PNN算法结合；在搜索算法中比较了FS与EENNS算法与IEENNS算法优劣性,从而选择IEENNS作为智能手机码书搜索算法
(2)选取彩色图像为研究对象,分析了常见的几种彩色图像的颜色模式以及相互之间的转换,最后提出了一种在彩色图像YIQ色彩空间的基于矢量量化信息压缩的DCT域的数字水印算法。增大了水印的信息容量与水印的安全性,不同层次的水印能够分别抗JPEG与VQ的压缩,达到了嵌入多重水印,适应于多用途。
(3)在矢量量化数字水印技术的实际应用中,选择Symbian Os作为智能机的操作系统,以Nokia智能机为研究对象。本章分为两个子系统,第一个是最优码书生成系统,第二个是自识别VQ系统,前一个系统为后一个系统的基础,本文分别给出了两个系统的设计原型
Vector quantization is a highly efficient data compression techniques,as the compression ratio is large and simple it was widely used in decoding the image compression, voice coding and other fields. Digital watermarking technology which embedded the serial number, text, binary images and other information into the multimedia data, multimedia information is aimed at tracking and copyright protection of copyright, especially in the image, the video has been widely used as multi-media information security area of research is a key point. The study of digital watermarking which base on vector quantization, that is, to study in the compressed domain digital watermarking. Vector quantization of digital watermarking technology basic idea is to match the input vector set to use the code word index table transfer of copyright protected information. With the upgrading of digital products, high-definition digital camera come into the daily life, color image digital watermarking has become an important object of research, at the same time as the 3G era, the popularity of smart phones, the mainstream smart phones associated with emergence of value-added services, based on Smartphone vector quantization digital watermarking technology will become a focus of the study
This article is based on vector quantization for digital watermarking technology, research, analysis of the key technologies in the vector quantization codebook design and code word search. Select color images as research object, presents a color image YIQ color space information based on vector quantization of the DCT compressed domain digital watermarking algorithm. Based on the smart phone platform's characteristics to select a particular codeword and codebook design and search strategy, while the theory-based image retrieval integrated into the system were designed to generate the optimal codebook VQ system with self-recognition system. Major work to improve the content and the specific points are as follows:
(1) Briefly introduce Symbian smart phone operating system, focusing on the codebook design and codebook search algorithm. With the analysis advantage and weakness of the traditional LBG algorithm and PNN algorithm, combined LBG codebook design and the PNN algorithm as the selected algorithm to generate codebook; In the search algorithm to compare advantage and weakness of the FS,with the EENNS algorithm and IEENNS algorithm, In the end Select IEENNS as smart phones codebook search algorithm
(2) Select a color image as the object of study, analysis of several common color model and color image conversion.Thereby presents a color image YUI color space information based on vector quantization of the DCT compressed domain digital watermarking algorithm. Increase the information capacity of the watermark and watermark security, different levels of the watermark can be resistant, respectively JPEG compression with VQ reached the embedding of multiple watermarks, adapted to multi-purpose.
