自控损耗的生理、心理与脑机制研究进展
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摘要
本文从自控损耗的生理、心理和脑机制三个视角分别探讨导致自控损耗现象的可能原因。其中,自控损耗的生理机制主要是从血糖与自我控制关系的角度进行分析;心理机制主要是从动机水平、时间感知、内隐信念和解释水平4种视角进行阐释;基于错误相关负波指标和腹内侧前额叶皮质、背外侧前额叶皮层等脑区的活动可以揭示自控损耗的脑机制。未来研究需要在生理机制上探索两个问题:(1)血糖可否作为自控损耗的能量基础?(2)葡萄糖促进自我控制的机制是什么?在心理机制方面,(1)应进一步厘清哪些机制是导致自控损耗的普遍原因;(2)需根据自控损耗的不同领域,分析其产生的独特机制。在脑机制方面,(1)探寻不同类型的自控任务是否激活了相同的脑区;(2)是否可以量化脑激活指标与自控损耗程度的关系。此外,生理、心理与脑机制交互影响自控损耗的问题亦值得关注。
This paper discussed the physiological,psychological and brain mechanisms of ego-depletion. Physiological mechanism of ego-depletion was mainly discussed from the view of blood glucose. Four psychological mechanism of ego-depletion were motivation level,time perception,implicit belief and interpretation level. Based on ERN index and the activation of vm PFC,DLPFC and other brain regions,we can reveal brain mechanism of ego-depletion. Future research needs to explore two problems in physiological mechanism,firstly,whether the blood glucose can be used as the energy of self-control; secondly,what is the mechanism for promoting self-control through glucose? In terms of psychological mechanism,firstly,it should be further clarified which mechanisms are the general reasons for ego-depletion; secondly,the unique mechanisms in different fields of ego-depletion should be analyzed. In terms of brain mechanism,firstly,whether different types of self-control tasks activate the same brain regions; secondly,whether the relationship between brain activation index and ego-depletion can be quantified. Finally,the interaction of physiological,psychological and brain mechanisms of ego-depletion is also worth studying.
This paper discussed the physiological,psychological and brain mechanisms of ego-depletion. Physiological mechanism of ego-depletion was mainly discussed from the view of blood glucose. Four psychological mechanism of ego-depletion were motivation level,time perception,implicit belief and interpretation level. Based on ERN index and the activation of vm PFC,DLPFC and other brain regions,we can reveal brain mechanism of ego-depletion. Future research needs to explore two problems in physiological mechanism,firstly,whether the blood glucose can be used as the energy of self-control; secondly,what is the mechanism for promoting self-control through glucose? In terms of psychological mechanism,firstly,it should be further clarified which mechanisms are the general reasons for ego-depletion; secondly,the unique mechanisms in different fields of ego-depletion should be analyzed. In terms of brain mechanism,firstly,whether different types of self-control tasks activate the same brain regions; secondly,whether the relationship between brain activation index and ego-depletion can be quantified. Finally,the interaction of physiological,psychological and brain mechanisms of ego-depletion is also worth studying.
引文
窦凯(2013).自我损耗影响决策倾向的实证研究.未发表的博士论文.广州大学.
窦泽南,方圆,周伟,乔志宏(2017).自我控制的奖励模型与神经机制.心理科学进展,25(1),86-98
李燕,徐富明,史燕伟,刘程浩,罗寒冰(2015).跨期决策中自我控制的形成机制.中国临床心理学杂志,23(2),231-235.
孙利红,张力为(2014).运动领域中动机对自我损耗的影响.武汉体育学院学报,48(8),69-75
杨帅,黄希庭,傅于玲(2012).内侧前额叶皮质---“自我”的神经基础.心理科学进展,20(6),853-862.
张连成(2011).控制内容及控制方式对运动员自控损耗的影响.未发表的博士论文.北京体育大学.
