阿尔泰山北部过去2000 a来的气候记录集成
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摘要
在综述阿尔泰山北部过去2 000 a气候变化研究成果的基础上,归纳了文献中所包含气候信息的地理一致性。就气温而言,基于阿尔泰山北部湖芯、树轮和冰芯重建的气温序列真实记录了北半球的重要气候事件,包括罗马最适宜期(0—400年)、黑暗时代冷期(400—600年)、中世纪暖期(800—1200年)、小冰期(1400—1860年)和现代暖期(自1860年以来)。由太阳活动主控的太阳辐射变化是过去2 000 a来阿尔泰山北部气温变化的主导因素,过去150 a来大气CO_2的增加是现代暖期(自1860年以来)升温的主导因素。就降水而言,阿尔泰山北部过去2 000 a的降水变化趋势显示,高降水时段出现在0—450年、600—800年、1050—1300年、1650—1860年,低降水时段出现在450—600年、800—1050年、1300—1650年、1860—2000年。此外,阿尔泰山北部过去2 000 a来气温和降水的组合并不支持所谓的"暖干—冷湿"水热配置模式。
This study firstly reviewed the achievements about climate change in the north Altay Mountains over the past 2 000 years,and then summarized the geographical consistency of climate information contained in these documents. Mutil-proxies( lake cores,tree rings and ice cores) recorded the five important climatic events in the Northern Hemisphere,including the Roman Optimum( 0-400 AD),Dark Age Cold Period( 400-600 AD),Medieval Warm Period( 800-1200 AD),Little Ice Age( 1400-1860 AD),and recent warming period( since 1860 AD). These climatic events were mainly modulated by solar activity-dominated solar radiation variations in the past2 000 years and recent warming period since 1860 AD,which were largely attributable to an increase of CO_2 concentration in the past 150 years. The precipitation history in the north Altay Mountains over the past 2 000 years indicated that these periods including 0-450,600-800,1050-1300,1650-1860 AD were characterized by high precipitation,and those including 450-600,800-1050,1300-1650,1860-2000 AD were featured by low precipitation. In addition,the combination of temperature and precipitation in the north Altay Mountains over the past 2 000 years did not supported the "cold-wet and warm-dry"hydrothermal configuration in the arid zone in Central Asia.
This study firstly reviewed the achievements about climate change in the north Altay Mountains over the past 2 000 years,and then summarized the geographical consistency of climate information contained in these documents. Mutil-proxies( lake cores,tree rings and ice cores) recorded the five important climatic events in the Northern Hemisphere,including the Roman Optimum( 0-400 AD),Dark Age Cold Period( 400-600 AD),Medieval Warm Period( 800-1200 AD),Little Ice Age( 1400-1860 AD),and recent warming period( since 1860 AD). These climatic events were mainly modulated by solar activity-dominated solar radiation variations in the past2 000 years and recent warming period since 1860 AD,which were largely attributable to an increase of CO_2 concentration in the past 150 years. The precipitation history in the north Altay Mountains over the past 2 000 years indicated that these periods including 0-450,600-800,1050-1300,1650-1860 AD were characterized by high precipitation,and those including 450-600,800-1050,1300-1650,1860-2000 AD were featured by low precipitation. In addition,the combination of temperature and precipitation in the north Altay Mountains over the past 2 000 years did not supported the "cold-wet and warm-dry"hydrothermal configuration in the arid zone in Central Asia.
引文
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[2]PAGES 2k Consortium.Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia[J].Nature Geoscience,2013,6:339-346.
[3]张东良,兰波,杨运鹏.不同时间尺度的阿尔泰山北部和南部降水对比研究[J].地理学报,2017,72(9):1 569-1 579.[Zhang Dongliang,Lan Bo,Yang Yunpeng.Comparison of precipitation variations at different time scales in the Northern and Southern Altai Mountains[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(9):1 569-1 579.]