(3) In the vector quantization of the practical application of digital watermarking technology, select Symbian Os operating system as an intelligent machine to Nokia smart phone for the study. This chapter is divided into two subsystems, the first one is the optimal codebook generation system, the second is the self-recognition VQ system, the previous system after a systematic basis, this paper gives the two systems were prototypes
本文主要是针对基于矢量量化的数字水印技术的研究,分析了矢量量化关键技术中的码书设计与码字搜索。选择彩色图像为研究对象,提出了一种在彩色图像YUI色彩空间的基于矢量量化信息压缩的DCT域的数字水印算法。依据智能手机平台的特点选择一种特殊码书设计与码字搜索的策略,同时将基于图像检索的理论融合到该系统中,分别设计了最优码书生成系统与自识别VQ系统。主要工作内容及具体改进点如下：
(1)简单介绍Symbian智能手机操作系统,重点研究了码书设计与码书搜索算法。在码书设计算法中分析了传统的LBG算法与PNN算法的优劣性,在后面的码书设计中将LBG与PNN算法结合；在搜索算法中比较了FS与EENNS算法与IEENNS算法优劣性,从而选择IEENNS作为智能手机码书搜索算法
(2)选取彩色图像为研究对象,分析了常见的几种彩色图像的颜色模式以及相互之间的转换,最后提出了一种在彩色图像YIQ色彩空间的基于矢量量化信息压缩的DCT域的数字水印算法。增大了水印的信息容量与水印的安全性,不同层次的水印能够分别抗JPEG与VQ的压缩,达到了嵌入多重水印,适应于多用途。
(3)在矢量量化数字水印技术的实际应用中,选择Symbian Os作为智能机的操作系统,以Nokia智能机为研究对象。本章分为两个子系统,第一个是最优码书生成系统,第二个是自识别VQ系统,前一个系统为后一个系统的基础,本文分别给出了两个系统的设计原型
Vector quantization is a highly efficient data compression techniques,as the compression ratio is large and simple it was widely used in decoding the image compression, voice coding and other fields. Digital watermarking technology which embedded the serial number, text, binary images and other information into the multimedia data, multimedia information is aimed at tracking and copyright protection of copyright, especially in the image, the video has been widely used as multi-media information security area of research is a key point. The study of digital watermarking which base on vector quantization, that is, to study in the compressed domain digital watermarking. Vector quantization of digital watermarking technology basic idea is to match the input vector set to use the code word index table transfer of copyright protected information. With the upgrading of digital products, high-definition digital camera come into the daily life, color image digital watermarking has become an important object of research, at the same time as the 3G era, the popularity of smart phones, the mainstream smart phones associated with emergence of value-added services, based on Smartphone vector quantization digital watermarking technology will become a focus of the study
This article is based on vector quantization for digital watermarking technology, research, analysis of the key technologies in the vector quantization codebook design and code word search. Select color images as research object, presents a color image YIQ color space information based on vector quantization of the DCT compressed domain digital watermarking algorithm. Based on the smart phone platform's characteristics to select a particular codeword and codebook design and search strategy, while the theory-based image retrieval integrated into the system were designed to generate the optimal codebook VQ system with self-recognition system. Major work to improve the content and the specific points are as follows:
(1) Briefly introduce Symbian smart phone operating system, focusing on the codebook design and codebook search algorithm. With the analysis advantage and weakness of the traditional LBG algorithm and PNN algorithm, combined LBG codebook design and the PNN algorithm as the selected algorithm to generate codebook; In the search algorithm to compare advantage and weakness of the FS,with the EENNS algorithm and IEENNS algorithm, In the end Select IEENNS as smart phones codebook search algorithm
(2) Select a color image as the object of study, analysis of several common color model and color image conversion.Thereby presents a color image YUI color space information based on vector quantization of the DCT compressed domain digital watermarking algorithm. Increase the information capacity of the watermark and watermark security, different levels of the watermark can be resistant, respectively JPEG compression with VQ reached the embedding of multiple watermarks, adapted to multi-purpose.
(3) In the vector quantization of the practical application of digital watermarking technology, select Symbian Os operating system as an intelligent machine to Nokia smart phone for the study. This chapter is divided into two subsystems, the first one is the optimal codebook generation system, the second is the self-recognition VQ system, the previous system after a systematic basis, this paper gives the two systems were prototypes
引文
[1]S.Katzenbeisser, F.Petitcolas. Information Hiding:Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking, Artech House, Norwood, MA,2000.
[2]孙圣和,陆哲明.牛夏牧.数字水印技术及应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2004
[3]M.Barni, F.Bartolini. Watermarking Systems Engineering:Enabling Digital Assets Security and Other Applications, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York,2004
[4]杨义先.数字水印基础教程[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2007.
[5]马建.智能手机操作系统编程:Symbian及60系列[M].北京：科学出版社,2005.
[6]黄海军,陈意云.移动计算系统信息流安全.小型微型计算机系统2006,08
[7]H.X.Wang, Z.M.Lu, J.S.Pan, S.H.Sun. Robust blind video watermarking with adaptive embedding mechanism. International Journal of Innovation Computing, Information and Control 1(2005) 247-259.