张玥,窦东徽,辛自强(2018).解释水平对自我控制的影响.心理科学进展,26(10),1878-1889.
Agrawal,N.,&Wan,E.W.(2009).Regulating risk or risking regulation?Construal levels and depletion effects in the processing of health messages.Journal of Consumer Research,36(3),448-462.
Baumeister,R.F.(2014).Self-regulation,ego depletion,and inhibition.Neuropsychologia,65,313-319.
Baumeister,R.F.,&Vohs,K.D.(2007).Self-Regulation,ego depletion,and motivation.Social and personality psychology compass,1(1),115-128.
Baumeister,R.F.,&Vohs,K.D.(2018).Strength model of self-regulation as limited resource:Assessment,controversies,update.In Self-regulation and self-control(pp.78-128).Routledge.
Baumeister,R.F.,Vohs,K.D.,&Tice,D.M.(2007).The strength model of self-control.Current directions in psychological science,16(6),351-355.
Bechara,A.,&Van Der Linden,M.(2005).Decisionmaking and impulse control after frontal lobe injuries.Current opinion in neurology,18(6),734-739.
Fairclough,S.H.,&Houston,K.(2004).A metabolic measure of mental effort.Biological psychology,66(2),177-190.
Figner,B.,Knoch,D.,Johnson,E.J.,Krosch,A.R.,Lisanby,S.H.,Fehr,E.,&Weber,E.U.(2010).Lateral prefrontal cortex and self-control in intertemporal choice.Nature neuroscience,13(5),538-539.
Friese,M.,Loschelder,D.D.,Gieseler,K.,Frankenbach,J.,&Inzlicht,M.(2018).Is Ego Depletion Real?An A-nalysis of Arguments.Personality and Social Psychology Review,1,25.
Fujita,K.,&Roberts,J.C.(2010).Promoting prospective self-control through abstraction.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,46(6),1049-1054.
Gailliot,M.T.(2013).Hunger and reduced self-control in the laboratory and across the world:Reducing hunger as a self-control panacea.Psychology,4(1),59-66.
Gailliot,M.T.,&Baumeister,R.F.(2007).The physiology of willpower:Linking blood glucose to self-control.Personality and social psychology review,11(4),303-327.
Gailliot,M.T.,&Baumeister,R.F.(2018).The physiology of willpower:Linking blood glucose to self-control.In Self-Regulation and Self-Control(pp.137-180).Routledge.
Gailliot,M.T.,Baumeister,R.F.,DeWall,C.N.,Maner,J.K.,Plant,E.A.,Tice,D.M.,...&Schmeichel,B.J.(2007).Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source:willpower is more than a metaphor.Journal of personality and social psychology,92(2),325-336.
Garrison,K.E.,Finley,A.J.,&Schmeichel,B.J.(2018).Ego depletion reduces attention control:Evidence from two high-powered preregistered experiments.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,0146167218796473.
Hagger,M.S.,&Chatzisarantis,N.L.(2013).The sweet taste of success:The presence of glucose in the oral cavity moderates the depletion of self-control resources.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,39(1),28-42.
Hagger,M.S.,Wood,C.,Stiff,C.,&Chatzisarantis,N.L.(2010).Ego depletion and the strength model of selfcontrol:A meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin,136(4),495-525.
Hare,T.A.,Camerer,C.F.,&Rangel,A.(2009).Selfcontrol in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system.Science,324(5927),646-648.
Heatherton,T.F.,&Wagner,D.D.(2011).Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure.Trends in cognitive sciences,15(3),132-139.
Inzlicht,M.,&Gutsell,J.N.(2007).Running on empty:Neural signals for self-control failure.Psychological science,18(11),933-937.
Job,V.,Bernecker,K.,Miketta,S.,&Friese,M.(2015).Implicit theories about willpower predict the activation of a rest goal following self-control exertion.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,109(4),694-706.