[4]Blyakharchuk T A,Wright H E,Borodavko P S,et al.Late glacial and Holocene vegetation changes on the Ulagan high-mountains plateau,Altai Mountains,southern Siberia[J].Palaeogeograpy Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,2004,209:259-279.
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[6]Chen F H,Yu Z C,Yang M L,et al.Holocene moisture evolution in arid central Asia and its out-of-phase relationship with Asian monsoon history[J].Quaternary Science Review,2008,27(3):351-364.
[7]Chen F H,Jia J,Chen J,et al.A persistent Holocene wetting trend in arid central Asia,with wettest conditions in the late Holocene,revealed by multi-proxy analyses of loess-paleosol sequences in Xinjiang,China[J].Quaternary Science Review,2016,146:134-146.
[8]Feng Z D,Sun A Z,Abdusalih N,et al.Vegetation changes and associated climatic changes in the Southern Altai Mountains within China during the Holocene[J].Holocene,2017,27(5):683-693.
[9]Li Y,Qiang M,Zhang J,et al.Hydroclimatic changes over the past900 years documented by the sediments of TiewaikeLake,Altai Mountains,Northwestern China[J].Quaternary International,2017,452:91-101.
[10]Liu X Q,Herzschuh U,Shen J,et al.Holocene environmental and climatic changes inferred from Wulungu Lake in Northern Xinjiang,China[J].Quaternary Research,2008,70:412-425.
[11]Long H,Shen J,Chen J,et al.Holocene moisture variations over the arid central Asia revealed by a comprehensive sand-dune record from the central Tianshan,NW China[J].Quaternary Science Review,2017,174:13-32.
[12]Ran M,Feng Z D.Holocene moisture variations across China and driving mechanisms,a synthesis of climatic records[J].Quaternary International,2013,313-314:179-193.
[13]Wang W,Feng Z D.Holocene moisture evolution across the Mongolian Plateau and its surrounding areas,A synthesis of climatic records[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2013,122:38-57.
[14]Zhang D L,Yang Y P,Lan B.Peat humification-andδ13Ccelluloserecorded warm-season moisture variations during the past 500 years in the southern Altai Mountains within Northern Xinjiang of China[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2017,14(11):2 200-2 211.
[15]Zhilich S,Rudaya N,Krivonogov S,et al.Environmental dynamics of the Baraba forest-steppe(Siberia)over the last 8 000 years and their impact on the types of economic life of the population[J].Quaternary Science Review,2017,163:152-161.
[16]Zhang Y,Meyers P A,Liu X Y,et al.Holocene climate changes in the central Asia mountain region inferred from a peat sequence from the Altai Mountains,Xinjiang,Northwestern China[J].Quaternary Science Review,2016,152:19-30.
[17]Rudaya N,Tarasov P,Dorofeyuk N,et al.Holocene environments and climate in the Mongolian Altai reconstructed from the HotonNur pollen and diatom records,a step towards better understanding climate dynamics in Central Asia[J].Quaternary Science Review,2009,28:540-554.
[18]Darin A V,Kalugin I A,Maksimov M A,et al.Reconstructing the levels of Lake Shira over the last 1 500 years with an annual time scale based on data from X-Ray fluorescence microanalysis using beams of synchrotron radiation[J].Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences,2015,79(1):126-130.
[19]Kalugin I,Darin A,Rogozin D,et al.Seasonal and centennial cycles of carbonate mineralisation during the past 2 500 years from varved sediment in Lake Shira,South Siberia[J].Quaternary International,2013,290/291:245-252.
[20]Hildebrandt S,Muller S,Kalugin I A,et al.Tracing the North Atlantic decadal-scale climate variability in a late Holocene pollen record from Southern Siberia[J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatolology Palaeoecology,2015,426:75-84.