[8]F.Y.Shih, Y.T.Wu, Robust watermarking and compression for medical images based on genetic algorithms, Information Sciences 175(2005) 200-216.
[9]C.C.Lin, W.H.Tsai. Secret image sharing with steganography and authentication. The Journal of Systems and Software,73(2004) 405-414.
[10]E.T.Lin, E.J.Delp. A review of fragile image watermarks. Multimedia and Security Workshop in ACM Multimedia, Orlando, FL.USA,1999.
[11]易开祥,石教英.孙鑫.数字水印技术研究进展[J].中国图象图形学报,2001,(02).
[12]傅朝霞,DCT域明文水印及盲水印的研究天津工业大学2002
[13]Van Schyndel R G, Tirkel A Z, Osborne C F. A Digital Watermark[C]. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. USA,1994:86-90.
[14]Nikolaidis N, Pitas I. Copyright Protection of Images Using Robust Digital Signatures[C]. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. USA,1996:2168-2171.
[15]Yue Nan Li, Chun He Liu, Zheng Ming Lu, et al. Robust Image Watermark Algorithm Based on Predictive Vector Quantization[C]. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Innovative Computing Information and Control. USA,2006:491-494.
[16]Zhe Ming Lu, Dian Guo Xu, Sheng He Sun. Multipurpose Image Watermarking Algorithm Based on Multistage Vector Quantization[J]. IEEE Transactions of Image Processing,2005,14(6):822-831.
[17]王方,林泓.基于DCT变换的彩色图像数字水印嵌入算法研究[J].软件导刊,2007,(13).
[18]张芳,基于小波变换域的数字水印技术研究[D].天津工业大学,2004
[19]Jana Dittmann, Mark Stabenau, Ralf Steinmetz. Robust MPEG Video Technologies[C]. Proceedings of the 6th ACM International Conference on Multimedia. United Kingdom,1998:71-80.
[20]Wen-Yuan Chen. Color Image Steganography Scheme Using DFT, SPIHT codec, and Modified Differential Phase-shift Keying Techniques[J]. Applied Mathematics and Computation,2008,196(1):40-54.
[21]向德生,熊岳山.朱更明.基于视觉特性的灰度水印自适应嵌入与提取算法[J].中国图象图形学报,2006,11(7)：1026-1035.
[22]黄继武,Shi Yun Q,一种自适应图像水印算法[J],自动化学报,1999,25(4)：477-482.
[23]李昌利,卢朝阳.数字水印的去同步攻击及其对策[J].中国图象图形学报,2005,10(4)：404-409.
[24]Wang, X., Qi, W., Niu, P.. A New Adaptive Digital Audio Watermarking Based on Support Vector Regression. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing,2007,15(8):2270-2277. (SCI, EI)
[25]Z. Li, W.W. Xiao, A rotation and scaling invariant second generation watermarking scheme. IEEE Region 10 Conference on Computers, Communications, Control and Power Engineering (TENCON'02), Beijing, China, October 28-31,2002, pp.921-924.
[26].Steve Babin著.周良忠译.Symbian OS软件开发-应用C++开发智能手机应用程序入门.人民邮电出版社.2006.
[27]马建.智能手机操作系统编程：Symbian及60系列[M].北京：科学出版社,2005.
[28]王向阳,杨红颖.DCT域自适应彩色图像二维数字水印算法研究计算机辅助设计与图形学学报2004年2月
[29]范薇薇南京邮电大学,通信与信息工程学院,江苏,南京,210003彩色图像数字水印算法研究科技咨询导报 2008年11期
[30]邹武,李龙澍.周闪闪.一种基于颜色直方图的图像检索方法计算机技术与发展 1673-629X(2009)04-0038-03
[31]郭晟伟.矢量量化技术及其在图像压缩中的应用研究中南大学 2009
[32]吴婷婷,矢量量化中码书设计的研究南京师范大学 2007
[33]罗斌,顾伟,吕皖丽,宫炎焱.基于主成分分析的矢量量化数字水印算法[J].计算机工程.
