中国生物多样性保护的变革性转变及路径
|
摘要
全球正在经历第六次物种大灭绝。为了应对生物多样性丧失速率日益加快的严峻挑战,《生物多样性公约》第十届缔约方大会通过了《生物多样性战略计划》(2011–2020年)及20项爱知生物多样性目标。然而, 2019年IPBES全球评估报告表明,大部分爱知目标可能无法在2020年实现,因此,自然保护需要变革性转变。中国虽然在生物多样性保护方面取得了巨大成就,提出了系统完整的生态文明制度及建立"以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系"的目标,并通过绿盾行动和环保督察提升了生物多样性保护的重要性,陆地自然保护地覆盖率也已达到18%,但仍未有效遏制生物多样性下降的趋势,物种濒危程度持续加剧。尽管生态文明一系列改革已经做出了变革性转变,中央层面大力推行生物多样性"主流化"的相关政策,通过机构改革初步解决了自然保护地"九龙治水"的问题,在国土空间规划和生态保护红线划定中强调了生物多样性保护的重要性,但是,生物多样性保护仍然缺乏系统性的解决策略,需要在不同层面进一步落实"主流化",建立完整的法律体系和统一规范高效的保护机制,保障保护资金,明确生物多样性在生产、生活空间中的地位,打通自然保护成果与经济利益的转化渠道。因此,中国的生物多样性保护应当借助生态文明建设的历史性机遇,在保护意识、空间布局和保护行动3个方面充分实现变革性的转变,借助五位一体总体布局,采用系统化的解决方法,进一步整合法律、行政、市场、技术和社会等五方面力量,提出具体的实现路径,实现保护意识主流化、保护利用统筹化和保护行动全民化等三方面变革性的转变,形成高效一体化的机制,以实现"人与自然和谐相处"的生物多样性保护理想状态。
Earth is experiencing its sixth mass extinction, and in response to the severity of accelerated biodiversity loss, the 10 th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) adopted the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020, including Aichi Biodiversity Targets. However, the IPBES global assessment showed that most of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets for 2020 will possibly be missed, because of which the IPBES called for transformative changes in nature conservation in its global assessment report. China has made significant progress in biodiversity conservation, put forward with completed eco-civilization system, try to develop a protected area system, stress the importance of biodiversity conservation by inspection and "Green Shield" action. In addition, up to 18% of territory has been designated as protected area. However, biodiversity is still declining at an accelerated rate, more species are threatened. Although a series of reforms to eco-civilization has started the transformative changes, such as mainstreaming biodiversity in central government, managing all the protected areas in one department, emphasizing the importance of biodiversity in national spatial planning and China Ecological Conservation Red Line(ECRL) designation, systematic strategies and actions are still in need for biodiversity conservation. It is important to further implement "mainstreaming" at different levels, establish a systematic legal system and effective conservation mechanism, guarantee enough funds, clarify the status of biodiversity in production and living space, and make ecosystem service possible to become economic benefits. Therefore, it is necessary for China to achieve transformative changes in terms of conservation awareness, spatial planning, and conservation actions by promoting balanced economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress. It is possible to mainstream conservation awareness, coordinate between conservation and utilization, and promote citizen-based conservation actions if China combines the forces of law, governance, market, technology, and society. This approach world form an efficient and integrated mechanism to achieve the ideal state of biodiversity conservation, "living in harmony with nature".
Earth is experiencing its sixth mass extinction, and in response to the severity of accelerated biodiversity loss, the 10 th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) adopted the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020, including Aichi Biodiversity Targets. However, the IPBES global assessment showed that most of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets for 2020 will possibly be missed, because of which the IPBES called for transformative changes in nature conservation in its global assessment report. China has made significant progress in biodiversity conservation, put forward with completed eco-civilization system, try to develop a protected area system, stress the importance of biodiversity conservation by inspection and "Green Shield" action. In addition, up to 18% of territory has been designated as protected area. However, biodiversity is still declining at an accelerated rate, more species are threatened. Although a series of reforms to eco-civilization has started the transformative changes, such as mainstreaming biodiversity in central government, managing all the protected areas in one department, emphasizing the importance of biodiversity in national spatial planning and China Ecological Conservation Red Line(ECRL) designation, systematic strategies and actions are still in need for biodiversity conservation. It is important to further implement "mainstreaming" at different levels, establish a systematic legal system and effective conservation mechanism, guarantee enough funds, clarify the status of biodiversity in production and living space, and make ecosystem service possible to become economic benefits. Therefore, it is necessary for China to achieve transformative changes in terms of conservation awareness, spatial planning, and conservation actions by promoting balanced economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress. It is possible to mainstream conservation awareness, coordinate between conservation and utilization, and promote citizen-based conservation actions if China combines the forces of law, governance, market, technology, and society. This approach world form an efficient and integrated mechanism to achieve the ideal state of biodiversity conservation, "living in harmony with nature".