[21]Babich V V,Rudaya N A,Kalugin I A,et al.Complex use of the geochemical features of bottom deposits and pollen records for paleoclimate reconstructions(with Lake Teletskoe,Altai Republic,as an example)[J].Contemporary Problems of Ecology,2015,8(4):405-413.
[22]Kalugin I A,Daryin A V,Babich V V.Reconstruction of annual air temperatures for three thousand years in Altai region by lithological and geochemical indicators in Teletskoe lake sediments[J].Doklady Earth Sciences,2009,426:681-684.
[23]Rudaya N,Nazarova L,Novenko E,et al.Quantitative reconstructions of mid-to late holocene climate and vegetation in the northeastern Altai mountains recorded in lake teletskoye[J].Global and Planetary Change,2016,141:12-24.
[24]Ovtchinnikov D,Adamenko M,Panushkina I.A 1105-year treering chronology in Altai region and its application for reconstruction of summer temperatures[J].Geolines,2000,11:121-122.
[25]Panyushkina I P,Ovchinnikov D V,Adamenko M F.Mixed response of decadal variability in larch tree-ring chronologies from upper tree-lines of the Russian Altai[J].Tree-Ring Research,2005,61(1):33-42.
[26]Myglan V S,Zharnikova O A,Malysheva N V,et al.Constructing the tree-ring chronology and reconstructing summertime air temperatures in Southern Altai for the last 1 500 years[J].Geography Nature Research,2012,33:22-30.
[27]Myglan V S,Oidupaa O C,Vaganov E A.A 2 367-year tree-ring chronology for the Altai-Sayan region(Mongun-Taiga Mountain Massif)[J].Archaeology,Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia,2012,40(3):76-83.
[28]Sidorova O V,Saurer M,Myglan V S,et al.A multi-proxy approach for revealing recent climatic changes in the Russian Altai[J].Climate Dynamics,2012,38:175-188.
[29]Sidorova O V,Siegwolf R T W,Myglan V S,et al.The application of tree-rings and stable isotopes for reconstructions of climate conditions in the Russian Altai[J].Climate Change,2013,120(1-2):153-167.
[30]Shah S K,Touchan R,Babushkina E,et al.August to July precipitation from tree rings in the forest-steppe zone of Central Siberia(Russia)[J].Tree-Ring Research,2015,71(1):37-44.
[31]Eichler A,Oliver S,Henderson K,et al.Temperature response in the Altai region lags solar forcing[J].Geophysics Research Letters,2009,36:L01808.
[32]Aizen E M,Aizen V B,Takeuchi N,et al.Abrupt and moderate climate changes in the mid-latitudes of Asia during the Holocene[J].Journal of Glacier,2016,62(233):411-439.
[33]Herren P A,Eichler A,Machguth H,et al.The onset of Neoglaciation 6 000 years ago in Western Mongolia revealed by an ice core from the Tsambagarav mountain range[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2013,69:59-68.
[34]Aizen E M,Aizen V B,Melack J M,et al.Precipitation and atmospheric circulation patterns at mid-latitudes of Asia[J].International Journal of Climatology,2001,21:535-556.
[35]Bothe O,Fraedrich K,Zhu X.Precipitation climate of Central Asia and the large-scale atmospheric circulation[J].Theoreticaland Applied Climatology,2012,108(3-4):345-354.
[36]Büntgen U,Myglan V S,Ljungqvist F C,et al.Cooling and societal change during the Late Antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around660 AD[J].Nature Geoscience,2016,9(3):231-236.
[37]D’Arrigo R,Jacoby G,Frank D,et al.1 738 years of Mongolian temperature variability inferred from a tree-ring record of Siberian pine[J].Geophysics Research Letter,2001,28:543-546.
[38]Kharuk V I,Im S T,Dvinskaya M L,et al.Climate-induced mountain tree-line evolution in Southern Siberia[J].Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,2010,25:446-454.
[39]Eichler A,Tinner W,Brütsch S,et al.An ice-core based history of Siberian forest fires since AD 1250[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2011,30(9):1 027-1 034.