Job,V.,Dweck,C.S.,&Walton,G.M.(2010).Ego depletion-Is it all in your head?Implicit theories about willpower affect self-regulation.Psychological science,21(11),1686-1693.
Konze,A.K.,Rivkin,W.,&Schmidt,K.H.(2018).Implicit theories about willpower as a moderator of the adverse effect of daily self-control demands on need for recovery.Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft,72(1),61-70.
Kurzban,R.(2010).Does the brain consume additional glucose during self-control tasks?Evolutionary psychology,8(2),244-259.
Lange,F.,&Eggert,F.(2014).Sweet delusion.Glucose drinks fail to counteract ego depletion.Appetite,75,54-63.
Lopez,R.B.,Vohs,K.D.,Wagner,D.D.,&Heatherton,T.F.(2015).Self-regulatory strength:Neural mechanisms and implications for training.In Handbook of biobehavioral approaches to self-regulation(pp.43-54).Springer,New York,NY.
Martijn,C.,Tenbült,P.,Merckelbach,H.,Dreezens,E.,&de Vries,N.K.(2002).Getting a grip on ourselves:Challenging expectancies about loss of energy after selfcontrol.Social Cognition,20(6),441-460.
Muraven,M.,&Slessareva,E.(2003).Mechanisms of self-control failure:Motivation and limited resources.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,29(7),894-906.
Padmala,S.,&Pessoa,L.(2010).Interactions between cognition and motivation during response inhibition.Neuropsychologia,48(2),558-565.
Peters,J.,&Büchel,C.(2010).Episodic future thinking reduces reward delay discounting through an enhancement of prefrontal-mediotemporal interactions.Neuron,66(1),138-148.
Rees,H.R.,Fujita,K.,Han,H.A.,Sherman,J.W.,&Sklar,A.Y.(2018).An examination of the processes by which construal level affects the implicit evaluation of goal relevant stimuli.Motivation Science,4(3),251-261.
Robinson,M.D.,Schmeichel,B.J.,&Inzlicht,M.(2010).A cognitive control perspective of self-control strength and its depletion.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,4(3),189-200.
Savani,K.,&Job,V.(2017).Reverse ego-depletion:Acts of self-control can improve subsequent performance in Indian cultural contexts.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,113(4),589-607.
Schimmack,U.(2012).The ironic effect of significant results on the credibility of multiple-study articles.Psychological methods,17(4),551-566.
Schmeichel,B.J.,&Vohs,K.(2009).Self-affirmation and self-control:Affirming core values counteracts ego depletion.Journal of personality and social psychology,96(4),770-782.
Vallacher,R.R.,&Wegner,D.M.(1989).Levels of personal agency:Individual variation in action identification.Journal of Personality and Social psychology,57(4),660-671.
Voce,A.C.,&Moston,S.(2016).Does Monitoring Performance Eliminate the Ego-depletion Phenomenon and Influence Perception of Time?Self and Identity,15(1),32-46.
Vohs,K.D.,&Schmeichel,B.J.(2003).Self-regulation and extended now:Controlling the self alters the subjective experience of time.Journal of personality and social psychology,85(2),217-230.
Vohs,K.D.,Baumeister,R.F.,&Schmeichel,B.J.(2012).Motivation,personal beliefs,and limited resources all contribute to self-control.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48(4),943-947.
Wan,E.W.,&Sternthal,B.(2008).Regulating the effects of depletion through monitoring.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,34(1),32-46.
Zahn,I.(2008).You could if you wanted to:A motivational analysis of self-control decrements following prior acts of self-control.Unpublished paper,University of Rochester,Rochester,NY.
窦泽南,方圆,周伟,乔志宏(2017).自我控制的奖励模型与神经机制.心理科学进展,25(1),86-98
李燕,徐富明,史燕伟,刘程浩,罗寒冰(2015).跨期决策中自我控制的形成机制.中国临床心理学杂志,23(2),231-235.
