减氮配施有机肥对夏玉米——冬小麦土壤硝态氮及氮肥利用的影响
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摘要
为实现华北平原夏玉米—冬小麦的高产及氮肥的高效利用,采用田间小区试验方法,研究了氮肥减量及其与有机肥配施对夏玉米—冬小麦轮作体系内土壤硝态氮分布及氮肥利用的影响。结果表明:与不施氮处理(CK)相比,施用氮肥增加了冬小麦和夏玉米的生物量和产量,而在农民习惯施氮基础上减量1/3不会显著影响到生物量和产量。其中减氮配施有机肥(ONM)处理的周年总产最高,相比习惯施氮(CN)和减氮处理(ON)分别提高了1.85%和3.78%。处理CN的0～180 cm土壤硝态氮累积量的周年变化均值达502.7 kg hm-2,分别是处理CK、ONM、ON的2.95、2.17、1.56倍。与处理CN相比,处理ONM显著降低了剖面(0～180 cm)土壤中的硝态氮含量,其中在夏玉米季和冬小麦季的降低幅度分别为18.1%～66.7%和37.3%～87.2%。处理ON和ONM相比处理CN,植株周年总吸氮量无显著性差异,氮肥利用率却得到了显著提高。其中处理ONM的周年氮肥利用最高,比处理CN提高了36.9%。综合分析,减氮与有机肥配施不仅显著降低了0～180 cm土壤硝态氮含量,大幅度提高了氮肥利用率,且有助于增加冬小麦和夏玉米的生物量及产量。
In order to improve the yield and nitrogen(N) fertilizer utilization efficiency, the field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of N fertilizer reduction and combined application of organic fertilizer on soil nitrate N(NO3--N) and N fertilizer utilization efficiency in the winter wheat and summer maize rotation systems. The biomass and annual yield of winter wheat and summer maize were significantly increased with the application of N fertilizer compared with no N fertilizer application(CK). And the biomass was not affected after reducing N fertilizer by 1/3 of the traditional application of N fertilizer. The anniversary yield in the treatment of reducing N fertilizer combined with applying organic fertilizer(ONM) was increased by 1.85% and 3.78% compared with the treatments of traditional application of N fertilizer(CN) and reducing N fertilizer(ON), respectively. For CN treatment, the average accumulation of soil NO3--N(0 ～ 180 cm) during the consecutive two-seasons was 502.7 kg hm-2, which was 2.95,2.17 and 1.56 times of CK, ONM and ON treatments, respectively. Soil NO3--N content was decreased by 18.1% ～66.7% at the summer maize season and by 37.3% ～ 87.2% at the winter wheat season in the ONM treatment relative to the CN treatment. The anniversary plant N uptake was not significantly different among the treatments of CN, ON and ONM. The N fertilizer use efficiency in the ONM treatment was significantly increased by 36.9% compared with CN treatment. In conclusion, N fertilizer reduction and combined application of organic fertilizer could significantly decrease soil NO3--N content at 0 ～ 180 cm depth, improve N fertilizer use efficiency, and increase biomass and yield of winter wheat and summer maize.
In order to improve the yield and nitrogen(N) fertilizer utilization efficiency, the field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of N fertilizer reduction and combined application of organic fertilizer on soil nitrate N(NO3--N) and N fertilizer utilization efficiency in the winter wheat and summer maize rotation systems. The biomass and annual yield of winter wheat and summer maize were significantly increased with the application of N fertilizer compared with no N fertilizer application(CK). And the biomass was not affected after reducing N fertilizer by 1/3 of the traditional application of N fertilizer. The anniversary yield in the treatment of reducing N fertilizer combined with applying organic fertilizer(ONM) was increased by 1.85% and 3.78% compared with the treatments of traditional application of N fertilizer(CN) and reducing N fertilizer(ON), respectively. For CN treatment, the average accumulation of soil NO3--N(0 ～ 180 cm) during the consecutive two-seasons was 502.7 kg hm-2, which was 2.95,2.17 and 1.56 times of CK, ONM and ON treatments, respectively. Soil NO3--N content was decreased by 18.1% ～66.7% at the summer maize season and by 37.3% ～ 87.2% at the winter wheat season in the ONM treatment relative to the CN treatment. The anniversary plant N uptake was not significantly different among the treatments of CN, ON and ONM. The N fertilizer use efficiency in the ONM treatment was significantly increased by 36.9% compared with CN treatment. In conclusion, N fertilizer reduction and combined application of organic fertilizer could significantly decrease soil NO3--N content at 0 ～ 180 cm depth, improve N fertilizer use efficiency, and increase biomass and yield of winter wheat and summer maize.