[40]Henderson K A,Laube A,Gaggeler H W,et al.Temporal variations of accumulation and temperature during the past two centuries from Belukha ice core,Siberian Altai[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2006,111:D03104.
[41]Mann M E,Zhang Z H,Rutherford S,et al.Global signatures and dynamical origins of the Little Ice Age and medieval climate anomaly[J].Science,2009,326(5 957):1 256-1 260.
[42]Moberg A,Sonechkin D M,Holmgren K,et al.Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low-and high-resolution proxy data[J].Nature,2005,433:613-617.
[43]Steinhilber F,Abreu J A,Beer J,et al.9 400 years of cosmic radiation and solar activity from ice cores and tree rings[J].Preceding of the National Academy Science,2012,109:5 967-5 971.
[44]Robertson A,Overpeck J,Rind D,et al.Hypothesized climate forcing time series for the last 500 years[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmosphere,2001,106(D14):14 783-14 803.
[45]Chen F H,Chen J H,Holmes J,et al.Moisture changes over the last millennium in arid Central Asia:A review,synthesis and comparison with monsoon region[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2010,29:1 055-1 068.
[46]Lan J,Xu H,Sheng E,et al.Climate changes reconstructed from a glacial lake in high Central Asia over the past two millennia[J].Quaternary International,2018,487:43-53.
[47]Fohlmeister J,Plessen B,Dudashvili A S,et al.Winter precipitation changes during the medieval climate anomaly and the Little Ice Age in arid Central Asia[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2017,178:24-36.
[2]PAGES 2k Consortium.Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia[J].Nature Geoscience,2013,6:339-346.
[3]张东良,兰波,杨运鹏.不同时间尺度的阿尔泰山北部和南部降水对比研究[J].地理学报,2017,72(9):1 569-1 579.[Zhang Dongliang,Lan Bo,Yang Yunpeng.Comparison of precipitation variations at different time scales in the Northern and Southern Altai Mountains[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(9):1 569-1 579.]
[4]Blyakharchuk T A,Wright H E,Borodavko P S,et al.Late glacial and Holocene vegetation changes on the Ulagan high-mountains plateau,Altai Mountains,southern Siberia[J].Palaeogeograpy Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,2004,209:259-279.
[5]Blyakharchuk T A,Wright H E,Borodavko P S,et al.Late Glacial and Holocene vegetational history of the Altai Mountains(southwestern Tuva Republic,Siberia)[J].Palaeogeograpy Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,2007,245:518-534.
[6]Chen F H,Yu Z C,Yang M L,et al.Holocene moisture evolution in arid central Asia and its out-of-phase relationship with Asian monsoon history[J].Quaternary Science Review,2008,27(3):351-364.
[7]Chen F H,Jia J,Chen J,et al.A persistent Holocene wetting trend in arid central Asia,with wettest conditions in the late Holocene,revealed by multi-proxy analyses of loess-paleosol sequences in Xinjiang,China[J].Quaternary Science Review,2016,146:134-146.
[8]Feng Z D,Sun A Z,Abdusalih N,et al.Vegetation changes and associated climatic changes in the Southern Altai Mountains within China during the Holocene[J].Holocene,2017,27(5):683-693.
[9]Li Y,Qiang M,Zhang J,et al.Hydroclimatic changes over the past900 years documented by the sediments of TiewaikeLake,Altai Mountains,Northwestern China[J].Quaternary International,2017,452:91-101.
[10]Liu X Q,Herzschuh U,Shen J,et al.Holocene environmental and climatic changes inferred from Wulungu Lake in Northern Xinjiang,China[J].Quaternary Research,2008,70:412-425.
[11]Long H,Shen J,Chen J,et al.Holocene moisture variations over the arid central Asia revealed by a comprehensive sand-dune record from the central Tianshan,NW China[J].Quaternary Science Review,2017,174:13-32.