孙利红,张力为(2014).运动领域中动机对自我损耗的影响.武汉体育学院学报,48(8),69-75
杨帅,黄希庭,傅于玲(2012).内侧前额叶皮质---“自我”的神经基础.心理科学进展,20(6),853-862.
张连成(2011).控制内容及控制方式对运动员自控损耗的影响.未发表的博士论文.北京体育大学.
张玥,窦东徽,辛自强(2018).解释水平对自我控制的影响.心理科学进展,26(10),1878-1889.
Agrawal,N.,&Wan,E.W.(2009).Regulating risk or risking regulation?Construal levels and depletion effects in the processing of health messages.Journal of Consumer Research,36(3),448-462.
Baumeister,R.F.(2014).Self-regulation,ego depletion,and inhibition.Neuropsychologia,65,313-319.
Baumeister,R.F.,&Vohs,K.D.(2007).Self-Regulation,ego depletion,and motivation.Social and personality psychology compass,1(1),115-128.
Baumeister,R.F.,&Vohs,K.D.(2018).Strength model of self-regulation as limited resource:Assessment,controversies,update.In Self-regulation and self-control(pp.78-128).Routledge.
Baumeister,R.F.,Vohs,K.D.,&Tice,D.M.(2007).The strength model of self-control.Current directions in psychological science,16(6),351-355.
Bechara,A.,&Van Der Linden,M.(2005).Decisionmaking and impulse control after frontal lobe injuries.Current opinion in neurology,18(6),734-739.
Fairclough,S.H.,&Houston,K.(2004).A metabolic measure of mental effort.Biological psychology,66(2),177-190.
Figner,B.,Knoch,D.,Johnson,E.J.,Krosch,A.R.,Lisanby,S.H.,Fehr,E.,&Weber,E.U.(2010).Lateral prefrontal cortex and self-control in intertemporal choice.Nature neuroscience,13(5),538-539.
Friese,M.,Loschelder,D.D.,Gieseler,K.,Frankenbach,J.,&Inzlicht,M.(2018).Is Ego Depletion Real?An A-nalysis of Arguments.Personality and Social Psychology Review,1,25.
Fujita,K.,&Roberts,J.C.(2010).Promoting prospective self-control through abstraction.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,46(6),1049-1054.
Gailliot,M.T.(2013).Hunger and reduced self-control in the laboratory and across the world:Reducing hunger as a self-control panacea.Psychology,4(1),59-66.
Gailliot,M.T.,&Baumeister,R.F.(2007).The physiology of willpower:Linking blood glucose to self-control.Personality and social psychology review,11(4),303-327.
Gailliot,M.T.,&Baumeister,R.F.(2018).The physiology of willpower:Linking blood glucose to self-control.In Self-Regulation and Self-Control(pp.137-180).Routledge.
Gailliot,M.T.,Baumeister,R.F.,DeWall,C.N.,Maner,J.K.,Plant,E.A.,Tice,D.M.,...&Schmeichel,B.J.(2007).Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source:willpower is more than a metaphor.Journal of personality and social psychology,92(2),325-336.
Garrison,K.E.,Finley,A.J.,&Schmeichel,B.J.(2018).Ego depletion reduces attention control:Evidence from two high-powered preregistered experiments.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,0146167218796473.
Hagger,M.S.,&Chatzisarantis,N.L.(2013).The sweet taste of success:The presence of glucose in the oral cavity moderates the depletion of self-control resources.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,39(1),28-42.
Hagger,M.S.,Wood,C.,Stiff,C.,&Chatzisarantis,N.L.(2010).Ego depletion and the strength model of selfcontrol:A meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin,136(4),495-525.
Hare,T.A.,Camerer,C.F.,&Rangel,A.(2009).Selfcontrol in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system.Science,324(5927),646-648.
Heatherton,T.F.,&Wagner,D.D.(2011).Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure.Trends in cognitive sciences,15(3),132-139.