[34]罗斌,顾伟,吕皖丽.基于图像分类的矢量量化数字水印算法[J].计算机应用研究.
[35]W. H. Equitz. A New Vector Quantization Clustering Algorithm[J]. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing,1989,37(10):1568-1575.
[36]LIU YING.ZHOU HUI.YU WEN-FANG Image vector qusntization coding based on genetic algorithm IEEE Press 2003
[37]陆哲明,孙圣和.基于快速相关矢量量化的图象编码算法中国图象图形学报 2000.06
[38]马文龙,余宁梅,银磊,等.图像块动态划分矢量量化[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2005,27(2)：279-284.
[39]A. K. Krishnamarthy, S. C. Ahalt, D. E. Melton, et al. Neural Networks for Vector Quantization of Speech and Images[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,1990,8(8):1449-1457.
[40]Jeng Shyang Pan, Min Tsang Sung, Hsiang Cheh Huang, et al. Robust VQ-based Digital Watermarking for Memoryless Binary Symmetric Channel[C]. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, China, 2004:580-583.
[41]鲍长春,卓力,王永会.LSF参数的模拟退火法连接分裂矢量量化[J].电子学报,2001,29(1)：128-130.
[42]Naonori Ueda and Ryohei Nakano. A new competitive learning approach based on an equidistortion principle for designing optimal vector quantizers, IEEE Transactions on Communications 1994, Pages 1211-1227.
[43]W. H. Equitz. A New Vector Quantization Clustering Algorithm[J]. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing,1989,37(10):1568-1575.
[44]徐润生,张卫东,许晓鸣,陆哲明.一种改进的矢量量化码字搜索算法电子与信息学报 2002-05-004
[45]L.Guan, M.Kamel.Equal - Average Hyperplane Partioning Method forVector QuantizationofllnageData[J].Pattern Recogntion Letters.1992:693-699.
[46]S.J.Baek, B.K.Jeon,K.M.Sung.A Fast Eneoding Algorithm forVector Quantization[J].IEEE Signa lProeessing Letters.1997,4(12):325-327
[47]C.H.Lee, L.H.Chen.High-Speed Closest Codeword Search Algorithms for VeetorQuantization[J].SignalProeessing.1995,43:323-331.
[48]W.J.Huang,W.K.Wei, Y.J.Ye.FPGA ImPlernentation of Full-searchVector Quantization Based On Partial Distance Search[J].2007,31(8):516-528
[49]Jian Yang Zhang, D. Frangi, A. F. Jing Yu Yang. Two-Dimensional PCA:A New Approach to Appearance-based Face Representation and Recognition[J]. IEEE Transations on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,2004,26(1):131-137.
[50]Lennon M, Mercier G, Mouchot M. C, et al. Independent Component Analysis As a Tool for the Dimensionality Reduction and the Representation of Hyperspectral Images[C]. IEEE International Conference on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Australian,2001:2893-2895.
[51]孙宏伟,顾明,孙家广.改进的基于主分量分析的码书设计算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2005,17(10)：2245-2250.
[52]高珍,张伟,张志浩.一种新的基于图块分类的水印算法[J].计算机工程,2005,31(24)：177-180.
[53]丁玮 闫伟齐 齐东旭 基于Arnold变换的数字图像置乱技术计算机辅助设计与图形学学报 2001年04期
[54]腾讯数码网：http://digi.tech.qq.com/a/20100403/000031.htm 2010年04月03
[55]张博,王玲.彩色图像数字水印新算法的研究微电子学与计算机2009.3
[56]王建哲,姜昱明.一种基于DCT变换的数字水印技术[J].计算机工程与应用,2002,(06).
[57]黄继武,YunQ.SHI,程卫东.DCT域图像水印：嵌入对策和算法[J].电子学报,
2000,(04).
[58]叶妙,图像数字水印的攻击及对策方法[D].广东工业大学,2003.
[59]Client-Server http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client-server 2009-06-16.