引文
[1]赵荣芳,陈新平,张福锁.华北地区夏玉米—冬小麦轮作体系的氮素循环与平衡[J].土壤学报, 2009, 46(4):684-697.
[2] LIANG WL, CARBERRY P, WANG G Y, et al. Quantifying the yield gap in wheat–maize cropping systems of the Hebei Plain, China[J].Field Crops Research, 2011, 124(2):180-185.
[3] KONG X B, LAI R, LI B G, et al. Fertilizer intensification and its impacts in China's HHH plains[J]. Advances in Agronomy, 2014,125:135-169.
[4] JU X T, XING G X, CHEN X P, et al. 2009. Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA,2009, 106(9):3041-3046.
[5]巨晓棠,潘家荣,刘学军,等.高肥力土壤冬小麦生长季肥料氮的去向研究[J].核农学报, 2002, 16(6):397-402.
[6]钟茜,巨晓棠,张福锁.华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系对氮素环境承受力分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12(3):285-293.
[7]崔振岭,陈新平,张福锁,等.华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤硝态氮的适宜含量[J].应用生态学报, 2007, 18(10):2227-2232.
[8] ZHOU M H, ZHU B, BRUGGEMANN N, et al. Sustaining crop productivity while reducing environmental nitrogen losses in the subtropical wheat-maize cropping systems:A comprehensive case study of nitrogen cycling and balance[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2016, 231:1-14.
[9] HUANG T, YANG H, HUANG C C, et al. Effect of fertilizer N rates and straw management on yield-scaled nitrous oxide emissions in a maize-wheat double cropping system[J]. Field Crops Research, 2017,204:1-11.
[10]巨晓棠,潘家荣,刘学军,等.北京郊区冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中氮肥去向研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2003, 9(3):264-270.
[11]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报, 2008, 45(5):915-924.
[12]熊淑萍,吴延鹏,王小纯,等.减氮处理对不同小麦品种干物质积累及氮素转运特性的影响[J].麦类作物学报, 2015, 35(8):1134-1140.
[13]彭正萍,刘亚男,李迎春,等.持续氮素调控对小麦/玉米轮作系统氮素利用和表观损失的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2015, 29(6):74-79.
[14] XIN X L, QIN S W, ZHANG J B, et al. Yield, phosphorus u se efficiency and balance response to substituting long-term chemical fertilizer use with organic manure in a wheat-maize system[J]. Field Crops Research, 2017, 208:27-33.
[15]魏猛,张爱君,诸葛玉平,等.长期不同施肥对黄潮土区冬小麦产量及土壤养分的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2017, 23(2):304-312.
[16]郑凤霞,董树亭,刘鹏,等.有机无机肥配施对冬小麦耗水特性和干物质生产的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2017, 31(2):240-247.
[17]习斌,翟丽梅,刘申,等.有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及土壤氮磷淋溶的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21(2):326-335.
[18]乔玉辉,吴文良,李花粉,等.华北高产粮区基于环境保护的农产品安全生产服务体系现状及改进建议———以山东桓台县为例[J].中国农业资源与区划, 2017, 38(1):1-6.
[19]刘光栋,吴文良,刘仲兰,等.华北农业高产粮区地下水面源污染特征及环境影响研究:以山东省桓台县为例[J].中国生态农业学报, 2005, 13(2):125-129.
[20]赵桂慎,姜浩如,吴文良.高产粮区农田生态系统可持续性的能值分析[J].农业工程学报, 2011, 27(8):318-323.
[21]尹飞,王俊忠,孙笑梅,等.夏玉米根系与土壤硝态氮空间分布吻合度对水氮处理的响应[J].中国农业科学, 2017, 50(11):2166-2178.
[22] YANG X L, LU Y L, DING Y, et al. Optimising nitrogen fertilisation:A key to improving nitrogen-use efficiency and minimising nitrate leaching losses in an intensive wheat/maize rotation(2008–2014)[J].Field Crops Research, 2017, 206:1-10.
[23]杨晓梅,李桂花,李贵春,等.有机无机配施比例对华北褐土冬小麦产量与氮肥利用率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料, 2014,(4):48-52.
[24]谢军,赵亚南,陈轩敬,等.有机肥氮替代化肥氮提高玉米产量和氮素吸收利用效率[J].中国农业科学, 2016,49(20):3934-3943.