[12]Ran M,Feng Z D.Holocene moisture variations across China and driving mechanisms,a synthesis of climatic records[J].Quaternary International,2013,313-314:179-193.
[13]Wang W,Feng Z D.Holocene moisture evolution across the Mongolian Plateau and its surrounding areas,A synthesis of climatic records[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2013,122:38-57.
[14]Zhang D L,Yang Y P,Lan B.Peat humification-andδ13Ccelluloserecorded warm-season moisture variations during the past 500 years in the southern Altai Mountains within Northern Xinjiang of China[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2017,14(11):2 200-2 211.
[15]Zhilich S,Rudaya N,Krivonogov S,et al.Environmental dynamics of the Baraba forest-steppe(Siberia)over the last 8 000 years and their impact on the types of economic life of the population[J].Quaternary Science Review,2017,163:152-161.
[16]Zhang Y,Meyers P A,Liu X Y,et al.Holocene climate changes in the central Asia mountain region inferred from a peat sequence from the Altai Mountains,Xinjiang,Northwestern China[J].Quaternary Science Review,2016,152:19-30.
[17]Rudaya N,Tarasov P,Dorofeyuk N,et al.Holocene environments and climate in the Mongolian Altai reconstructed from the HotonNur pollen and diatom records,a step towards better understanding climate dynamics in Central Asia[J].Quaternary Science Review,2009,28:540-554.
[18]Darin A V,Kalugin I A,Maksimov M A,et al.Reconstructing the levels of Lake Shira over the last 1 500 years with an annual time scale based on data from X-Ray fluorescence microanalysis using beams of synchrotron radiation[J].Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences,2015,79(1):126-130.
[19]Kalugin I,Darin A,Rogozin D,et al.Seasonal and centennial cycles of carbonate mineralisation during the past 2 500 years from varved sediment in Lake Shira,South Siberia[J].Quaternary International,2013,290/291:245-252.
[20]Hildebrandt S,Muller S,Kalugin I A,et al.Tracing the North Atlantic decadal-scale climate variability in a late Holocene pollen record from Southern Siberia[J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatolology Palaeoecology,2015,426:75-84.
[21]Babich V V,Rudaya N A,Kalugin I A,et al.Complex use of the geochemical features of bottom deposits and pollen records for paleoclimate reconstructions(with Lake Teletskoe,Altai Republic,as an example)[J].Contemporary Problems of Ecology,2015,8(4):405-413.
[22]Kalugin I A,Daryin A V,Babich V V.Reconstruction of annual air temperatures for three thousand years in Altai region by lithological and geochemical indicators in Teletskoe lake sediments[J].Doklady Earth Sciences,2009,426:681-684.
[23]Rudaya N,Nazarova L,Novenko E,et al.Quantitative reconstructions of mid-to late holocene climate and vegetation in the northeastern Altai mountains recorded in lake teletskoye[J].Global and Planetary Change,2016,141:12-24.
[24]Ovtchinnikov D,Adamenko M,Panushkina I.A 1105-year treering chronology in Altai region and its application for reconstruction of summer temperatures[J].Geolines,2000,11:121-122.
[25]Panyushkina I P,Ovchinnikov D V,Adamenko M F.Mixed response of decadal variability in larch tree-ring chronologies from upper tree-lines of the Russian Altai[J].Tree-Ring Research,2005,61(1):33-42.
[26]Myglan V S,Zharnikova O A,Malysheva N V,et al.Constructing the tree-ring chronology and reconstructing summertime air temperatures in Southern Altai for the last 1 500 years[J].Geography Nature Research,2012,33:22-30.
[27]Myglan V S,Oidupaa O C,Vaganov E A.A 2 367-year tree-ring chronology for the Altai-Sayan region(Mongun-Taiga Mountain Massif)[J].Archaeology,Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia,2012,40(3):76-83.