[60]汪慧兰,罗斌.基于综合特征的彩色图像检索 安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版)2007.7
[61]王大海,王戊寅基于颜色特征的图像检索技术电脑知识与技术1009-3044(2006)20-0139-03
[62]http://www.forum.nokia.com.cn/sch/main/ui_development_in_cpp.html诺基亚开发C++开发论坛
[63]Weijun Dong, Mingquan Zhou, Guohua Geng. Image retrieval technique based on combined features [J].Compute Applications and Software,2005,22 (11):34-36.
[64]Heng Bo Zhang, ZongYing Ou, Guanhua Li. An Image Retrieval Method on Color Primitive Co-occurrence Matrix [J].Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 2006,4222:526-529.
[65]Finlavson QSchettine R. Special issue:Color for image in-dexing and retrieval[J].Computer Vision and Image Un-derstanding,2004,94 (1-3):1-2.
[66]田玉敏,林高全.基于颜色特征的彩色图像检索方法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2002,(01).
[67]吴成玉,邰晓英,赵杰煜.基于颜色特征的图像检索[J].计算机应用,2004,(S1).
[68]Ana L. N. Fred, Anil K. Jain. Data Clustering Using Evidence Accumulation[C]. IEEE International Conference on Pattern Recognition. USA,2002:276-280.
[69]Hsien-Chu Wu, Chin-Chen Chang. A novel digital image watermarking scheme based on the vector quantization technique. Computers & Security,2005,24,460-471.
[70]央视06年获奖照被指造假拍摄者承认系PS[2008-02-16]中国新闻网http://news.sohu.com/20080216/n255186730.shtml
[71]“广场鸽”调查[2008-04-22]新华网北京频道http://news.xinhuanet.com/focus/2008-04/22/content_7996745.htm
[2]孙圣和,陆哲明.牛夏牧.数字水印技术及应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2004
[3]M.Barni, F.Bartolini. Watermarking Systems Engineering:Enabling Digital Assets Security and Other Applications, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York,2004
[4]杨义先.数字水印基础教程[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2007.
[5]马建.智能手机操作系统编程:Symbian及60系列[M].北京：科学出版社,2005.
[6]黄海军,陈意云.移动计算系统信息流安全.小型微型计算机系统2006,08
[7]H.X.Wang, Z.M.Lu, J.S.Pan, S.H.Sun. Robust blind video watermarking with adaptive embedding mechanism. International Journal of Innovation Computing, Information and Control 1(2005) 247-259.
[8]F.Y.Shih, Y.T.Wu, Robust watermarking and compression for medical images based on genetic algorithms, Information Sciences 175(2005) 200-216.
[9]C.C.Lin, W.H.Tsai. Secret image sharing with steganography and authentication. The Journal of Systems and Software,73(2004) 405-414.
[10]E.T.Lin, E.J.Delp. A review of fragile image watermarks. Multimedia and Security Workshop in ACM Multimedia, Orlando, FL.USA,1999.
[11]易开祥,石教英.孙鑫.数字水印技术研究进展[J].中国图象图形学报,2001,(02).
[12]傅朝霞,DCT域明文水印及盲水印的研究天津工业大学2002
[13]Van Schyndel R G, Tirkel A Z, Osborne C F. A Digital Watermark[C]. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. USA,1994:86-90.
[14]Nikolaidis N, Pitas I. Copyright Protection of Images Using Robust Digital Signatures[C]. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. USA,1996:2168-2171.
[15]Yue Nan Li, Chun He Liu, Zheng Ming Lu, et al. Robust Image Watermark Algorithm Based on Predictive Vector Quantization[C]. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Innovative Computing Information and Control. USA,2006:491-494.
[16]Zhe Ming Lu, Dian Guo Xu, Sheng He Sun. Multipurpose Image Watermarking Algorithm Based on Multistage Vector Quantization[J]. IEEE Transactions of Image Processing,2005,14(6):822-831.
[17]王方,林泓.基于DCT变换的彩色图像数字水印嵌入算法研究[J].软件导刊,2007,(13).