引文
Barnosky AD,Matzke N,Tomiya S,Wogan GOU,Swartz B,Quental TB,Marshall C,McGuire JL,Lindsey EL,Maguire KC,Mersey B,Ferrer EA(2011)Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?Nature,471,51-57.
Buscher B,Fletcher R,Brockington D,Sandbrook C,Adams WM,Campbell L,Corson C,Dressler W,Duffy R,Gray N,Holmes G,Kelly A,Lunstrum E,Ramutsindela M,Shanker K(2017)Half-Earth or Whole Earth?Radical ideas for conservation,and their implications.Oryx,51,407-410.
Butchart SHM,Clarke M,Smith RJ,Sykes RE,Scharlemann JPW,Harfoot M,Buchanan GM,Angulo A,Balmford A,Bertzky B,Brooks TM,Carpenter KE,Comeros-Raynal MT,Cornell J,Ficetola GF,Fishpool LDC,Fuller RA,Geldmann J,Harwell H,Hilton-Taylor C,Hoffmann M,Joolia A,Joppa L,Kingston N,May I,Milam A,Polidoro B,Ralph G,Richman N,Rondinini C,Segan DB,Skolnik B,Spalding MD,Stuart SN,Symes A,Taylor J,Visconti P,Watson JEM,Wood L,Burgess ND(2015)Shortfalls and solutions for meeting national and global conservation area targets.Conservation Letters,8,329-337.
Cao Y,Carver S,Yang R(2019)Mapping wilderness in China:Comparing and integrating Boolean and WLC approaches.Landscape and Urban Planning,192,103636.
Cao Y,Yang R(2017)The research framework and key issues of Chinese wilderness studies.Chinese Landscape Architecture,33(6),10-15.(in Chinese with English abstract)[曹越,杨锐(2017)中国荒野研究框架与关键课题.中国园林,33(6),10-15.]
Cao Y,Yang R,Vance GM(2019)Nature needs half:A new vision for global protected areas.Landscape Architecture,26(4),39-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)[曹越,杨锐,万斯·马丁(2019)自然需要一半:全球自然保护地新愿景.风景园林,26(4),39-44.]
Ceballos G,Ehrlich PR,Barnosky AD,Garcia A,Pringle RM,Palmer TM(2015)Accelerated modern human-induced species losses:Entering the sixth mass extinction.Science Advances,1,e1400253.
Di Minin E,Toivonen T(2015)Global protected area expansion:Creating more than paper parks.BioScience,65,637-638.
IPBES(2019)Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.IPBES Secretariat,Bonn,Germany.
Jenkins CN,Van Houtan KS(2016)Global and regional priorities for marine biodiversity protection.Biological Conservation,204,333-339.
Larsen FW,Turner WR,Mittermeier RA(2015)Will protection of 17%of land by 2020 be enough to safeguard biodiversity and critical ecosystem services?Oryx,49,74-79.
Li WJ,Wang L(2009)Analysis on the advantages and disadvantages of the pothook of the increase of city construction land and the decrease of rural residential land.Land and Resources Information,(4),34-37.(in Chinese)[李旺君,王雷(2009)城乡建设用地增减挂钩的利弊分析.国土资源情报,(4),34-37.]
Liu WJ,Xu J,Geng YJ,Tian Y,Yin SL(2018)Progress in negotiations on the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework and suggestions for Chinese government.Biodiversity Science,26,1358-1364.(in Chinese with English abstract)[刘文静,徐靖,耿宜佳,田瑜,银森录(2018)“2020年后全球生物多样性框架”的谈判进展以及对我国的建议.生物多样性,26,1358-1364.]