[28]Sidorova O V,Saurer M,Myglan V S,et al.A multi-proxy approach for revealing recent climatic changes in the Russian Altai[J].Climate Dynamics,2012,38:175-188.
[29]Sidorova O V,Siegwolf R T W,Myglan V S,et al.The application of tree-rings and stable isotopes for reconstructions of climate conditions in the Russian Altai[J].Climate Change,2013,120(1-2):153-167.
[30]Shah S K,Touchan R,Babushkina E,et al.August to July precipitation from tree rings in the forest-steppe zone of Central Siberia(Russia)[J].Tree-Ring Research,2015,71(1):37-44.
[31]Eichler A,Oliver S,Henderson K,et al.Temperature response in the Altai region lags solar forcing[J].Geophysics Research Letters,2009,36:L01808.
[32]Aizen E M,Aizen V B,Takeuchi N,et al.Abrupt and moderate climate changes in the mid-latitudes of Asia during the Holocene[J].Journal of Glacier,2016,62(233):411-439.
[33]Herren P A,Eichler A,Machguth H,et al.The onset of Neoglaciation 6 000 years ago in Western Mongolia revealed by an ice core from the Tsambagarav mountain range[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2013,69:59-68.
[34]Aizen E M,Aizen V B,Melack J M,et al.Precipitation and atmospheric circulation patterns at mid-latitudes of Asia[J].International Journal of Climatology,2001,21:535-556.
[35]Bothe O,Fraedrich K,Zhu X.Precipitation climate of Central Asia and the large-scale atmospheric circulation[J].Theoreticaland Applied Climatology,2012,108(3-4):345-354.
[36]Büntgen U,Myglan V S,Ljungqvist F C,et al.Cooling and societal change during the Late Antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around660 AD[J].Nature Geoscience,2016,9(3):231-236.
[37]D’Arrigo R,Jacoby G,Frank D,et al.1 738 years of Mongolian temperature variability inferred from a tree-ring record of Siberian pine[J].Geophysics Research Letter,2001,28:543-546.
[38]Kharuk V I,Im S T,Dvinskaya M L,et al.Climate-induced mountain tree-line evolution in Southern Siberia[J].Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,2010,25:446-454.
[39]Eichler A,Tinner W,Brütsch S,et al.An ice-core based history of Siberian forest fires since AD 1250[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2011,30(9):1 027-1 034.
[40]Henderson K A,Laube A,Gaggeler H W,et al.Temporal variations of accumulation and temperature during the past two centuries from Belukha ice core,Siberian Altai[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2006,111:D03104.
[41]Mann M E,Zhang Z H,Rutherford S,et al.Global signatures and dynamical origins of the Little Ice Age and medieval climate anomaly[J].Science,2009,326(5 957):1 256-1 260.
[42]Moberg A,Sonechkin D M,Holmgren K,et al.Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low-and high-resolution proxy data[J].Nature,2005,433:613-617.
[43]Steinhilber F,Abreu J A,Beer J,et al.9 400 years of cosmic radiation and solar activity from ice cores and tree rings[J].Preceding of the National Academy Science,2012,109:5 967-5 971.
[44]Robertson A,Overpeck J,Rind D,et al.Hypothesized climate forcing time series for the last 500 years[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmosphere,2001,106(D14):14 783-14 803.
[45]Chen F H,Chen J H,Holmes J,et al.Moisture changes over the last millennium in arid Central Asia:A review,synthesis and comparison with monsoon region[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2010,29:1 055-1 068.
[46]Lan J,Xu H,Sheng E,et al.Climate changes reconstructed from a glacial lake in high Central Asia over the past two millennia[J].Quaternary International,2018,487:43-53.
[47]Fohlmeister J,Plessen B,Dudashvili A S,et al.Winter precipitation changes during the medieval climate anomaly and the Little Ice Age in arid Central Asia[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2017,178:24-36.