[25]马忠明,孙景玲,杨蕊菊,等.不同施氮情况下小麦玉米间作土壤硝态氮的动态变化[J].核农学报,2010,24(5):1056-1061.
[26]吉艳芝,冯万忠,郝晓然,等.不同施肥模式对华北平原小麦-玉米轮作体系产量及土壤硝态氮的影响[J].生态环境学报, 2014, 23(11):1725-1731.
[27]李树山,杨俊诚,姜慧敏,等.有机无机肥氮素对冬小麦季潮土氮库的影响及残留形态分布[J].农业环境与科学学报, 2013, 32(6):1185-1193.
[28]曹雯梅,刘松涛,郑贝贝,等.小麦高产及超高产优化管理模式对氮素吸收分配、土壤硝态氮累积及产量的影响[J].核农学报,2013, 27(10):1567-1574.
[29] WANG Q, LI F R, ZHAO L, et al. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen application rates on nitrate nitrogen distribution and fertilizer nitrogen loss, wheat yield and nitrogen uptake on a recently reclaimed sandy farmland[J]. Plant and Soil, 2010, 337(1-2):325-339.
[30]段文学,于振文,张永丽,等.施氮量对旱地小麦氮素吸收转运和土壤硝态氮含量的影响[J].中国农业科学, 2012, 45(15):3040-3048.
[31] GUO L Y, WU GL, LI Y, et al. Effects of cattle manure compost combined with chemical fertilizer on topsoil organic matter, bulk density and earthworm activity in a wheat–maize rotation system in Eastern China[J]. Soil&Tillage Research, 2016, 156:140-147.
[32]刘守龙,童成立,吴金水,等.等氮条件下有机无机肥配比对水稻产量影响的初探[J].土壤学报, 2007, 44(1):106-112.
[33] LIU C A, LI F R, ZHOU L M, et al. Effect of organic manure and fertilizer on soil water and crop yields in newly-built terraces with loess soils in a semi-arid environment[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2013, 117:123-132.
[34]张玉平,荣湘民,刘强,等.有机无机肥配施对旱地作物养分利用率及氮磷流失的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2013, 27(3):44-49.
[35]闫鸿媛,段英华,徐明岗,等.长期施肥下中国典型农田小麦氮肥利用率的时空演变[J].中国农业科学, 2011, 44(7):1399-1407.
[2] LIANG WL, CARBERRY P, WANG G Y, et al. Quantifying the yield gap in wheat–maize cropping systems of the Hebei Plain, China[J].Field Crops Research, 2011, 124(2):180-185.
[3] KONG X B, LAI R, LI B G, et al. Fertilizer intensification and its impacts in China's HHH plains[J]. Advances in Agronomy, 2014,125:135-169.
[4] JU X T, XING G X, CHEN X P, et al. 2009. Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA,2009, 106(9):3041-3046.
[5]巨晓棠,潘家荣,刘学军,等.高肥力土壤冬小麦生长季肥料氮的去向研究[J].核农学报, 2002, 16(6):397-402.
[6]钟茜,巨晓棠,张福锁.华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系对氮素环境承受力分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12(3):285-293.
[7]崔振岭,陈新平,张福锁,等.华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤硝态氮的适宜含量[J].应用生态学报, 2007, 18(10):2227-2232.
[8] ZHOU M H, ZHU B, BRUGGEMANN N, et al. Sustaining crop productivity while reducing environmental nitrogen losses in the subtropical wheat-maize cropping systems:A comprehensive case study of nitrogen cycling and balance[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2016, 231:1-14.
[9] HUANG T, YANG H, HUANG C C, et al. Effect of fertilizer N rates and straw management on yield-scaled nitrous oxide emissions in a maize-wheat double cropping system[J]. Field Crops Research, 2017,204:1-11.
[10]巨晓棠,潘家荣,刘学军,等.北京郊区冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中氮肥去向研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2003, 9(3):264-270.
[11]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报, 2008, 45(5):915-924.
[12]熊淑萍,吴延鹏,王小纯,等.减氮处理对不同小麦品种干物质积累及氮素转运特性的影响[J].麦类作物学报, 2015, 35(8):1134-1140.
[13]彭正萍,刘亚男,李迎春,等.持续氮素调控对小麦/玉米轮作系统氮素利用和表观损失的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2015, 29(6):74-79.