Ma KP(2011)Strategic targets for biodiversity conservation in2011-2020.Biodiversity Science,19,1-2.(in Chinese)[马克平(2011)未来十年的生物多样性保护目标.生物多样性,19,1-2.]
O’Leary BC,Winther-Janson M,Bainbridge JM,Aitken J,Hawkins JP,Roberts CM(2016)Effective coverage targets for ocean protection.Conservation Letters,9,398-404.
Peng L,Zhao ZC,Yang R(2017)Analysis on the problems of protected area system in China and the countermeasure.Chinese Landscape Architecture,33(4),108-113.(in Chinese with English abstract)[彭琳,赵智聪,杨锐(2017)中国自然保护地体制问题分析与应对.中国园林,33(4),108-113.]
Pimm SL,Jenkins CN,Abell R,Brooks TM,Gittleman JL,Joppa LN,Raven PH,Roberts CM,Sexton JO(2014)The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction,distribution,and protection.Science,344,1246752.
Pringle RM(2017)Upgrading protected areas to conserve wild biodiversity.Nature,546,91-99.
Santini L,Saura S,Rondinini C(2016)Connectivity of the global network of protected areas.Diversity and Distributions,22,199-211.
Saura S,Bastin L,Battistella L,Mandrici A,Dubois G(2017)Protected areas in the world’s ecoregions:How well connected are they?Ecological Indicators,76,144-158.
Saura S,Bertzky B,Bastin L,Battistella L,Mandrici A,Dubois G(2018)Protected area connectivity:Shortfalls in global targets and country-level priorities.Biological Conservation,219,53-67.
Venter O,Fuller RA,Segan DB,Carwardine J,Brooks T,Butchart SHM,Di Marco M,Iwamura T,Joseph L,O’Grady D,Possingham HP,Rondinini C,Smith RJ,Venter M,Watson JEM(2014)Targeting Global Protected Area Expansion for Imperiled Biodiversity.PLoS Biology,12(6),e1001891.
Wang HQ,Gao SJ(2016)Germination,starting and policy evolution of green development in China:Observation of some stage characteristics.Reform,(3),6-26.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王海芹,高世楫(2016)我国绿色发展萌芽、起步与政策演进:若干阶段性特征观察.改革,(3),6-26.]
Wang W,Xin LJ,Du JH,Chen B,Liu FZ,Zhang LB,Li JS(2016)Evaluating conservation effectiveness of protected areas:Advances and new perspectives.Biodiversity Science,24,1177-1188.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王伟,辛利娟,杜金鸿,陈冰,刘方正,张立博,李俊生(2016)自然保护地保护成效评估:进展与展望.生物多样性,24,1177-1188.]
Watson JEM,Dudley N,Segan DB,Hockings M(2014)The performance and potential of protected areas.Nature,515,67-73.
Watson JEM,Venter O,Lee J,Jones KR,Robinson JG,Possingham HP,Allan JR(2018)Protect the last of the wild.Nature,563,27-30.
Wen C,Gu L,Wang H,LüZ,Hu RC(2015)GAP analysis on national nature reserves in China based on the distribution of endangered species.Biodiversity Science,23,591-600.(in Chinese with English abstract)[闻丞,顾垒,王昊,吕植,胡若成(2015)基于最受关注濒危物种分布的国家级自然保护区空缺分析.生物多样性,23,591-600.]
Xu HG,Ding H,Ouyang ZY,Zhang WG,Cui P,Xu WH,Liu L,Wu J,Lu XQ,Cao MC,Chen L,Le ZF,Wu Y,Lei JC(2016)Assessing China’s progress toward the 2020 Global Biodiversity Targets.Acta Ecologica Sinica,36,3847-3858.(in Chinese with English abstract)[徐海根,丁晖,欧阳志云,张文国,崔鹏,徐卫华,刘立,吴军,卢晓强,曹铭昌,陈炼,乐志芳,吴翼,雷军成(2016)中国实施2020年全球生物多样性目标的进展.生态学报,36,3847-3858.]
Yang R(2014)Discussions on nine relationships to build a national park and protected area system in China.Chinese Landscape Architecture,30(8),5-8.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨锐(2014)论中国国家公园体制建设中的九对关系.中国园林,30(8),5-8.]
Yang R(2003)Improving the National Park and Protected Area System of China:Theories and Practice.PhD dissertation,Tsinghua University,Beijing.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨锐(2003)建立完善中国国家公园和保护区体系的理论与实践研究.博士学位论文,清华大学,北京.]
Yang R,Cao Y(2018)Discussion on the long term target of protected area coverage in China.Chinese Landscape Architecture,34(7),5-12.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨锐,曹越(2018)论中国自然保护地的远景规模.中国园林,34(7),5-12.]
Yang R,Shen XL,Ma KP(2019)Recommendations on building up China’s National-park-centric Protected Area System.Biodiversity Science,27,137-139.(in Chinese)[杨锐,申小莉,马克平(2019)关于贯彻落实“建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系”的六项建议.生物多样性,27,137-139.]
Zang CX,Cai L,Li JQ,Wu XP,Li XG,Li JS(2016)Preparation of the China Biodiversity Red List and its significance for biodiversity conservation within China.Biodiversity Science,24,610-614.(in Chinese with English abstract)[臧春鑫,蔡蕾,李佳琦,吴晓莆,李晓光,李俊生(2016)《中国生物多样性红色名录》的制定及其对生物多样性保护的意义.生物多样性,24,610-614.]
Zhang JY,Zhang YJ(2017)On public participation in the construction of national parks.Biodiversity Science,25,80-87.(in Chinese with English abstract)[张婧雅,张玉钧(2017)论国家公园建设的公众参与.生物多样性,25,80-87.]
Zhao ZC,Yang R(2019)On the positioning of protected area planning in National Spatial Planning.Chinese Landscape Architecture,35(8),5-11.(in Chinese with English abstract)[赵智聪,杨锐(2019)论国土空间规划中自然保护地规划之定位.中国园林,35(8),5-11.]
Zou YY,Fu YL,Yang LR,Wan XL,Wang Y,Liu JX(2017)China and COP 15:A path for responsible environmental power.Biodiversity Science,25,1169-1175.(in Chinese with English abstract)[邹玥屿,傅钰琳,杨礼荣,万夏林,王也,刘纪新(2017)中国与COP15--负责任环境大国的路径选择.生物多样性,25,1169-1175.]
(1)爱知目标11:到2020年,至少有17%的陆地和内陆水域以及10%的海岸和海洋区域,尤其是对于生物多样性和生态系统服务具有特殊重要性的区域,通过建立有效而公平管理的、生态上有代表性和连通性好的保护区系统和其他基于区域的有效保护措施而得到保护,并与更广泛的陆地景观和海洋景观形成整体.
Buscher B,Fletcher R,Brockington D,Sandbrook C,Adams WM,Campbell L,Corson C,Dressler W,Duffy R,Gray N,Holmes G,Kelly A,Lunstrum E,Ramutsindela M,Shanker K(2017)Half-Earth or Whole Earth?Radical ideas for conservation,and their implications.Oryx,51,407-410.
Butchart SHM,Clarke M,Smith RJ,Sykes RE,Scharlemann JPW,Harfoot M,Buchanan GM,Angulo A,Balmford A,Bertzky B,Brooks TM,Carpenter KE,Comeros-Raynal MT,Cornell J,Ficetola GF,Fishpool LDC,Fuller RA,Geldmann J,Harwell H,Hilton-Taylor C,Hoffmann M,Joolia A,Joppa L,Kingston N,May I,Milam A,Polidoro B,Ralph G,Richman N,Rondinini C,Segan DB,Skolnik B,Spalding MD,Stuart SN,Symes A,Taylor J,Visconti P,Watson JEM,Wood L,Burgess ND(2015)Shortfalls and solutions for meeting national and global conservation area targets.Conservation Letters,8,329-337.
Cao Y,Carver S,Yang R(2019)Mapping wilderness in China:Comparing and integrating Boolean and WLC approaches.Landscape and Urban Planning,192,103636.
Cao Y,Yang R(2017)The research framework and key issues of Chinese wilderness studies.Chinese Landscape Architecture,33(6),10-15.(in Chinese with English abstract)[曹越,杨锐(2017)中国荒野研究框架与关键课题.中国园林,33(6),10-15.]