[18]张芳,基于小波变换域的数字水印技术研究[D].天津工业大学,2004
[19]Jana Dittmann, Mark Stabenau, Ralf Steinmetz. Robust MPEG Video Technologies[C]. Proceedings of the 6th ACM International Conference on Multimedia. United Kingdom,1998:71-80.
[20]Wen-Yuan Chen. Color Image Steganography Scheme Using DFT, SPIHT codec, and Modified Differential Phase-shift Keying Techniques[J]. Applied Mathematics and Computation,2008,196(1):40-54.
[21]向德生,熊岳山.朱更明.基于视觉特性的灰度水印自适应嵌入与提取算法[J].中国图象图形学报,2006,11(7)：1026-1035.
[22]黄继武,Shi Yun Q,一种自适应图像水印算法[J],自动化学报,1999,25(4)：477-482.
[23]李昌利,卢朝阳.数字水印的去同步攻击及其对策[J].中国图象图形学报,2005,10(4)：404-409.
[24]Wang, X., Qi, W., Niu, P.. A New Adaptive Digital Audio Watermarking Based on Support Vector Regression. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing,2007,15(8):2270-2277. (SCI, EI)
[25]Z. Li, W.W. Xiao, A rotation and scaling invariant second generation watermarking scheme. IEEE Region 10 Conference on Computers, Communications, Control and Power Engineering (TENCON'02), Beijing, China, October 28-31,2002, pp.921-924.
[26].Steve Babin著.周良忠译.Symbian OS软件开发-应用C++开发智能手机应用程序入门.人民邮电出版社.2006.
[27]马建.智能手机操作系统编程：Symbian及60系列[M].北京：科学出版社,2005.
[28]王向阳,杨红颖.DCT域自适应彩色图像二维数字水印算法研究计算机辅助设计与图形学学报2004年2月
[29]范薇薇南京邮电大学,通信与信息工程学院,江苏,南京,210003彩色图像数字水印算法研究科技咨询导报 2008年11期
[30]邹武,李龙澍.周闪闪.一种基于颜色直方图的图像检索方法计算机技术与发展 1673-629X(2009)04-0038-03
[31]郭晟伟.矢量量化技术及其在图像压缩中的应用研究中南大学 2009
[32]吴婷婷,矢量量化中码书设计的研究南京师范大学 2007
[33]罗斌,顾伟,吕皖丽,宫炎焱.基于主成分分析的矢量量化数字水印算法[J].计算机工程.
[34]罗斌,顾伟,吕皖丽.基于图像分类的矢量量化数字水印算法[J].计算机应用研究.
[35]W. H. Equitz. A New Vector Quantization Clustering Algorithm[J]. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing,1989,37(10):1568-1575.
[36]LIU YING.ZHOU HUI.YU WEN-FANG Image vector qusntization coding based on genetic algorithm IEEE Press 2003
[37]陆哲明,孙圣和.基于快速相关矢量量化的图象编码算法中国图象图形学报 2000.06
[38]马文龙,余宁梅,银磊,等.图像块动态划分矢量量化[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2005,27(2)：279-284.
[39]A. K. Krishnamarthy, S. C. Ahalt, D. E. Melton, et al. Neural Networks for Vector Quantization of Speech and Images[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,1990,8(8):1449-1457.
[40]Jeng Shyang Pan, Min Tsang Sung, Hsiang Cheh Huang, et al. Robust VQ-based Digital Watermarking for Memoryless Binary Symmetric Channel[C]. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, China, 2004:580-583.
[41]鲍长春,卓力,王永会.LSF参数的模拟退火法连接分裂矢量量化[J].电子学报,2001,29(1)：128-130.
[42]Naonori Ueda and Ryohei Nakano. A new competitive learning approach based on an equidistortion principle for designing optimal vector quantizers, IEEE Transactions on Communications 1994, Pages 1211-1227.
[43]W. H. Equitz. A New Vector Quantization Clustering Algorithm[J]. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing,1989,37(10):1568-1575.