Inzlicht,M.,&Gutsell,J.N.(2007).Running on empty:Neural signals for self-control failure.Psychological science,18(11),933-937.
Job,V.,Bernecker,K.,Miketta,S.,&Friese,M.(2015).Implicit theories about willpower predict the activation of a rest goal following self-control exertion.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,109(4),694-706.
Job,V.,Dweck,C.S.,&Walton,G.M.(2010).Ego depletion-Is it all in your head?Implicit theories about willpower affect self-regulation.Psychological science,21(11),1686-1693.
Konze,A.K.,Rivkin,W.,&Schmidt,K.H.(2018).Implicit theories about willpower as a moderator of the adverse effect of daily self-control demands on need for recovery.Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft,72(1),61-70.
Kurzban,R.(2010).Does the brain consume additional glucose during self-control tasks?Evolutionary psychology,8(2),244-259.
Lange,F.,&Eggert,F.(2014).Sweet delusion.Glucose drinks fail to counteract ego depletion.Appetite,75,54-63.
Lopez,R.B.,Vohs,K.D.,Wagner,D.D.,&Heatherton,T.F.(2015).Self-regulatory strength:Neural mechanisms and implications for training.In Handbook of biobehavioral approaches to self-regulation(pp.43-54).Springer,New York,NY.
Martijn,C.,Tenbült,P.,Merckelbach,H.,Dreezens,E.,&de Vries,N.K.(2002).Getting a grip on ourselves:Challenging expectancies about loss of energy after selfcontrol.Social Cognition,20(6),441-460.
Muraven,M.,&Slessareva,E.(2003).Mechanisms of self-control failure:Motivation and limited resources.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,29(7),894-906.
Padmala,S.,&Pessoa,L.(2010).Interactions between cognition and motivation during response inhibition.Neuropsychologia,48(2),558-565.
Peters,J.,&Büchel,C.(2010).Episodic future thinking reduces reward delay discounting through an enhancement of prefrontal-mediotemporal interactions.Neuron,66(1),138-148.
Rees,H.R.,Fujita,K.,Han,H.A.,Sherman,J.W.,&Sklar,A.Y.(2018).An examination of the processes by which construal level affects the implicit evaluation of goal relevant stimuli.Motivation Science,4(3),251-261.
Robinson,M.D.,Schmeichel,B.J.,&Inzlicht,M.(2010).A cognitive control perspective of self-control strength and its depletion.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,4(3),189-200.
Savani,K.,&Job,V.(2017).Reverse ego-depletion:Acts of self-control can improve subsequent performance in Indian cultural contexts.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,113(4),589-607.
Schimmack,U.(2012).The ironic effect of significant results on the credibility of multiple-study articles.Psychological methods,17(4),551-566.
Schmeichel,B.J.,&Vohs,K.(2009).Self-affirmation and self-control:Affirming core values counteracts ego depletion.Journal of personality and social psychology,96(4),770-782.
Vallacher,R.R.,&Wegner,D.M.(1989).Levels of personal agency:Individual variation in action identification.Journal of Personality and Social psychology,57(4),660-671.
Voce,A.C.,&Moston,S.(2016).Does Monitoring Performance Eliminate the Ego-depletion Phenomenon and Influence Perception of Time?Self and Identity,15(1),32-46.
Vohs,K.D.,&Schmeichel,B.J.(2003).Self-regulation and extended now:Controlling the self alters the subjective experience of time.Journal of personality and social psychology,85(2),217-230.
Vohs,K.D.,Baumeister,R.F.,&Schmeichel,B.J.(2012).Motivation,personal beliefs,and limited resources all contribute to self-control.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48(4),943-947.
Wan,E.W.,&Sternthal,B.(2008).Regulating the effects of depletion through monitoring.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,34(1),32-46.
Zahn,I.(2008).You could if you wanted to:A motivational analysis of self-control decrements following prior acts of self-control.Unpublished paper,University of Rochester,Rochester,NY.
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