Cao Y,Yang R,Vance GM(2019)Nature needs half:A new vision for global protected areas.Landscape Architecture,26(4),39-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)[曹越,杨锐,万斯·马丁(2019)自然需要一半:全球自然保护地新愿景.风景园林,26(4),39-44.]
Ceballos G,Ehrlich PR,Barnosky AD,Garcia A,Pringle RM,Palmer TM(2015)Accelerated modern human-induced species losses:Entering the sixth mass extinction.Science Advances,1,e1400253.
Di Minin E,Toivonen T(2015)Global protected area expansion:Creating more than paper parks.BioScience,65,637-638.
IPBES(2019)Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.IPBES Secretariat,Bonn,Germany.
Jenkins CN,Van Houtan KS(2016)Global and regional priorities for marine biodiversity protection.Biological Conservation,204,333-339.
Larsen FW,Turner WR,Mittermeier RA(2015)Will protection of 17%of land by 2020 be enough to safeguard biodiversity and critical ecosystem services?Oryx,49,74-79.
Li WJ,Wang L(2009)Analysis on the advantages and disadvantages of the pothook of the increase of city construction land and the decrease of rural residential land.Land and Resources Information,(4),34-37.(in Chinese)[李旺君,王雷(2009)城乡建设用地增减挂钩的利弊分析.国土资源情报,(4),34-37.]
Liu WJ,Xu J,Geng YJ,Tian Y,Yin SL(2018)Progress in negotiations on the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework and suggestions for Chinese government.Biodiversity Science,26,1358-1364.(in Chinese with English abstract)[刘文静,徐靖,耿宜佳,田瑜,银森录(2018)“2020年后全球生物多样性框架”的谈判进展以及对我国的建议.生物多样性,26,1358-1364.]
Ma KP(2011)Strategic targets for biodiversity conservation in2011-2020.Biodiversity Science,19,1-2.(in Chinese)[马克平(2011)未来十年的生物多样性保护目标.生物多样性,19,1-2.]
O’Leary BC,Winther-Janson M,Bainbridge JM,Aitken J,Hawkins JP,Roberts CM(2016)Effective coverage targets for ocean protection.Conservation Letters,9,398-404.
Peng L,Zhao ZC,Yang R(2017)Analysis on the problems of protected area system in China and the countermeasure.Chinese Landscape Architecture,33(4),108-113.(in Chinese with English abstract)[彭琳,赵智聪,杨锐(2017)中国自然保护地体制问题分析与应对.中国园林,33(4),108-113.]
Pimm SL,Jenkins CN,Abell R,Brooks TM,Gittleman JL,Joppa LN,Raven PH,Roberts CM,Sexton JO(2014)The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction,distribution,and protection.Science,344,1246752.
Pringle RM(2017)Upgrading protected areas to conserve wild biodiversity.Nature,546,91-99.
Santini L,Saura S,Rondinini C(2016)Connectivity of the global network of protected areas.Diversity and Distributions,22,199-211.
Saura S,Bastin L,Battistella L,Mandrici A,Dubois G(2017)Protected areas in the world’s ecoregions:How well connected are they?Ecological Indicators,76,144-158.
Saura S,Bertzky B,Bastin L,Battistella L,Mandrici A,Dubois G(2018)Protected area connectivity:Shortfalls in global targets and country-level priorities.Biological Conservation,219,53-67.
Venter O,Fuller RA,Segan DB,Carwardine J,Brooks T,Butchart SHM,Di Marco M,Iwamura T,Joseph L,O’Grady D,Possingham HP,Rondinini C,Smith RJ,Venter M,Watson JEM(2014)Targeting Global Protected Area Expansion for Imperiled Biodiversity.PLoS Biology,12(6),e1001891.
Wang HQ,Gao SJ(2016)Germination,starting and policy evolution of green development in China:Observation of some stage characteristics.Reform,(3),6-26.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王海芹,高世楫(2016)我国绿色发展萌芽、起步与政策演进:若干阶段性特征观察.改革,(3),6-26.]
Wang W,Xin LJ,Du JH,Chen B,Liu FZ,Zhang LB,Li JS(2016)Evaluating conservation effectiveness of protected areas:Advances and new perspectives.Biodiversity Science,24,1177-1188.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王伟,辛利娟,杜金鸿,陈冰,刘方正,张立博,李俊生(2016)自然保护地保护成效评估:进展与展望.生物多样性,24,1177-1188.]