[44]徐润生,张卫东,许晓鸣,陆哲明.一种改进的矢量量化码字搜索算法电子与信息学报 2002-05-004
[45]L.Guan, M.Kamel.Equal - Average Hyperplane Partioning Method forVector QuantizationofllnageData[J].Pattern Recogntion Letters.1992:693-699.
[46]S.J.Baek, B.K.Jeon,K.M.Sung.A Fast Eneoding Algorithm forVector Quantization[J].IEEE Signa lProeessing Letters.1997,4(12):325-327
[47]C.H.Lee, L.H.Chen.High-Speed Closest Codeword Search Algorithms for VeetorQuantization[J].SignalProeessing.1995,43:323-331.
[48]W.J.Huang,W.K.Wei, Y.J.Ye.FPGA ImPlernentation of Full-searchVector Quantization Based On Partial Distance Search[J].2007,31(8):516-528
[49]Jian Yang Zhang, D. Frangi, A. F. Jing Yu Yang. Two-Dimensional PCA:A New Approach to Appearance-based Face Representation and Recognition[J]. IEEE Transations on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,2004,26(1):131-137.
[50]Lennon M, Mercier G, Mouchot M. C, et al. Independent Component Analysis As a Tool for the Dimensionality Reduction and the Representation of Hyperspectral Images[C]. IEEE International Conference on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Australian,2001:2893-2895.
[51]孙宏伟,顾明,孙家广.改进的基于主分量分析的码书设计算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2005,17(10)：2245-2250.
[52]高珍,张伟,张志浩.一种新的基于图块分类的水印算法[J].计算机工程,2005,31(24)：177-180.
[53]丁玮 闫伟齐 齐东旭 基于Arnold变换的数字图像置乱技术计算机辅助设计与图形学学报 2001年04期
[54]腾讯数码网：http://digi.tech.qq.com/a/20100403/000031.htm 2010年04月03
[55]张博,王玲.彩色图像数字水印新算法的研究微电子学与计算机2009.3
[56]王建哲,姜昱明.一种基于DCT变换的数字水印技术[J].计算机工程与应用,2002,(06).
[57]黄继武,YunQ.SHI,程卫东.DCT域图像水印：嵌入对策和算法[J].电子学报,
2000,(04).
[58]叶妙,图像数字水印的攻击及对策方法[D].广东工业大学,2003.
[59]Client-Server http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client-server 2009-06-16.
[60]汪慧兰,罗斌.基于综合特征的彩色图像检索 安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版)2007.7
[61]王大海,王戊寅基于颜色特征的图像检索技术电脑知识与技术1009-3044(2006)20-0139-03
[62]http://www.forum.nokia.com.cn/sch/main/ui_development_in_cpp.html诺基亚开发C++开发论坛
[63]Weijun Dong, Mingquan Zhou, Guohua Geng. Image retrieval technique based on combined features [J].Compute Applications and Software,2005,22 (11):34-36.
[64]Heng Bo Zhang, ZongYing Ou, Guanhua Li. An Image Retrieval Method on Color Primitive Co-occurrence Matrix [J].Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 2006,4222:526-529.
[65]Finlavson QSchettine R. Special issue:Color for image in-dexing and retrieval[J].Computer Vision and Image Un-derstanding,2004,94 (1-3):1-2.
[66]田玉敏,林高全.基于颜色特征的彩色图像检索方法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2002,(01).
[67]吴成玉,邰晓英,赵杰煜.基于颜色特征的图像检索[J].计算机应用,2004,(S1).
[68]Ana L. N. Fred, Anil K. Jain. Data Clustering Using Evidence Accumulation[C]. IEEE International Conference on Pattern Recognition. USA,2002:276-280.
[69]Hsien-Chu Wu, Chin-Chen Chang. A novel digital image watermarking scheme based on the vector quantization technique. Computers & Security,2005,24,460-471.
[70]央视06年获奖照被指造假拍摄者承认系PS[2008-02-16]中国新闻网http://news.sohu.com/20080216/n255186730.shtml
[71]“广场鸽”调查[2008-04-22]新华网北京频道http://news.xinhuanet.com/focus/2008-04/22/content_7996745.htm
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |