锗资源供需形势及回收再利用前景研究
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摘要
锗作为一种战略金属,广泛应用于现代通信、新能源以及军工等领域。尤具代表性的是含锗光纤在传输中损耗低,加入锗的太阳能电池材料光电转化效率高,红外热像仪的锗镜头可用性更强,锗也因此成为一种高技术领域不可替代的原材料。以美国、欧盟为代表的西方国家先后均将锗金属列为关键矿产。本文分析了全球锗资源供需形势及未来需求趋势,考虑到长远角度锗金属原生供给的有限性以及未来循环经济的发展,强调通过二次回收再利用来增加有效供给,分析了目前锗金属二次回收再利用的研究现状,以期为实现锗金属高效循环利用添砖加瓦。
As a strategic metal,germanium is widely used in modern communications,new energy and military industry.Representatively,germanium-containing optical fibers have low loss in transmission,high photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cell materials with germanium,and better usability of germanium lens in infrared thermal imager.Therefore,germanium has become an irreplaceable raw material in the field of high technology.Germanium has been listed as a key mineral in the western countries represented by the United States and the European Union.On this basis,this paper analyzes the global supply and demand situation and future demand trend of germanium resources.Considering the limitation of germanium primary supply in the long run and the development of circular economy in the future,the paper emphasizes the effective supply through secondary recycling and reuse,analyzes the current research status of secondary recycling and reuse of germanium metals,and looks forward to providing help for efficient recycling of germanium metal.
As a strategic metal,germanium is widely used in modern communications,new energy and military industry.Representatively,germanium-containing optical fibers have low loss in transmission,high photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cell materials with germanium,and better usability of germanium lens in infrared thermal imager.Therefore,germanium has become an irreplaceable raw material in the field of high technology.Germanium has been listed as a key mineral in the western countries represented by the United States and the European Union.On this basis,this paper analyzes the global supply and demand situation and future demand trend of germanium resources.Considering the limitation of germanium primary supply in the long run and the development of circular economy in the future,the paper emphasizes the effective supply through secondary recycling and reuse,analyzes the current research status of secondary recycling and reuse of germanium metals,and looks forward to providing help for efficient recycling of germanium metal.
引文
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[17]XU Yan,LI Jinhui,TAN Quanyin,et al.Global status of recycling waste solar panels:a review[J].Waste Management,2018,75:450-458.
[2]USGS,KELLY T D,MATOS G R.Historical statistics for mineral and material commodities in the United States(2013Version)[M].U.S.Geological Survey Data Series,2013:140-141.
[3]CHEN Weisheng,CHANG Bicheng,CHIU Kailun.Recovery of germanium from waste optical fibers by hydrometallurgical method[J].Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,2017(5):5215-5221.
[4]U.S.Geological Survey.Mineral commodity summaries 2018[R].2018.
[5]MATEO-VELEZ J C,INGUIMBERT V,TOYODA K,et al.Time resolved spectroscopy of electrostatic discharge and secondary arc plasma on spacecraft solar array[J].Transactions on Plasma Science,2012(40):359-367.
[6]KUROIWA K,OHURA S,MORISADA S,et al.Recovery of germanium from waste solar panels using ion-exchange membrane and solvent extraction[J].Minerals Engineering,2014(55):181-185.
[7]Ad hoc working group on defining critical raw materials.Report on critical raw materials for the EU[R].2010.
[8]Ad hoc working group on defining critical raw materials.Report on critical raw materials for the EU[R].2014.
[9]European commission.Study on the review of the list of critical raw materials,criticality assessments[R].2017.
[10]Interior releases 2018's final list of 35minerals deemed critical to U.S.national security and the economy[EB/OL].(2018-5-18).https:∥www.usgs.gov/news/interior-releases-2018-s-final-list-35-minerals-deemed-critical-us-national-security-and.
[11]SONG Qingming,ZHANG Lingen,XU Zhenming.Kinetic analysis on carbothermic reduction of GeO2for germanium[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2019,207:522-530.
[12]AINETO M,ACOSTA A,RINCóN J M,et al.Thermal expansion of slag and fly ash from coal gasification in IGCCpower plant[J].Fuel,2016,85(16):2352-2358.
[13]NAGEL S,MACCHESNEY J,WALKER K.An overview of the modified chemical vapor deposition(MCVD)process and performance[J].Journal of Quantum Electronics,2003,18(4):459-476.
[14]ZHANG Lingen,XU Zhenming.An environmentally-friendly vacuum reduction metallurgical process to recover germanium from coal fly ash[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,3(12):28-36.
[15]TORRALVO F A,FERNANDEZ-PEREIRA C,VILLARD EG,et al.Low environmental impact process for germanium recovery from an industrial residue[J].Minerals Engineering,2018,128:106-114.
[16]AMAN M M,SOLANGI K H,HOSSAIN M S,et al.A review of safety,health and environmental(SHE)issues of solar energy system[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2015,41:1190-1204.
[17]XU Yan,LI Jinhui,TAN Quanyin,et al.Global status of recycling waste solar panels:a review[J].Waste Management,2018,75:450-458.