Watson JEM,Dudley N,Segan DB,Hockings M(2014)The performance and potential of protected areas.Nature,515,67-73.
Watson JEM,Venter O,Lee J,Jones KR,Robinson JG,Possingham HP,Allan JR(2018)Protect the last of the wild.Nature,563,27-30.
Wen C,Gu L,Wang H,LüZ,Hu RC(2015)GAP analysis on national nature reserves in China based on the distribution of endangered species.Biodiversity Science,23,591-600.(in Chinese with English abstract)[闻丞,顾垒,王昊,吕植,胡若成(2015)基于最受关注濒危物种分布的国家级自然保护区空缺分析.生物多样性,23,591-600.]
Xu HG,Ding H,Ouyang ZY,Zhang WG,Cui P,Xu WH,Liu L,Wu J,Lu XQ,Cao MC,Chen L,Le ZF,Wu Y,Lei JC(2016)Assessing China’s progress toward the 2020 Global Biodiversity Targets.Acta Ecologica Sinica,36,3847-3858.(in Chinese with English abstract)[徐海根,丁晖,欧阳志云,张文国,崔鹏,徐卫华,刘立,吴军,卢晓强,曹铭昌,陈炼,乐志芳,吴翼,雷军成(2016)中国实施2020年全球生物多样性目标的进展.生态学报,36,3847-3858.]
Yang R(2014)Discussions on nine relationships to build a national park and protected area system in China.Chinese Landscape Architecture,30(8),5-8.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨锐(2014)论中国国家公园体制建设中的九对关系.中国园林,30(8),5-8.]
Yang R(2003)Improving the National Park and Protected Area System of China:Theories and Practice.PhD dissertation,Tsinghua University,Beijing.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨锐(2003)建立完善中国国家公园和保护区体系的理论与实践研究.博士学位论文,清华大学,北京.]
Yang R,Cao Y(2018)Discussion on the long term target of protected area coverage in China.Chinese Landscape Architecture,34(7),5-12.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨锐,曹越(2018)论中国自然保护地的远景规模.中国园林,34(7),5-12.]
Yang R,Shen XL,Ma KP(2019)Recommendations on building up China’s National-park-centric Protected Area System.Biodiversity Science,27,137-139.(in Chinese)[杨锐,申小莉,马克平(2019)关于贯彻落实“建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系”的六项建议.生物多样性,27,137-139.]
Zang CX,Cai L,Li JQ,Wu XP,Li XG,Li JS(2016)Preparation of the China Biodiversity Red List and its significance for biodiversity conservation within China.Biodiversity Science,24,610-614.(in Chinese with English abstract)[臧春鑫,蔡蕾,李佳琦,吴晓莆,李晓光,李俊生(2016)《中国生物多样性红色名录》的制定及其对生物多样性保护的意义.生物多样性,24,610-614.]
Zhang JY,Zhang YJ(2017)On public participation in the construction of national parks.Biodiversity Science,25,80-87.(in Chinese with English abstract)[张婧雅,张玉钧(2017)论国家公园建设的公众参与.生物多样性,25,80-87.]
Zhao ZC,Yang R(2019)On the positioning of protected area planning in National Spatial Planning.Chinese Landscape Architecture,35(8),5-11.(in Chinese with English abstract)[赵智聪,杨锐(2019)论国土空间规划中自然保护地规划之定位.中国园林,35(8),5-11.]
Zou YY,Fu YL,Yang LR,Wan XL,Wang Y,Liu JX(2017)China and COP 15:A path for responsible environmental power.Biodiversity Science,25,1169-1175.(in Chinese with English abstract)[邹玥屿,傅钰琳,杨礼荣,万夏林,王也,刘纪新(2017)中国与COP15--负责任环境大国的路径选择.生物多样性,25,1169-1175.]
(1)爱知目标11:到2020年,至少有17%的陆地和内陆水域以及10%的海岸和海洋区域,尤其是对于生物多样性和生态系统服务具有特殊重要性的区域,通过建立有效而公平管理的、生态上有代表性和连通性好的保护区系统和其他基于区域的有效保护措施而得到保护,并与更广泛的陆地景观和海洋景观形成整体.