[14] XIN X L, QIN S W, ZHANG J B, et al. Yield, phosphorus u se efficiency and balance response to substituting long-term chemical fertilizer use with organic manure in a wheat-maize system[J]. Field Crops Research, 2017, 208:27-33.
[15]魏猛,张爱君,诸葛玉平,等.长期不同施肥对黄潮土区冬小麦产量及土壤养分的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2017, 23(2):304-312.
[16]郑凤霞,董树亭,刘鹏,等.有机无机肥配施对冬小麦耗水特性和干物质生产的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2017, 31(2):240-247.
[17]习斌,翟丽梅,刘申,等.有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及土壤氮磷淋溶的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21(2):326-335.
[18]乔玉辉,吴文良,李花粉,等.华北高产粮区基于环境保护的农产品安全生产服务体系现状及改进建议———以山东桓台县为例[J].中国农业资源与区划, 2017, 38(1):1-6.
[19]刘光栋,吴文良,刘仲兰,等.华北农业高产粮区地下水面源污染特征及环境影响研究:以山东省桓台县为例[J].中国生态农业学报, 2005, 13(2):125-129.
[20]赵桂慎,姜浩如,吴文良.高产粮区农田生态系统可持续性的能值分析[J].农业工程学报, 2011, 27(8):318-323.
[21]尹飞,王俊忠,孙笑梅,等.夏玉米根系与土壤硝态氮空间分布吻合度对水氮处理的响应[J].中国农业科学, 2017, 50(11):2166-2178.
[22] YANG X L, LU Y L, DING Y, et al. Optimising nitrogen fertilisation:A key to improving nitrogen-use efficiency and minimising nitrate leaching losses in an intensive wheat/maize rotation(2008–2014)[J].Field Crops Research, 2017, 206:1-10.
[23]杨晓梅,李桂花,李贵春,等.有机无机配施比例对华北褐土冬小麦产量与氮肥利用率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料, 2014,(4):48-52.
[24]谢军,赵亚南,陈轩敬,等.有机肥氮替代化肥氮提高玉米产量和氮素吸收利用效率[J].中国农业科学, 2016,49(20):3934-3943.
[25]马忠明,孙景玲,杨蕊菊,等.不同施氮情况下小麦玉米间作土壤硝态氮的动态变化[J].核农学报,2010,24(5):1056-1061.
[26]吉艳芝,冯万忠,郝晓然,等.不同施肥模式对华北平原小麦-玉米轮作体系产量及土壤硝态氮的影响[J].生态环境学报, 2014, 23(11):1725-1731.
[27]李树山,杨俊诚,姜慧敏,等.有机无机肥氮素对冬小麦季潮土氮库的影响及残留形态分布[J].农业环境与科学学报, 2013, 32(6):1185-1193.
[28]曹雯梅,刘松涛,郑贝贝,等.小麦高产及超高产优化管理模式对氮素吸收分配、土壤硝态氮累积及产量的影响[J].核农学报,2013, 27(10):1567-1574.
[29] WANG Q, LI F R, ZHAO L, et al. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen application rates on nitrate nitrogen distribution and fertilizer nitrogen loss, wheat yield and nitrogen uptake on a recently reclaimed sandy farmland[J]. Plant and Soil, 2010, 337(1-2):325-339.
[30]段文学,于振文,张永丽,等.施氮量对旱地小麦氮素吸收转运和土壤硝态氮含量的影响[J].中国农业科学, 2012, 45(15):3040-3048.
[31] GUO L Y, WU GL, LI Y, et al. Effects of cattle manure compost combined with chemical fertilizer on topsoil organic matter, bulk density and earthworm activity in a wheat–maize rotation system in Eastern China[J]. Soil&Tillage Research, 2016, 156:140-147.
[32]刘守龙,童成立,吴金水,等.等氮条件下有机无机肥配比对水稻产量影响的初探[J].土壤学报, 2007, 44(1):106-112.
[33] LIU C A, LI F R, ZHOU L M, et al. Effect of organic manure and fertilizer on soil water and crop yields in newly-built terraces with loess soils in a semi-arid environment[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2013, 117:123-132.
[34]张玉平,荣湘民,刘强,等.有机无机肥配施对旱地作物养分利用率及氮磷流失的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2013, 27(3):44-49.
[35]闫鸿媛,段英华,徐明岗,等.长期施肥下中国典型农田小麦氮肥利用率的时空演变[J].中国农业科学, 2011, 44(7):1399-1407.
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